1 Chapter - 1 BASICS OF COMMUNICATION Learning objective • To become aware of and

understand the fundamental elements of communication and their broad application. 1.1
Meaning and Definition of Communication Communication is the process through which people
exchange their ideas, information, feelings or thoughts with one another. This exchange or
communication can be through speech, body language, gesture, eye contact or symbols. The
world communication is derived from the Latin word ‘COMMUNIS’ which means common. Since
man is a social being and lives in a society, communication forms an important part of our lives.
It plays an important role in the development of mankind, society and in the economic growth
of any country and the world as a whole. According to Ferry and Franklin “Communication is the
art of developing and attaining understanding between people. The Process of Communication
Since communication is the process between two or more persons, there is a sender and a
receiver. The sender sends the message and the receiver receives it and understands it. It is the
complete process of transmission and exchange of facts, ideas, feelings and thoughts. The
process is made up of several components. These components are inter-related and form the
model of communication. The various components of the process of communication are: 1)
Message or Idea 2) Sender 3) Encoding 4) Communication Channel (Medium) 5) Receiver 6)
Decoding 7) Feedback 2 1) Message Message is a piece of information spoken or written to be
passed from one person to another. It is a subject matter of communication. It may involve any
fact, idea, opinion, figure or information. It comes in the mind of sender, speaker or
communicator. 2) Sender Sender is the person who sends or conveys the message. There is
always a communicator or sender in the process of communication. He may be an individual, a
group or an organization. The sender must have a clear picture in his mind about what he wants
to communicate. For example, a lecturer delivering a lecture in the class room is a sender of a
message. 3) Encoding When an idea comes in the mind of the sender, he puts it in a manner in
which the receiver may understand it. Giving a thought a form of language which can be
understood by the receiver is called encoding. 4) Communication Channel Channel is the means
or medium of communication by which a message is transmitted to the receiver. After encoding
the message, the sender chooses the method to give information to the receiver. It can be
written, spoken, through sign or body language. 5) Receiver Receiver is the person who receives
the message. Without the receiver the process of communication is incomplete. He may be a
listener or reader or viewer of the message. He not only receives the message but understands
it and gives feedback. 6) Decoding Decoding is the process of translating an encoded message
into understandable language. The receiver converts the symbols, words or signs received from
the sender in his own easy language to get the complete meaning of the message. 7) Feedback
3 Feedback is the receiver’s response to the sender’s message. It is the last but important
element in the process of communication. It is the reversal of the communication process
where receiver becomes the sender and the sender becomes the receiver. It helps the sender to
know that the message has been received and understood by the receiver in a manner it was
sent to be understood. 1.2 Types of Communication Language is the most powerful tool of
communication. It is used to convey messages easily. There are two types of communication: 1)
Verbal Communication 2) Non-Verbal Communication 1) Verbal Communication: The
communication done by using language or (words) is called verbal communication. It is further
divided into two parts: a) Oral Communication b) Written Communication The term or word oral
means anything related to the mouth. Oral communication is a form of communication in which
the message is transmitted in spoken form. In oral communication the sender and the receiver
exchange their ideas through speech, either in face to face conversation or through some
mechanical or electrical device. The forms or the modes of the oral communication are - face to
face communication, meeting, conference, seminar, radio, T. V., lectures, interviews, telephone
etc. Advantages of Oral Communication i) It is faster than the written conversation. ii) Oral
communication helps in getting quick response from the receiver. iii) It is more effective because
in this process, the sender and the receiver share their ideas on one to one basis. iv) It is more
effective because one can make gestures and use body language to convey the ideas and
feelings. v) It is useful when the information has to be kept a secret between the sender and the
receiver. 4 vi) It is useful when the receiver is illiterate. vii) It is useful when some messages are
to be given to a large number of people. viii) It is more flexible because ideas and counter ideas
can be exchanged and debated ……. upon. Disadvantages of Oral Communication i) It may not
be possible in areas where there are no means of communication available. ii) It cannot serve as
an authentic piece of record unless the conversation is recorded. iii) It may fail in certain
situations and create misunderstanding because of the immediate response from the receiver
where the sender and the receiver are in disagreement with each other; such disagreements
can lead to arguments. Written Communication The communication in which the information is
exchanged in the written or printed form is known as written communication. It is the most
formal of all types of communication. Written communication is transmitted by written words in
the form of letters, reports, handbooks, memos, circulars, cards, magazines, etc. and these days
through e-mails. It is helpful to keep a record of communication with the advancement of
technology. These days scope of written communication has become global with the availability
of electronic means like e-mail and fax. Advantages of Written Communication i) Written
communication is useful when the messages are of permanent nature. ii) It is useful when the
message is long and lengthy. iii) It is helpful even when the receiver is in any part of the world
iv) It is useful when the message contains figures and pictures or data. v) It is helpful when the
message is difficult to transmit orally. vi) It is useful for the receiver because he gets sufficient
time to understand the message and respond appropriately. vii) Written communication is
useful for keeping a record in the future. Disadvantages of Written Communication 5 i) It may
create confusion in the mind of the receiver and to clear that confusion there may be a lot of to
and fro exchange of information which may be time consuming. ii) Once the message has been
dispatched, there is little scope for amendments. iii) If the written communication is poorly
drafted, it may create misunderstanding and confusion in the mind of the receiver.
Communication consists of basically four important skills: 1. Listening skill: Listening is an
interpretative skill. In our daily life we listen to many words and texts through T V, computer,
internet, music-system, mobile phone and human interactions. We spend our maximum time
listening to others. Listening is usually done to obtain information, share experiences, solve
problems etc. In organizations listening assumes more importance because policies are framed
based on the information gathered by listening to subordinates. Good listening is an art that can
be cultivated. A good listener knows the art of getting much more than what the speaker is
trying to convey. Good listening always demands concentration of mind. 2. Speaking skill: The
ability to speak clearly and effectively is very significant. Man is a social animal and he maintains
his social relations mainly through spoken language. He feels more comfortable while
expressing his views through speech only. It is a very important communication skill. But it is
very essential for a speaker to make his message clear, meaningful and easily understandable to
the receiver. Effective speech has become an important asset in this busy modern world. Much
of our time is spent speaking formally and informally. We speak to express our needs, ideas and
thoughts to others. A good speaker matches his ideas with meaningful, relevant and impressive
words. 3. Reading skill: Reading skill is the foundation of good communication skill. Reading skill
refers to the ability to understand written text. When a person comprehends or understands
written text and combines his understanding with prior knowledge, he may be called a good
reader. A good reader reads the matter with a purpose. There are a number of reasons why we
read and this will often influence what we read and how we read. We must also bear in mind
the purpose of the text from the writer’s point of view. Text does not exist in a 6 vacuum.
Somebody who wrote the text had a reason for doing so. Comprehensive reading leads to
enhancement of vocabulary ofthe readers. 4. Writing skill: Writing skill is one of the significant
parts of communication skills. It is purely formal in nature. No organization works without
written communication. Efficiency at work is judged on the basis of written reports. All the
projects are carried out by following written instructions. Good writing ability plays a vital role in
every profession. In all the fields, professionals are required to write reports, memos, texts,
manuals, instructions, circulars and so on. Good writing skills are valuable assets at the work
place. The good writers are more intelligent, confident, capable and responsible. Good writing
skills not only ease the communication process in workplace but also leave positive effect on
others. 2) Nonverbal Communication The word nonverbal means communication without the
use of words and language. Non-verbal communication involves neither written nor spoken
language but includes all the forms of communication which occur without the use of words. It
is a process of communicating message through facial expressions and body language. Non-
verbal communication is made through facial expressions, eye contact, physical gestures,
postures and head and body language. Types of Nonverbal Communication i) Kinesics (body
language): is the study of body movements to judge inner state of emotions expressed through
different parts of the body. Our body movements express our feelings in a subconscious way.
Our facial expressions and eyes, postures and physical appearance convey a lot of messages. ii)
Paralanguage (Voice Type): It is the study of quality and volume of voice. It refers to how a
person speaks. It stresses on how a person speaks rather than what he speaks. iii) Proxemics
(space distance): it is the study of how we use a space around to communicate the message. It
is the personal space language as kinesics isthe body language. Four types of distance of space
is to determine the human relationship while communicating with each other. 7 a) Intimate:
Physical contact to one and half feet. Physical contact to a distance of one and a half feet. b)
Personal: From one and half feet to four feet. From one and a half feel distance to distance of
four feet. c) Social: From four feet to twelve feet. From a distance of four feet to a distance of
twelve feet. d) Public: From twelve feet to infinity (range of eye sight & hearing). iv) Haptics
(Touch Language): It is a study of how physical contact or touch is used to communicate the idea
and feelings. Stroking, patting, shaking hands etc. play an important role in human behaviour. v)
Chrosemics (Time Language): The subject deals with the way people use time dimension or time
language. This time language is called chrosemics. It involves the time dimensions when we are
communicating with someone. For, example, delay in reply to a personal or business letter in
the office shows the irresponsibility of the person and completion of the task within a given
time frame shows the sincerity or hard work of the person. vi) Physical contexts: Physical
contexts like room design, furniture, decoration, color etc. convey a lot of meaning to our
senses. Advantages of nonverbal communication (i) It is the natural and effective means of
communication between two or more persons. (ii) When verbal communication breaks down
nonverbal communication serves the purpose. (iii) It provides efficiency to the sender as well as
receiver. We can transmit a non-verbal message because the receiver can understand the
message unconsciously. Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication (i) Body language cannot
convey the full message but only a part of it. (ii) Some of the gestures vary (different) from one
region to another. (iii) Nonverbal communication is more difficult to understand. (iv) In
nonverbal communication, sometimes the gestures can be misunderstood. Formal
Communication 8 Formal communication is the process of exchanging information between two
or more persons by following official rules, procedures, systems, formalities and chain of
command in the form of written communication such as notes, letters, memos, notices, reports
and statements. It usually relates to officially accepted activities. It travels through the senior
most employees to the juniors. In this communication, every member of the organization has a
position or status. It is not necessary that it is always in a written form. It can be verbal or
through gestures. Advantages of Formal Communication (i) Formal communication is more
efficient as it follows the rules. (ii) It is considered to be authentic because all records are
maintained. (iii) It creates proper control and discipline in the organization. (iv) It is permanent
in nature as it can be used as reference for the future. (v) It is systematic and easy to
communicate with each other. (vi) With this we can communicate with employees quickly. (vii)
It is very well coordinated, so all activities are done properly and easily through this
communication. (viii) As it follows rules and regulations, there is very low possibility of mistakes
in exchanging information within the organization. (ix) It is cost effective as these days all
communication is done through emails or faxes. (x) It is transmitted instantly. Disadvantages of
Formal Communication (i) It is time consuming. (ii) There is lack of direct and personal relation
between the top executives and the employees. (iii) It is inflexible because there is a chain of
command and the procedures have to be followed. (iv) In such a system of communication,
everybody has his own duty, so everything becomes mechanical. (v) It may create
misunderstanding because the sender is higher authority and the receiver is lower staff.
Informal communication Informal communication is the communication that takes place
outside formal structures of the work place. It does not have any formalities. This is based upon
informal relations. Formal communication networks will always be supported by informal
channels. Informal communication is flexible and it 9 changes with the changing situations.
Note that informal communication can occur in the same settings as the formal communication,
such as a manager may tell the employee something about his personal life that is not meant to
be recorded formally. Gossip is a form of informal communication. Some people refer to
informal communication as the ‘grapevine,’. Advantages of Informal Communication (i) It brings
a sense of unity among employees of an organization when they meet to share and discuss
certain issues. (ii) It provides feedback to the management. (iii) The speed of this is remarkable
for transmitting information as it goes from one person to another instantly. Disadvantages of
Informal Communication (i) It cannot always be taken seriously because it spreads or transmits
information by word of mouth or orally. (ii) It does not carry the complete information as it is
based on guess or one’s personal opinion. (iii) It may distort the information as it is completely
unofficial and its origin lies in hearsay. (iv) In such a communication, there are chances of
misinterpretation, as every member can change information according to their own will and
understanding. (v) It does not assign the responsibility on anyone; in case of any
misunderstanding. (vi) There are the chances of leakage of information and it can damage the
reputation or upset the plans of the organization. 10 Questions on Chapter-1 Q.1 State whether
following statements are true or false. Furnish true answers, if false. a) A message has to be in a
written form. b) Written communication is a verbal form of communication. c) Oral
communication is more expensive than a ‘WhatsApp’ message d) Formal communication is
temporary in nature. Answer key: (a) It can be in written or spoken form. (b) It can be in verbal
form. (c) It is less expensive. (d) It is a permanent nature. Q.2 Fill in the blank. a) The subject or
form that deals with the way people use time dimension in communication is known as
……………. b) Type of communication where official rules, procedures and chain of command are
practiced is called ……………. communication. Answer key: (a) Chronemics (b) Formal Q.3 Choose
the correct answers. a.1) Written communication is cost effective. a.2) Written communication
is useful when a record is required to be kept. a.3) Written communication can be used along
with gestural communication b.1) In nonverbal communication speaking skills are very
important. b.2) Nonverbal communication cannot convey the whole message. b.3) Eye
movements are not part of nonverbal communication. Answer key: (a) 2 (b) 2 Q.4 What do you
understand by communication channel? Answer in two/three sentences. Q.5 Why is feedback
an important component of communication process? Answer in two/three sentences. Q.6 What
are the important basic skills of communication? Elaborate. Q.7 Discuss the merits and demerits
of nonverbal communication as compared to verbal communication. 11 Chapter - 2
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR Learning Objectives: • The primary objective of this Unit is to
introduce the learners to the basic elements of English grammar. Each section of the Unit deals
with a different grammatical component, its types and usage in varied situations through
appropriate examples. To check the understanding of each concept, and provide practice to the
learner, exercises have been provided at the end of every section. 2.1 Noun and Pronoun Noun
is a part of speech that denotes a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a quality or an emotion. The
English word noun is derived from the Latin word “nomen” which means "name". Every
language has words that are nouns. Examples:- Person : Krishan, Kumar, teacher, boy, patriot,
soldier. Place : Hostel, park, kitchen, India, Delhi. Thing : Copy, book, hat, silver, Idea : Art,
democracy, diplomacy, monarchy Quality: Truth, falsehood, justice, greed. Emotion: Love,
hatred, fear, joy Nouns Proper Noun Tagore Chandigarh India Mohan Diwali Common Noun Boy
Girl Chair Fan Toy Collective Noun Army Class Team Family Material Noun Milk Silver Gold Iron
Wood Abstract Noun Beauty Truth Honesty Wisdom cruelty Nouns 12 Kinds of Nouns: There are
five kinds of Nouns: 1. Proper Noun 2. Common Noun 3. Collective Noun 4. Material Noun 5.
Abstract Noun 1. A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing; as: Tagore,
Chandigarh, India, the Ramayana, Diwali, Christmas. A Proper Noun always begins with a capital
letter. Adjectives formed from Proper nouns also begin with Capital letters; as: English, Indian 2.
A Common Noun is the name given to any person, place or thing of the same class or kind; as:
Boy, men, hen, hat, chair, lake, toy, tiger, girl, book. 3. A Collective Noun denotes several persons
or things regarded as one group; as: Army, team, class, team, committee, family, crowd, jury 4.
Material Noun is the name of the material or substance of which things are made; as:Milk,
silver, gold, wheat, silver, rice 5. An Abstract Nounis the name of a quality, state, action, an art
or science: • Quality-Truth, beauty, honesty, wisdom • State-Youth, manhood, childhood •
Action-Hatred, jealousy, theft • Art-Painting, photography, music • Science-Mathematics,
Physics, Botany. NOTE- Proper, Common, Collective and Material Nouns are Concrete Nouns
because they denote things having material forms. They can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or
smelt. The Abstract Nouns, however, denote things which cannot be seen, heard, tasted,
touched or smelt. Proper, Collective, Material and Abstract Nouns can also be used as Common
nouns; as: a) Socrates was a Greek philosopher.(Proper) b) [Link] was the Socrates
of India.(Common) • Parveen is the captain of our hockey team. (Collective) 13 • The Principal
ordered all the hockey teams to reach the Gandhi ground. (Common) c) This cinema is built of
stone.(Material) d) He threw stones at the police.(Common) • Beauty needs no ornaments.
(Abstract) • Meena is a beauty. (Common) Note: ▪ An Abstract Noun is used as a Proper Noun
when it is personified. - O Death !where art thou? ▪ An Abstract Noun whenused as a Proper
Noun always begins with a capital letter. ▪ Abstract Nouns may also be used as Collective Nouns
to represent a group. ▪ The youth of the country is going astray. Exercise-1 Choose and classify
Nouns in the following sentences: 1. The Taj is built of marble. 2. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of
India. 3. The ring is made of gold. 4. Truth conquers in the long run. 5. The committee is of one
mind. 6. He has lost his bunch of keys. 7. The lion is a beast of prey. 8. I saw a snake in the wood.
9. The crowd was out of control. 10. Health is wealth. Exercise-2 1. I read The Tribune daily. 2.
Life! O sweet Life! 3. Who does not admire beauty? 4. Laughter is the best medicine. 5. Indira
Gandhi was a great woman. 6. This woman has three sons. 7. The restaurant is open. 8. The dog
barked at the cat. 9. Elephants never forget anything. 10. Money doesn't grow on trees. 11.
Follow the rules. 12. Love is a wonderful emotion. 14 13. My mother looks a lot like my
grandmother. 14. Throw the ball. 15. Please close the door. Numbers There are two numbers in
English 1. The Singular 2. The Plural A Noun that denotes one person, place or thing is said to be
in Singular number e.g. book, man, knife etc. It is generally denoted by the use of definite state.
Noun that denotes more than one person, place or thing is said to be in the Plural number e.g.
books, men, knives. Gender The form of noun which shows whether what is spoken of is of
male sex, female sex or no sex is called Gender. There are four genders in English: 1. Masculine
Gender 2. Feminine Gender 3. Common Gender 4. Neuter Gender 1. Masculine Gender shows
that the Noun belongs to the male sex e.g. Son, father, king, lion. 2. Feminine Gender shows
that the noun belongs to the female sex e.g. Daughter, mother, queen, aunt etc. 3. Common
Gender shows that the noun is common to both the sexes e.g. Parent, servant, orphan, child
etc. 4. Neuter Gender shows that the noun is the name of a lifeless object e.g. Room, chair, tree,
table, pen, shop. 15 Exercise-1 Rewrite the following sentences after changing the Nouns in
brackets into plural numbers: 1. The (buffalo) were stung by (bee). 2. (Child) love (holiday). 3.
The (hero) were loved by both (man) and (woman). 4. New (furniture) has arrived. 5. The king
had four (wife). 6. (He) bought (a knife) yesterday. 7. The (policeman) caught the (thief). 8. (He)
pushed the (child) out. 9. (People) loved their (hero). 10. The (book) were arranged on the
(table). Exercise-2 Choose the correct form of the Verbs given in brackets. 1. Mathematics (are,
is) a difficult subject. 2. Alms (are, is) given to the needy. 3. Many people (do, does) not know
this. 4. I bought two (dozen, dozens) eggs. 5. His trousers (was, were) short in length. 6. Do you
like Wordsworth’s (poetries, poetry). 7. He bought new (furniture, furnitures). 8. India’s second
(inning, innings) is not yet over. 9. This news (is, are) true. 10. The (scenery, sceneries) of
Kashmir is beautiful. Pronoun Pronoun means ‘for a noun’. It is a word used instead of a noun. It
is of the same person, gender and number as the noun for which it is used. The noun to which a
Pronoun refers is called its antecedent. 1. Anu is an intelligent girl. She has won a scholarship. 2.
Parents are a blessing. We should respect them. 3. There lived a rich man in a town. He had four
[Link] were very obedient. In these sentences, ‘she’, ‘we’, ‘them’, ‘he’ and ‘they’ are
pronouns. 16 Kinds of Pronouns Pronouns are of the following types: 1. Personal Pronouns - I,
we, me, us, my, our, you, he, she, it, they, them etc. 2. Reflexive Pronouns - Myself, ourselves,
herself, himself, themselves. 3. Relative Pronouns - Who, which, whom, what, that. 4.
Interrogative Pronouns - Who, whose, whom, which, what 5. Indefinite Pronouns - Some, any,
anyone, none, everyone, all, few, many, other, another 6. Distributive Pronouns - Each, either,
neither, every. 7. Demonstrative Pronouns -This, that, these, those. 1. Personal Pronoun A
personal pronoun is pronoun that stands for a person or persons. As there are three persons,
Personal Pronouns are also of three types. - First Person Pronoun stands for the person or
persons speaking e.g. I, my, me, we, our, us, mine, ours. - Second Person Pronoun stands for the
person or persons spoken to e.g. You, your, yours, yourself, yourselves, thou, thy, thine. - Third
Person Pronoun stands for the person or persons spoken of e.g. He, she, it, they, his, her, him,
hers, theirs. Read and compare the following sentences: 1. This camera is yours. 2. A friend of
mine went there. 3. That house is ours. In these sentences, yours, mine and ours are Possessive
pronouns. - This is yourcamera. - My friend was there. - That is our house In these sentences,
your, my and our are called Possessive Adjectives because they are placed before Nouns and
qualify them Line Adjectives. 17 Note: • A Personal Pronoun must be of the same number,
gender, and person as the noun 1. Munna made a noise. He was punished. 2. The boys came
late. The professor fined them. • When a Collective Noun is taken as a whole, the Personal
Pronoun should be in singular number; as, 1. The class has gone to its room. 2. The committee is
holding its meeting. 3. The jury has given its verdict The Use of 'it' It is the third person in
singular number and is used for of neuter gender, animals and birds, e.g. 1. The dog is a faithful
animal. It keeps watch at night. 2. I saw a lovely [Link] was weeping. ▪ It and its are used to
refer to lifeless things. ▪ It may refer to the whole of a preceding statement. She has failed again.
I expected it.(her failing) ▪ It can be an impersonal pronoun, supplying a subject for various
verbs e.g. It is 8 O'clock now. It is my turn now. ▪ It is common as an introductory subject,
standing for a clause, an infinitive or a general. - It is not clear why he wants to go. - It is better
to leave her to herself. ▪ It is also used as an impersonal pronoun to show natural phenomena,
weather condition, time, distance, and sometimes, the complement of a verb; as, - It is very hot
today. - It is Sunday today. - It is noon now. - It is our duty to serve the country. - It was I who
served him. Note: • When two Singular nouns joined by 'and 'are preceded by ‘each’ and
‘every’, both, the Pronoun and the verb should be singular e.g. Every teacher and every student
was in his place. 18 • When two or more singular nouns are joined by or, either....or,
neither.....nor, the Pronoun is Singular e.g. - Neither Sham nor Harman brought his book. -
Neither Vinod orPrem did his work. - Either Sham or Gopal has lost his pen. • But when a Plural
noun and a Singular Noun are joined by either....or, neither....nor, the Pronoun is Plural e.g. -
Either Sohan or his friends failed in their work. - Neither the Principal nor the other members of
the staff did their work. • The case of Pronouns after 'than' and 'but' should be as under. - He is
older than I.(am) - I know you more than he. (knows you) - You know him more than I. (know
him) 2. Reflexive Pronouns/Emphatic Pronouns A Pronoun that reflects the action of the Subject
on the subject itself is called Reflexive Pronoun. Forms of Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive
Pronouns are formed by adding - 'self' to Pronouns of the Singular number (e.g. my, your, him,
her, it) and - selves to Personal Pronouns of the Plural number (our, your, them). a. I enjoyed
myself. b. He has hurt himself. c. She burntherself. Note: A Reflexive Pronoun is never used as
subject in place of a Personal Pronoun. Incorrect : He and myself went there. Correct : He and I
went there. Read the following sentences: 19 I myself heard her shouting (I and no-one else).
We ourselves are to blame (We and no-one else) He himself has one it (He and no-one else) In
all these cases, the Reflexive Pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis. Hence, they are called
Emphatic Pronouns. 3. Relative Pronouns A Relative Pronoun refers to a noun or pronoun, which
joins two sentences. The Noun to which it refers or relates is called its Antecedent; Read the
following pairs of sentences a. I met a boy. He gave me a book. I met a boy,who gave me a book.
b. This is the car. I bought it yesterday. This is the car which I bought yesterday. Here the
Pronouns who and which not only stand for the nouns 'boy’ and ‘car’ but also joins two
sentences like a Conjunction such pronouns are called Related Pronoun because they relate or
refer to the Noun preceding them. a. I saw the housewhich he has bought. b. He is the man
whom we punished. A Relative pronoun should be placed as near its antecedent as possible. a.
Incorrect:-The boy was fined who stole my pen. b. Correct:- The boy who stole my pen was
fined. A Relative Pronoun must agree with its antecedent in Number, Gender and Person; as, It
is she who stole my book. Who, whom, whose are used for persons only; as, a. The girl who
speaks the truth is always loved. b. I know the man whose son was lost. Which is used for
lifeless things, animals and infants; as, a. This is the camera which my father bought for me. b.
The baby which was ill, has died. c. Bring me the letter which the peon brought. 20 Sometime
the antecedent of a Relative Pronoun is omitted; as, a. Those, whom the gods love, die young. b.
Sincere were the prayers, that we said. Who can be used in the Nominative, and which can be
used in both Nominative and Objective cases.; as, Use of ’That’ 1) That is used in speaking of
persons, animals and lifeless things. It is never used in the possessive case and is never
preceded by a preposition; as, - This is the camera that my father bought for me. - The hat that I
bought this morning has been lost. 2) After Adjectives in the Superlative degree, as, - This is the
richest man that I have ever seen. 3) After the words- all, some, nothing, none, nothing, only,
any, the few, the little etc. a. All that glitters is not gold. b. There was none that didn't love him.
4) After the interrogative Pronouns-Who, which and what; as, a. What is that troubles you? b.
Which is the book that you like the best? The use of Relative Pronoun (what, as, but) I) 'What' is
used for things only never for persons. Its antecedent is seldom expressed. a) What was said is
right. b) I shall hear what he has to say. II) 'As’is used as a Relative Pronoun after 'as such' or 'as
the same';as, a. He is such a boy as I hate. b. This is the same house as we occupied last year. 21
III) 'But' is used as a Relative Pronoun in the sense of 'who not ' 'which not' etc., as, a. There was
none but wept. (who didn't weep) b. There was none but sold. (which was not sold) 4.
Interrogative Pronouns (Who, whose, whom, which, what) An Interrogative Pronoun is a
pronoun that is used in asking a question e.g. Who, whose, whom, which and what are
Interrogative Pronoun. ● Who, whose and whom are used for persons only; as, - Who is
knocking at the door? - Whom do you want to see? - Whose is this pen? ● 'Which' refers to
things but it can also be used for persons when it implies selection; as, - Which is your pen? -
Which of the boys stole your camera? - Which out of these has been selected? ● What ' is used
for things or occupation, ideas or words etc.; as, - What do you want? - What is your father? -
What is this? 5. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns don't refer to any particular persons or
things. They refer to persons or things in a general way; as, All, none, some, few, others, one,
many, enough, any etc. - Alł have done their homework. - Both of them were present there. -
Some of them have gone there. - He has enough to spare. - Everybody loved her. - One must
love one’s country. 22 ● The Indefinite Pronoun 'one' is always followed by one's and never by
his or her; as, One must do one’s duty.(not his) ● One is also used in place of a noun, before or
after it to avoid repetition; as, This apple is rotten, give me that one. ● None is used in Plural or
Singular as the sense requires when referring to persons or Common Nouns; as, - None of those
books was mine. - None but the brave deserve the award. ● The Pronouns 'anybody,
'everybody, ''everyone ','each 'etc. are used for the nouns of masculine or the feminine genders
according to the context; as, Each of those five girls has paid her fee. ● But when the gender is
not expressed, the Pronoun of the masculine gender is used. - Everyone must respect his
parents.(not theirs) - Anyone can pass if he works hard.(not they) 6. Distributive Pronouns
Distributive Pronouns refer to persons or things, one at a time. They are always followed by
verbs in Singular Number. They point to the persons or things taken individually or in separate
groups; aseach, every, either, neither. a) Each of the girls has a pen in her hand. b) Every student
was present. c) Either of these roads leads to our college. d) Neither of them was wrong. ● Each
means two or more persons or things taken one by one. ● Either means one of the two or both.
● Neither is negative of either, and means not the one and not the other of the two. 7.
Demonstrative Pronoun 23 A Demonstrative Pronoun is one which points out to object to which
it refers; as, This, that, these, those, such, someone, none, same, so a) This is a pen. b) That is a
box c) Those are books. d) These are my scissors; those are yours. e) Both study and play are
necessary for a student; this makes him smart and that wise. 8. Reciprocal Pronouns Each other
'and 'one another 'are called Reciprocal Pronouns as they denote mutual action. ● 'Each other'
is used when speaking of two persons or things. ● 'One another' is used when more than two
persons or things are spoken of;as, - The two brothers love each other. - All the five brothers
quarrelled with one another. Exercise – 1 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns: 1)
…………..stole ……. Pen 2) Has he received the camera….. … sent him? 3) There was no one..........
laughed 4) One should be loyal to........... country 5) Sham is taller than............ 6) ............ do you
think will become the president? 7) The boy........... came here this morning is ………….. cousin. 8)
To........... were you speaking? 9) Listen to............. I say. 10) ................ do you want? 11)
………….whom. gods love die young. 12) The two friends loved …………… 13) Everyone likes to
have……….way. 14) Between you and ……………he is a robber 15) That book is …………….. Exercise
– 2 24 1) He runs faster than……. 2) If I were…………I shouldn’t do it. 3) This is the same
pen……..you lent me. 4) The man ……..came here was my uncle. 5) The two sisters loved……… 6)
The boys ….. came late, were punished. 7) I visited the house ….. you’ve bought. 8) Each one of
them did ……. work 9) You are not so clever as…….. 10) He is known to my father and…………
Exercise - 3 1) ………..rang the bell? 2) ………..shall we sit and ……shall we eat? 3) ………..do you
think is responsible for this? 4) This is the house………. I sold yesterday. 5) I will be there ….. you
call me. 6) The four brothers loved……. 7) Each student did…… homework neatly. 8) ………does
not love his country? 9) I shall wear……….you choose for me. 10) I do not know ………. he was
born. 2.2 Punctuation Appropriate/right use of Marks, Points or Stops in writing is called
Punctuation. The word Punctuation is derived from the Latin word ‘Punctum’ which means, a
point. In the sentence: 1) Mohan says that Mohit is a genius. 2) “Mohan”, says Mohit, “is a
genius.” 3) Mohan says, “Mohit is a genius.” In the last two sentences the meaning has
completely changed due to punctuation. In Sentence 2, Mohan is genius while in Sentence 3,
Mohit is a genius. The main marks of Punctuation are: 1. Full Stop ( . ) 2. Comma ( , ) 3. Semi-
colon ( ; ) 4. Colon ( :) 5. Marks of Exclamation ( ! ) 25 6. Apostrophe ( ' ) 7. Hyphen ( - ) 8. Dash
(–) 9. Parentheses ( ) 10. Inverted commas or Quotation marks ( “ ” ) 11. Mark of Interrogation
( ? ) 12. Capital Letters The use of Full Stop or Period ( . ) ● It marks the longest pause. The main
purpose of the period or the full stop is to show that a sentence has come to an end. It is used
at the end of an assertive or imperative sentence. a) He has broken the window. b) Fetch me a
glass of water. c) Work is worship. d) Sit down. ● Full Stop is also used with abbreviations: M.A.,
Dr., M.L.A., M.P. The Use of Comma ( , ) The comma is used for the shortest pause. It is the most
important pause of a sentence. a) The comma is used between three or more words of the
same part of speech,while the last two are connected by 'and'. - Kavita, Reena and Parul are fast
friends. - He likes mangoes, apples, pears and bananas b) The comma is sometimes used to
separate two clauses. - If you go to Delhi, please meet my sister. - When she comes here, I shall
ask her about it. c) The comma is sometimes used to separate clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction. - He is not poor, but is dishonest. - Men may come and men may go, but I go on
forever. d) The comma is sometimes used to mark off a word in a vocative case. - Mohan, obey
your parents. 26 - Here is your watch, brother. - e) Commas are used to separate words and
phrases in apposition (addition of one word or a group of words to another as an explanation) -
Mother Teresa, a great social worker, was a kind woman. - LalaLajpatRai, the Lion of Punjab, was
a great patriot. f) The comma is used when words of the same class or rank go together in pairs.
- Inside the class or outside it, at home or in the field, with friends or relatives, he is always
making mischief. g) A comma is used to separate the reported speech from the reporting verb in
direct form of narration. - He said to his mother," I shall not have my dinner today." - "Honesty"
said the teacher, is the best policy.” h) A comma is used to mark off words such as “yes”, “no”,
“well”,“thanks”, “however”, “nevertheless”,“after all”,“forinstance”; as, - Yes, I shall do my best to
help you. - No, he is not to blame for it. - Well, it is for you to judge. - Thanks, you have done a
lot for me. - However, I shall see what I can do for you. - After all, he is a friend. - For instance, a
good listener is a good talker. - Nevertheless, he must be saved. (i) Before and after an adjectival
phrase formed with a participle. - Ria, having completed her studies, decided to marry Raman. -
We, knowing all about her pride, praised our aunt and got permission to go on picnic. (j) To
separate words, phrases, and clauses inserted into the body of a sentence. - She, too, was partly
blamed for the delay. - His mother, however, didn't recover from her illness. - Kareena is, after
all, a good girl. (k) To avoid repetition of a verb. - I gave her a flower and him, a watch. - Ruby is
a teacher and Nanda, a writer. - (l) To separate co-ordinate clauses in a compound sentence. 27 -
The crowd shouted, cheered, waved and laughed at the comedian. - The player gasped, panted
and collapsed on the ground. Note: No comma is required before and/or when words are
arranged in pairs connected y’and’ , ‘or’ etc. 1. You can send the letter by ordinary post or by
registered post or by air mail. 2. She got angry with you and me, her brother and father. Use of
Semi-colon ( ; ) Semi-colon is used to indicate a greater pause than indicated by a comma. It is
used: (a) To separate co-ordinate clauses joined by conjunctions such as -otherwise, therefore,
now, nevertheless, so far, while, whereas etc. - As Ceaser loved me, I weep for him; as he was
fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. - I
have fever; therefore I can't attend your lecture. (b) Semi-colon is used to separate independent
clauses not connected by conjunctions. The rain fell in torrents; the moon was hidden by the
clouds; the road was deep in mud; the weary traveller plodded painfully along. c) To separate an
independent clause from following clause beginning with: Accordingly, namely, therefore,
finally, consequently, virtually, ultimately etc. - There are three principles of his life; namely,
truth, honesty and nonviolence. (d) To separate the clauses of a compound sentence if they
contain a comma. - My uncle is a poor, uneducated, honest, simple man; but I love him. - The
brilliant, beautiful girl came on the stage; all gave an unending applause. The Use of Colon ( : )
The colon marks a longer pause than semi-colon. It is used when the pause intended is less than
as indicated by the full stop. The colon is used:- (1) To introduce a quotation; as, Shakespeare
says: “Brevity is the soul of wit.” 28 (2) Between statements grammatically independent but
closely connected in sense. - To err is human: to forgive is divine. - Speech is silver: silence is
gold. (3) To introduce a speech or statement that does not directly depend upon the verb: - We
hold this truth as self-evident: that all men have the right to live. (4) To introduce an
explanation: - The reason for my delay is this: I didn't get up early today. (5) To introduce a list or
statement that does not directly depend upon the verb: - The four great leaders are: Gandhi,
Nehru, Patel and Bose. The Use of the Mark of Exclamation (!) The mark of exclamation is used
after interjections and after phrases and sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish; as, a)
How lovely the baby is! b) Alas! She has failed again. c) May you live long! d) Would that I were
a millionaire! e) God! Have mercy upon me. f) Arm! Arm! The enemy is at the gate. The Use of
Apostrophe ( ' ) The apostrophe is used to indicate (a) That some letter or letters in a word have
been omitted; as. The Hon'ble Minister, Don't(Do not) can’t (can not). (b) The Possessive:
Monit’s toy, Aksha’s bat (c) Plurals of numbers and letters: 2a's, 4b's;7's,3's ▪ There are two s's in
the word 'ambassador.' ▪ His 7's and 9's look alike. The Use of the Hyphen(-) The hyphen is used
to join the parts of a compound word: son-in-law, tooth-brush, tug-of-war,thirty-eight, seventy-
two 29 The Dash is used: a) To indicate an abrupt stop or change of thought; as, Had they not
boarded the train–but what is the use of thinking of that option now? b) To resume a scattered
subject; as, Friends, companions, relatives–all deserted him. The Use of Parentheses ( ) or
Double dashes Parentheses is used to separate from the main part of a sentence a phrase or
clause which doesn’t grammatically belong to it; as, i) He gained from Heaven (it was all he
wished) a friend. ii) A remarkable instance of this kind of courage–call it if you please resolute
will–is given in the history of Babar. The Use of Inverted commas (" ") (a) Inverted commas
indicate direct speech - He said to me," Are you a doctor?” - He said," I don't know anything."
(b) Inverted commas are used to enclose a quotation or the words actually spoken by a person.
- "Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” says Keats. - The father asked his son," Why are you so late?"
(c) If there is a quotation within a quotation, it is marked by single inverted comma, as, The child
said," We often hear the teacher say,' Duty is worship.' ” - 'The Tribune' is a well-known paper. - I
have rad ‘The Ramayan’ and ‘ TheGeeta’, The Use of the sign of Interrogation (?) (a) The
question mark is used after a direct and not an indirect question: - What are you doing here? -
Have you been photographed? Note: • No interrogation mark is used after indirect question and
polite request. 30 1. Tell me why you didn't go. 2. I wanted to know why she had gone. • It is not
used in the indirect speech. - I asked her why she was late. The Use of the Capital letters 1) At
the beginning of a sentence. - Prevention is better than cure. - Something is better than nothing.
2) At the beginning of each line of poem. - Woods are lovely, dark and deep, - But I have
promises to keep. 3) For names of people, places, mountains and rivers. - Rajiv Gandhi, Mother
Teresa, Delhi, The Godavari, The Himalayas. 4) For nations and adjectives indicating nationality. -
India, Indian, America, American etc. 5) For names of days, months, festivals and historical eras.
- Monday, Sunday, December, Diwali, The Republic Day, The Indian Freedom Struggle. (6) For
names of books, plays, works of art. - The Ramayana, TheMahabharta, The Tempest, The
TajMahal. (7) For titles of people, names of cities when we refer to them as unique examples -
The King of England, The President of India, The Eternal City . (8) For all adjectives derived from
proper nouns. - Hindu, Christian, Himalayan, Herculean, Canadian, Biblical. (9) - For all nouns
and pronouns standing for God The Lord, The Trinity, His Will. (10) The Pronoun 'I' and the
interjections 'Oh' and 'O' are always written with a capital letter. 31 Exercise - 1 Supply the
necessary Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters in the following 1. asha said hari where are
you going 2. but why are you doing this miranda asked 3. have you ever been to mumbaiits a
beautiful city 4. Dehi, Mumbai and Bangluru are big cities. 5. good day I said to the woman it's a
beautiful day isnt it 6. Meenu said lets go for a walk 7. ushas brother is tall fair and thin 8. what
an easy paper said gopal was it set by a kind examiner 9. they have love for me John said he I
hope not cried john Exercise – 2 1. who is stronger than you the lion demanded you replied the
tiger 2. I would rather die he exclaimed than join the enemies 3. the lady asked do you have any
change 4. but why are you doing this asked Miranda 5. don't punish me sir said he to his
masters wife it was I who had broken crockery 6. an american working in London university won
the Nobel prize a few years ago 7. alas they cried one of us is certainly drowned 8. Spenser the
great Indian poet lived in the time of queen Elizabeth 9. the poet Ghalib said in anger all men
are liars 10. what is that Sylvia asked 11. don't retreat until I order you to do so said the officer
to the soldiers 12. may I borrow your pen sir will return it after the class 13. let us go for a stroll
to the park said he to us 14. the invigilator said to the students don't start writing till I tell you to
do so 32 15. quick quick said he lets run away or he will catch us 16. the traveller said can you
tell me the way to the nearest inn Exercise – 3 : 1. what is wrong with you asked the teacher 2.
he came he saw he conquered 3. she knowssanskritenglish and latin 4. shakespeare said frailty
thy name is woman 5. ashoka was a great emperor of india 6. india is surrounded by pakistan
china nepalbangladesh and srilanka 7. we had in our school some ten years ago a genius boy 8.
gandhi the father of the nation was respected by all 9. the coach said to the captain bravo you
have created a record 10. alas we are undone 2.3 Prepositions Examples: 1. There is a fort onthe
hill. 2. I would be back in five minutes. 3. The President lives atRashtrapatiBhawan. Prepositions
are used before nouns or pronouns. They show the relation between noun and the rest of the
sentence. Kinds of Prepositions As per their structure they can be divided as under: 1. Single
Prepositions: They comprise only one world e.g. in, for, to, with, by, from, of etc. 2. Compound
Prepositions: They are added with prefix or suffix, e.g. before, behind, inside, outside, ahead,
within, without etc. 3. Phrase Prepositions: They comprise a group of words e.g. instead of,
because of, due to, according to, in order to, in front of etc. Uses of some common preposition:
1. In a) It is used before names of large cities, states and countries. - My brother lives in Delhi. -
My uncle lives in England. 33 - Many festivals are celebrated in Punjab. b) It is used for things at
rest. - There is water in the jug. - The students are sitting in the class. c) It is used before names
of months, years and seasons to express period of time. - I go for a walk in the morning. - I
passed my diploma in 2010. - It is very cold in January. - In winter we wear woollen clothes. d) It
is used to show the total length of time taken for the completion of an action. The bus will reach
Delhi in 2 hours. 2. At a) It is used before the name of small towns. - She lives at Kaithal. b) It is
used for certain moment or point of time; as, at midnight, at night, at noon, at dawn. i. - I take
my coffee at night. - I visited the market at noon yesterday. c) It is used to tell the rate of
something per unit. - Milk is sold at Rs. 40/ litre. d) It is used for indicating time; as arrival or
departure. - I go to college at 9 O’clock. - The train leaves at 6 O’clock. 3. Into a) It is used for the
things denoting inward motion. - The students rushed into the class. b) It is used to express the
change in being or shape. - The plant has grown into a large tree. - Water turns into ice at 00C.
4. To a) It is used to indicate forward motion. - My sister is going to Chandigarh tomorrow. b) It
is used in comparative degree of Adjectives. - He is senior to me. - I prefer coffee to milk. 5. On
a) It is used for denoting contact with the surface on which something is lying. It expresses the
rest position. - The books are lying on the table. b) It is used before name of days and before
date. 34 - My uncle is coming on Sunday. - Our college will start on 25 February. 6. Upon - It is
used for a thing in motion. - The cat jumped upon the table. - The boy jumped upon the stage.
7. Over andunder: Over expresses a position‘higher than’ or ‘above’. Under indicates the
opposite meaning of ‘over’. - Water flowedover the banks. - There was an umbrella over her
head. - The workers rested under the tress. - The cat sat under the table. 8. With a) It is used to
denote accompaniment. - I am going to Ambala with my parents. b) It is used to denote the
instrument of action. - I cut the vegetables with a knife. - I write with a pen. 9. By a) It is used in
passive voice of sentence. - The letter was written by me. b) It is used before the name of any
vehicle indicating journey. - I go to college by scooter. -We returned from Delhi by train. c) By
indicates a time not later than. - I shall return by 5 o’clock in evening. 10. For a) It is used to
show purpose/ destination. - These books are for him. - I have come here for attending a
meeting. b) It is used for a period of time. - We have been studying for two hours. 11. Since It is
used for a point of time.(usually the time of beginning) - We have been studying since morning.
- I have been waiting since 6 O’clock. [Link] 35 It conveys the meaning or location of “on the
opposite side”. - My friend lives across the street. 13. Beside It refers to a position which means
at the side of or ‘by’ - She sat beside me. Exercise - 1 Supply the correct preposition in the
following sentences. Put the mark (x) where no preposition is needed. 1. When we
were…………… Delhi, we stayed…………… Ranjit Hotel. 2. Would you prefer to work…………… a
factory or………….. a farm? 3. The Maheshwaris stay ……………….. the sea side for a month each
year. 4. We met her…………….. a party. 5. Shimla is situated………………. 2075 meters above sea
level. 6. Haridwar is situated………………. the bank of the river Ganga. 7. My village is
situated………………. the foot of the Shivalik Hill, not far from Kalka. 8. In this long-distance train,
meals are served to the passengers……………. their seats. 9. She lives………….. the second floor of
this building. 10. Kanyakumari is ….. the south of India while Sri Lanka is situated …. the south of
India. Exercise – 2 1. Her train will leave ……………….. 8 p.m, 2. He has been working ……………….
this office ……………… 1988. 3. The bell has been ringing …………………. two minute. 4. The work
must be finished ……………… Sunday. 5. . ………… the rule of the later Mughals there was no real
government in the country. 6. She will be seventeen…………………… next September. 7.
………………… one day you will regret what you have done. 8. I shall call……………………. your office
sometime…………… the evening. 9. It rained continuously-------------two hours. 10. I poured tea
--------- the cup. 36 Exercise –3 :Choose the correct preposition from the ones given in
brcketsen: 1. He was born……. Ludhiana ……. Punjab. (in, near, at) 2. He was beaten….. a stick.
(by, with) 3. The two friends quarrelled …….. themselves. (between, among) 4. Let us go and
swim……… the pond. (into, in, by) 5. Distribute these sweets ……… the children. (between, in,
among) 6. I have not seen them …… a long time. (since, for , from) 7. We lived in this city …….
2001 to 2010. (since, for, from) 8. She has been playing …… morning. (since, for, from) 9. He
came and sat …….. me. (between, beside) 10. She will begin her school …….. the first of next
month. (since, from) 2.4 Conjunctions Conjunction is a word which joins two words, clauses or
sentences. Since they are the liking words, they are also called Likers. For example: ▪ I can read
and write English. ▪ I could not come to school as I was ill yesterday. ▪ He tried but failed. ▪ She
missed the train because she was late. ▪ She knows when her father will come. There are mainly
two types of conjunctions ▪ Coordinating conjunctions ▪ Subordinating conjunctions 1. Co-
ordinating conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunctions are those which join words,phrases or
clauses having an equal rank; as, but, yet, so, thereof, as well as , still, or, either-or, neither-not,
bothand not only-but also. Co-ordinating conjunctions are of four types: • Cumulative
conjunctions: These conjunctions add one clause to the other. - He came in and sat with me. -
Trust in god and do your best. - You are no less guilty than your friend. - Rohitas well as Sunil
went to the market. 37 • Alternative conjunctions: They denote a choice or alternate between
two statements. - Neither Rama nor her friend lives here. - Sit silently or go out. - Either he or
his brother will come. • Adversative conjunctions: They denote contrast between two
statements. - He is poor but contented. - You harmed me yet I will help you. - She ran fast
nevertheless she missed the bus. - Indian team is not so strongstill, we hope for the best. •
Illative conjunction: These conjunctions show that one statement or fact is inferred from the
other. - I was ill, therefore I was absent yesterday. - She did not work hard, so she was failed. -
He will stand first, for he works very hard. - As you sow, so shall you reap. 2. Subordinating
Conjunctions These conjunctions join a subordinate clause with the Main clause. Classes of
subordinating conjunctions a) Conjunctions of Time e.g. when, while, before, after, until, till,
since, as soon as, whenever etc. o Wait here till I come back. o I will help you when you ask me.
b) Conjunctions of Place e.g. where, wherever, whence o The cat moves wherever it likes. o
Keep the keys where you can find them easily. c) Conjunctions of Additions and, as well as, also,
both, not only ….but also o My parents and my relatives attended the function. o He is both a
poet and a singer. o He is not only rich but also clever. o He as well as his brother worked very
hard. d) Conjunctions of Condition 38 If, unless, provided that,whereasetc. o If you work hard
you will pass in the exam. o Unless you work hard you cannot achieve your aim. o We shall go,
whereas you like it or not. e) Conjunctions of Purpose or result So that, otherwise, lest, etc. o
Robin ran fast so that he could catch the bus. o You should work hard otherwise you may get
poor marks in the exam. o Walk fast lest you should miss the bus. f) Conjunctions of Contrast
But, still, yet, though, although, however, etc. o I felt angry but kept quiet. o My uncle is sixty
still he is healthy. o He worked hard yet he failed. o Although he was tired, he did not take the
rest. o Though the room is small, yet it looks very pretty. g) Conjunctions of Comparison
As….as ,than,etc. o He is as tall as a tree. o He is taller than his brother is. o Chandigarh is more
beautiful than Delhi. o Many people are not as nice as they seem. h) Conjunctions of Manner as,
as if o He behaves as if he is the lord of this house. o He did not behave as I expected him to do.
o Do as your father tells you. o Manmohan is an honest leader as far as I know. Exercise –1 :
Underline the conjunctions in the given sentences: 1) I have not met him since he became the
manager. 2) When I reached the post office, all the tickets had been sold. 3) She will be
delighted when she hears this. 4) You need not worry when I am here. 5) As you sow so shall
you reap. 6) I will lend you my scooter whenever you want it. 7) She is such a kind lady that we
all like her. 8) The gates will remain closed until the train passes. 9) I have seen the house where
he was born. 39 10) Study hard lest you should fail. Exercise – 2: Fill in the blanks with suitable
conjunctions: 1. _____it stopped raining, the game was resumed. 2. ________one has money;
there is no dearth of friends. 3. The lift will not stop ______you press that button. 4.
________we have taken our exams, we’ll have holidays. 5. ________the teacher was teaching,
many students were gossiping. 6. ________ we left the house, it began to rain. 7. Do not
overwork ________you should fall ill. 8. The brave die _________the country may live. 9. He is
not ______wise _____ you think. 10. He is very small in stature ________his sister is very tall.
Exercise – 3 1. _____ fast you may walk, you cannot catch the bus. 2. ________he was ill, he
attended the function. 3. Wisdom is better_________rubies. 4. _______ you tell me the truth, I
will save you. 5. No sooner had he gone to bed _______ a message was brought in. 6. She is
intelligent ________ not proud. 7. Either this boy ______ that girl has stolen my book. 8.
________ you work hard, you will not pass. 9. You must study hard ________ you will fail. 10.
Strike______the iron is hot. 2.5 Verb (Main Verb and Auxiliary Verb) Verbs are action words,
expressing things that happen. Many verbs give the idea of action, of doing something. For
example words like write, teach, sing, dance and work convey some action. But some verbs
don't give the idea of action. They give the idea of existence or a state of being. For example
verbs like be, appear, exist, seem, feel and belong convey a state. There can be no sentence
without a verb. Even the shortest sentence contains a verb. We can make a one word sentence
with a verb. A verb has an explicit or implied subject. For example: • Professor Bhatia teaches us
English. (Professor Bhatia is explicit subject here. • Stop!(‘You’ is implicit subject here) Example:
1. She danced well (‘danced’ is verb). 2. Ram reads a book. (‘reads’ is verb) 40 3. I saw a snake.
(‘saw’ is verb) Kinds of Verbs: There are two kinds of Verbs: A) Main verbs (Transitive and
Intransitive verb) These verbs express the main action in a sentence or clause, or state of being
of a person or a thing. Main verbs are also called Lexical [Link] are of two types: a)
Transitive Verb b) Intransitive Verb Transitive Verbs are those verbs which transfer the impact of
the action performed by the subject on another noun (person or thing) called Object. In simple
words, a transitive verb requires an Object to complete its meaning; e.g. a) I admire his looks.
(His ‘looks’ is object) b) Sachin hit a century. (A ‘century’ is object) c) They love football.
(‘Football’ is object) d) He likes her. (‘Her’ is object) In the above mentioned sentences, ‘admire’,
‘hit’, ‘love’ and ‘like’ are Transitive verbs and take Objects to complete their meaning. Types of
Verbs Main Verbs Transitive Verbs (with Object) Intransitive Verbs (without Object) Auxiliary
Verbs/Helping Verb Primary/Main Auxiliary (be, have, do) Modals Shall, will, can, may, should,
would, could, might, need, ought to, dare, must 41 Intransitive Verb is that verb which does not
take an object is to complete the sense as it expresses a complete sense by itself; e.g. a) The boy
was sleeping. b) He sang beautifully. c) Children play. d) Birds were flying. In these sentences
‘sleeping’, ‘song’, ‘walked’ and ‘flying’ are intransitive verbs, as they do not need any object co
complete their sense. Note: • A verb must agree with its subject in number and person; as, - He
is kind to me. - We are thankful to him. • Two singular subjects joined by 'and' take a plural
verb. - He and his friend are working together. • If two singular subjects joined by 'and' are
preceded by 'each' and 'every', they take a singular verb; as - Each girl was given a prize. - Every
minute of the day is useful. 4. If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing and the
article is used only once, the verb used is singular;as, - The poet and dramatist is dead. • Two or
more singular subjects connected by 'either......or' or 'neither....nor' or 'not' take a singular verb;
as, - Neither Ram nor Sham is to blame • When the two subjects joined by 'either-or 'or
'neither-nor' are of different numbers, the plural subject should be placed near the verb and the
verbs should be plural; as, - Either Mohan or his friends have stolen my purse. - Neither you nor
your parents were present in the fair. • When a plural noun denotes a quantity or a specific
amount considered as a whole, the verb is singular. - Fifty rupees is not a big sum. • If the two
nouns or Pronouns joined by 'either ....or' or 'neither .....nor' represent different persons, the
verb agrees with the subject nearer to it; as, - Either you or Ram is a fool. - Neither you nor I am
at fault. • If two subjects express one idea, the verb following them is singular; as, - Slow and
steady wins the race. - Bread and butter is a wholesome breakfast. 42 • A collective noun takes
a plural or singular verb according to its meaning ;as, - The crowd was running in all directions. -
The assembly passes all laws. B) Auxiliary Verbs These verbs (sometimes known as Helping
Verbs) are combined with the main verb. They, however, cannot form a complete sentence on
their own and require main verb to denote the action. They generally help to express ideas such
as ability, probability, possibility, obligate on duty etc. Auxiliary Verbs are as two types
(1)Primary of Main Auxiliary Verbs: These are three in number and help the main verb to show
tense, possession, or negative situations or questions. They are: be, have, do. Correct use of
primary auxiliary verbs:- (1) Use of 'Be' ● The different forms of 'be' are -is, am, are, was, were,
being, been- - 'Be' is used in the following ways: ● As helping verbs - She is writing a letter. - We
were dancing. ● As a proper or main verb in the sense of existence: - She is a good girls. - He is a
doctor.. - We are his friends. ● As an intransitive verb of incomplete predication: - A dog is a
faithful animal. - Mohan is very kind. ● Be is used to make continuous tense and the passive
voice ● The old man is walking slowly ● The building was destroyedby the earthquake (2)Use of
'Have' The forms of have are: are: have, has, had, having. (a) As a main verb, it denotes
possession or connections: (1) I have many books. (2) He hasn't a house. (b) As a helping verb - I
have finished the work. 43 - He has done his duty. (c)To show a habit or habitual use of a thing: -
I have dinner at ten. - Do you have tea at five? (d) When used with the infinitive (to) it denotes
necessity or obligation from without: - I have to be at school by ten. - He had to work hard for
the day. (e) In the sense of getting something done by someone else: - I have my shoes polished
everyday. - I will have my haircut tomorrow. (3) Use of Do The forms of Doare : do, does,
did,done, doing (a) It means to 'perform' 1. He did his work well. 2. She is doing her housework
now (b) It helps to form an interrogative sentence: 1. Do you go to school everyday? 2. Does she
sing every morning? (c) 'Do' is also used in the sense of 'be enough' 1. I don't want more
money; five rupees will do. 2. Don't send me more men; three will do. (d) It helps to form a
negative sentence: 1. She sings well.(Positive) 2. She doesn't sing well.(Negative) D) Modals or
Modal Auxiliary Verbs: They are also helping verbs which support the main verbs. However,
unlike the main verbs, modals do not change their form or tense. Modals or modal auxiliary
verbs are never used alone, but with the main verbs. Main modals include shall, with, would,
should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, dare, need, used to i) Use of Shall Shall is used:-
• In the sense of simple future tense when used with the first person. - It shall rain today • In
the sense of request/suggestion - It shall rain today 44 • In the sense of request - Shall I take this
pencil? • With the second and third person , shall denotes: (i) A threat; - You shall be punished
for your misdeeds. (ii) A command; - You shall not tell a lie. (iii) A promise - You shall be given a
prize if you stand first in the class. ii) Use of Will • It denotes simple future tense when used
with the second and third persons, - He will come today. - You will get good marks. ● In the
sense of request/invitation - Will you open the window, please? - Will you have a cup of tea? ●
With the first person will denotes a promise - I will help you. - We will always stand by you. ● It
also shows determination - We will win the match. - We will always stand by you. - We will fight
till the end. ● It expresses willingness/intention/wish - I will not tell a lie. (I don't intend to tell a
lie.) - I will come (willingness) iii) Use of Should Should is the past of 'Shall' ● It denotes duty or
obligation or necessity. - You should obey your elders. (duty) - You should help the needy.
(obligation) - You should exercise daily. (necessity) ● It is used in conditional sentenceswhere it
means ‘in case’ 45 - Should you go to Delhi, see my father. ● It is used after the conjunction 'lest'
to express purpose/suggestion/condition - He ran fast lest he should miss the train. - You should
not resign. (suggestion) - I should be glad to leave. (condition) iv) Use of Would ● To express
determination/willingness/intention - He would study regularly. - I would help you. ● To express
habit - She would always make excuses - She would sit free for hours. ● To express a preference
- I would rather die than beg - She would neither leave than be insulted. ● To make conditional
sentences - If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination. ● To express wish -
Would you open the door please? - Would that I were rich? v) Use of May ● To express
possibility; - It may rain. - He my be at home. ● To denote permission; - May I come in? - May
we go home? ● To express wish: - May you live long! - May we all prosper! ● To express the
purpose: - We eat that we may live. vi) Use of Might ● It express the past tense of ‘may’ in
indirect speech 46 - He told me that he might join a job. - The teacher said that I might go
home. ● Might is used to indicate a weak futurepossibility. - If he gets money, he might go to
England. ● To express remote possibility - It might rain today. - They might go tomorrow. vii) Use
of Must ‘Must’ is used: ● T express immediate or future obligation/compulsion/necessity/duty;
- Soldier must obey their commander. - We must serve or parents. ● To express determination; -
I must leave for Delhi today. - I must succeed this time. ● To express certainty of
belief/possibility; - He must be a scholar. - The Doctor must be busy at this time. ● To denote
inevitability; - Man must die. - Things must perish. viii) Use of 'Can' ● To express ability or
capacity; - I can swim very well. - She can eat four eggs. ● To express permission or possibility; -
You can go now. - He can meet me any time. ● To express possibility; - He can be in the garden. -
India can win the match. 47 ● To convey a characteristic feature; - He can be irritable some
time. - To dog can be dangerous. ix) Use of 'Could' ● It is used as a past tense of ‘Cam’ i the
indirect speech - He told me that I could pass - He said that the could win the game ● To refer
the ability/capacity in the past - She could Lift the box - He could solve the sums. x) Use of
‘Ought to' ● Ought is used to denote duty or moral obligation. - We ought to respect our
parents. - You ought to have run fast. ● To express advice: - You ought to seek help. - She ought
to meet her doctor. xi) Use of ‘Dare' ● It is used in the sense of 'having courage'. 'Dare’ and ‘not
dares' is used with the third person and singular number in the present indefinite tense, in
interrogative and imperative sentences. - How dare you go there? - He dares not oppose me. ●
As regular verb in all tenses, to express courage: - He dares to stand alone. - He did not dare to
oppose me. ● ‘Dare' also means to challenge or defy. Then its past is dared. - Mohan dared me
to fight. - He dares me to go there. ● To express a characteristic feature/habit(in the past) - He
could be very rude. 48 - The dog could be dangerous. ● To make a polite request - Could you
help me, please? - Could you lend me some money? ● To seek permission - Could I take your
car? - Could we play in your garden? xii) Use of ‘Need' It is used in the sense of 'require' or
'want' in such cases its form with the third person, singular number in the present tense is
'needs'. - Moti needs another shirt. - He needs your help. - Your coat needs washing. ●
Sometimes 'need' denotes necessity' or 'obligation' in negative and interrogative sentences. -
Ned I stay here? - Need n;t you report on duty now? ● With the third person, singular number,
present tense, Need is used without ‘s’ in negative and interrogative sentences. - He need not
work hard. - Need he go to Mumbai? Exercises for Practice Choose Main Verbs and Auxiliary
verb: Exercise - 1 1. The country is torn by factions. 2. Once Sydney Smith was asked his name
by a servant and found to his dismay that he had forgotten his own name. 3. You couldn’t have
chosen a better day for a drive. 4. The old beggar was bitten by a mad dog. 5. He laid the book
on the table. 6. Walking through the jungle he saw a snake. 49 7. He beat a hasty retreat on the
arrival of a policeman. 8. You must reap what you have sown. 9. His voice shook as he spoke. 10.
His path was not strewn with flowers but he persevered. Exercise - 2 1. The explorers were
frozen to death. 2. His voice sank to a whisper. 3. Tell me, are you coming to the party? 4. They
have finished the job. 5. What do you do every Sunday? 6. I want to watch TV. There is a good
film on. 7. She does not want to stay at home. She wants to go out with her friends. 8. He called
me twice this morning. 9. What does she do in her free time? 10. Where did they go yesterday?
Exercise - 3 1. She always wanted to meet him. 2. What were they doing when you came? 3. I
will clean these rooms. 4. The child has broken the toy. 5. She has failed in the examination.
Exercise - 4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate helping/auxiliary verb. 1. They ……… be happy to
see you. 2. I ……… never make this mistake again. 3. You ……… try to improve your score. 4. I
……… try to do better next time. 5. India ……… win the World Cup. 6. You ……… consult a doctor
7. ……… we go for a picnic tomorrow? 8. They ……… reject the proposal. 9. I ……… dismiss you if
you misbehave. 10. We ……… not move an inch. 50 2.6 Tenses The tense of a verb shows the
time of an action. There are three tenses. 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense A verb
that refers to present time is called present tense. - I sing. - He sings. - You sing. A verb that
refers to past tense is called past tense. - I sang. - He sang. - You sang. A verb that refers to
future time is called future tense. - I shall sing. - He will sing. - You will sing. Each of these 3
tenses have been forms which have been shown in the following table: 51 TENSE TABLE Tense
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous Present Tense I write a letter. You write a letter.
He writes a letter. I am writing a letter. You are writing a letter. He is writing a letter. I have
written a letter. You have written a letter. He has written a letter. I have been writing a letter. You
have been writing a letter. He has been writing a letter. Past Tense I wrote a letter. You wrote a
letter. He wrote a letter. I was writing a letter. You were writing a letter. He was writing a letter. I
had written a letter. You had written a letter. He had written a letter. I had been writing a letter.
You had been writing a letter. He had been writing a letter. Future Tense I shall write a letter. You
will write a letter. He will write a letter. I shall be writing a letter. You will be writing a letter. He
will be writing a letter. I shall have written a letter. You will written a letter. He will have written a
letter I shall have been writing a letter. You will have written a letter. He will have written a
letter. Present Tense Negative Sentences I don’t write a letter. You don’t write a letter. He
doesn’t write a letter. I am not writing a letter. You are not writing a letter. He isn’t writing a
letter. I haven’t written a letter. You haven’t written a letter. He hasn’t written a letter. I haven’t
been writing a letter. You haven’t been writing a letter. He hasn’t been writing a letter. Past
Tense Negative Sentences I didn’t write a Letter. You didn’t write a letter. He didn’t write a letter.
I was not writing a letter. You were not writing a letter. He was not writing a letter I hadn’t
written a letter. You hadn’t written a letter. He hadn’t written a letter. I had not been writing a
letter. You had not been writing a letter. He had not been writing a letter. Future Tense Negative
Sentences I shall l not write a letter. You will not write a letter He will not write a letter. I shall
not be writing a letter. You will not be writing a letter. He will not be writing a letter. I shall not
have written a letter. You will not have written a letter. He will not have written a letter. I shall
not have been writing a letter. You will not have been writing a letter. A detailed account of the
usage of each tense and its type is as follows: 52 A. Simple Present 1. Simple Present Tense is
used for current status/ present scenario, as a) He reads in 1st year Electrical Engineering. b)
She lives at Hansi. 2. With words such as daily, everyday, every week, every Sunday etc., as a)
We celebrate Holi every year. b) She keeps fast every Monday. 3. With always, never, rarely,
seldom etc., as a) She always speaks the truth. b) He never smokes. 4. With hobby and habits, as
a) She loves gardening. b) He likes swimming. 5. With universal truths and general truths, as a)
Truth wins at last. b) Two and two make four. c) Honesty is the best policy. 6. With geographical
facts and scientific truths, as a) The Sun rises in the east. b) Water flows from high to low area.
c) Water freezes at 00C. d) Magnet attracts iron. 7. In imperative sentences, as a) Open the
window. b) Do not smoke in public places. 8. For rituals and customs, as a) The Muslims bury
their dead. b) We light candles on Diwali. B. Present Continuous It is used to express an action
taking place at the time of speaking. - She is writing a letter. - She is not writing a letter. - Is she
writing a letter? - Are they not writing a letter? 53 C. Present Perfect It is used to show an action
that started in the past and has just finished. a) She has written a letter. b) She has not written a
letter. c) Have they written a letter? d) Have they not written a letter? D. Present Perfect
Continuous This tense shows the action which started in the past and is still continuing. a) She
has been writing a letter. b) She has not been writing a letter. c) Have they been writing a letter?
d) Have they not been writing a letter? E. Past Indefinite Tense (Simple Past tense). It fefers to
an action that was completed in the past time. 1. For historical past, as a. India got freedom on
15 August 1947. b. I passed my matriculation in 2016. 2. For recent past, as a. He met me
yesterday in the market. b. They bought their cricket kit last week. 3. For hobby, a habitual
action of past, as a. He went for morning walk during his hostel days. b. She kept a fast every
Friday when she was in Delhi. c. He loved swimming during his boyhood. F. Past Continuous
Tense It is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.e.g. a. I was driving a car.
b. She was writing a letter. c. She was not writing a letter. d. Were they writing a letter? e. Were
they not writing a letter? G. Past Perfect Tense It is used to describe an action completed before
a certain moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past
perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier.e.g. 54 a. The patient had died before
the doctor came. b. She had written a letter. c. She had not written a letter. d. Had they written
a letter? e. Had they not written a letter? H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense It is used to denote
an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to some time in
past.e.g. a. I had been studying in this school before I joined college. b. She had been writing a
letter. c. She had not been writing a letter. d. Had she been writing a letter? e. Had she not been
writing a letter? I. Future Tense Time and tide wait for no man. So, a period of time following
the moment of speaking or writing is called as future tense. a. They will play football on Sunday.
b. I shall complete this work in next week. c. Monit will sing a song in the Annual Function. d.
She will write a letter. J. Simple Future This tense tells us about an action which has not
occurred yet and will occur in future. In Future Tense, helping verb ‘shall’ is used with ‘I’ and
‘we’. Helping verb ‘will’ is used with all others. When you are to make a commitment or warn
someone or emphasize something, use of 'will/shall' is reversed; ‘will’ is used with ‘I’ and ‘we’ or
'shall' is used with others. Generally speaking there is hardly any difference between 'shall &
will' and normally ‘will’ is used with all. Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; a.
We shall write a letter. b. It shall rain today. c. I will help her. 55 d. Will she not write a letter? K.
Future Continuous Tense It is used to express an ongoing or continued action in future. - He will
be distributing sweets in temple tomorrow. In this example, the action will start in future
(tomorrow). We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or
around a time in the future. Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; a. She will
be writing a letter. b. She will not be writing a letter. c. Will she be writing a letter? d. Will she
not be writing a letter? L. Future Perfect Tense It is used to express an action which will
happen/occur in future and will be completed by a certain time in future. We use the future
perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. o They will have
shifted the house by Sunday morning. o She will have written a letter. o She will not have
written a letter. o Will she have written a letter? o Will she not have written a letter? M. Future
Perfect Continuous Tense It is used to talk about actions that will commence at a fixed time in
future and will continue for some time in future. The future perfect progressive emphasize the
duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. The
future perfect continuous tense progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be
in progress before another time or event in the future. a. She will have been writing a letter. b.
She will not have been writing a letter. c. Will she have been writing a letter? 56 d. Will she not
have been writing a letter? ExerciseFor Practice– 1 Use correct form of the verb. 1. He generally
------late. ( come ) 2. I don’t like to -----tea. (take) 3. He did not ------ the class yesterday. (attend)
4. Where are you------these days ? (live) 5. Beauty ------no ornaments (need) 6. He -------there to
get the money. (go) 7. ----You ---- for ---- a walk daily? (go) 8. Some students ---------present in
the class yesterday. (be) 9. The house ---- quite big. (be) 10. He ----not -------his work.(complete )
Exercise – 2 Use Simple Present or Simple Past Tense in the following sentences: 1. He -----an
intelligent boy. 2. They----not present in the class. 3. Make hay while the sun -----(shine) 4. -----
you ------(pass) your B. A. last year? 5. What --- you often-----?(do) 6. This ground ----not good
for playing. 7. He --- a good swimmer at the age of five. Exercise - 3 Use Present Perfect or Past
Perfect Tense in the following sentences: 1. He ----( finish) his work. 2. The new stock ----just----
(arrive) 3. The chief guest ----already ----(arrive) when I reached there. 4. Who has ----(break)
this window pane? 5. They -----(win) the first prize. 6. They ----not-----(prepare) the lunch yet. 7.
I----- already -----(apply) for this post. 57 Exercise – 4 Supply a suitable verb: 1. Iron as well as
coal …… found in this area. 2. My car …….. running fast. 3. They …… given their answers. 4.
Everyone of the crew ……. dead. 5. Five rupees …….no price of it. 6. …….we sit down here? 7.
You………got good marks. 8. You …..obey your elders. 9. …..you spare some time for me? Exercise
– 5 Use correct form of the verb. 1. I …..the letter before he arrived. (write) 2. He ……..without
any reason. (weep) 3. For a moment, he …….blank. (go) 4. They did not ……..anything about
them. (notice) 5. ……….money grow on trees? (do) 6. He …….my company a few days ago.
(leave) 7. The train ……..just now. (arrive) 8. He ….. that film last week. (see) 9. The bell…. just
now. (ring) 10. He ……since morning. (read) Exercise – 6 Use correct form of the verb in the
following sentences: 1. God ……(make) the world. 2. Bread ……(be) made of flour. 3. He ……..
(work) till late last night. 4. Time ………(heal) wounds. 5. I ………(write) a letter to him on Friday. 6.
He ………(get) up early in the morning. 7. I ……not…….(tell) a lie. 8. They ………(go) to Delhi
yesterday. 9. The dogs were ………(fight) fiercely. 58 Exercise – 7 Use correct form of the verb in
the following sentences: 1. I ………(write) the letter before he arrived. 2. He ……….(weep) without
any reason. 3. For a moment, he ……….(go ) blank. 4. They did not ……….(notice) anything special
about him. 5. ……….(do) money grow on trees? 6. I ……….(live) here for the last ten years. 7.
When I first ……….(meet) him, he ……….(study) religion. 8. We ……….(celebrate) my birthday. 9.
My father ……….(cook) a special dish for us. 10. LataMangeshkar ……….(sing) very well. Exercise –
8 Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate tenses: 1. I ……..(move) to Delhi
next year. 2. The police ……..(identify) the hooligans very soon. 3. Virat ……..(play) the IPL series
by next year. 4. She……..(post) the letter by Wednesday. 5. All my doubts ……..(clear) with your
help. 6. I …….(learn) my lesson of geography. 7. He always …….(take) his tea without sugar. 8. I
…….(not post) a single letter yesterday. 9. Next month, my brother …….(come) to this part of
India. 59 Chapter - 3 READING SKILLS Learning Objectives: ▪ Develop the reading skills of the
students and to encourage them to read extensively. ▪ To “comprehend” means “to understand
and grasp”, a comprehension passage is meant to test one’s ability to understand and retain the
contents of a given passage. A comprehension exercise consists of a passage from which
questions are set to test the student’s ability to understand the content of the given text and to
infer information and meaning from it. Generally a passage is given, followed by a few questions
based on it; the questions may be based on: • Theme of the passage. • Choosing the correct or
wrong statement on the basis of the given passage. • The main point discussed in the passage. •
Synonyms or antonyms of some selected words in the passage or substitution of given words.
Various formats of comprehension (Passage): 1. Analytical: The analytical way of writing usually
presents the pros and cons of the issue at hand. It discusses both sides of the issue and the
author may, after analysis, present the final viewpoint in the end. The questions are usually
about the main idea and the author’s viewpoint. 2. Discursive: A discursive style of writing is
where the author discusses various aspects of certain issues in brief and superficially. Hence,
the questions that follow are simple, basic questions on theme and the facts presented therein.
3. Argumentative: The argumentative style of writing is where the author supports his/her
viewpoint on an issue by presenting facts and data to prove it. Unlike the argumentative style,
he/she does not present both sides of the issue. The questions that follow are mostly about the
author’s tone and whether he/she would agree or disagree with certain points on the issue as
discussed in the passage. 4. Descriptive/Narrative: When the passage describes a certain event
or phenomenon, chances are it uses the descriptive style of writing. In simple words, the
descriptive style of writing uses the story telling format. It is lucid 60 and easy to understand
and usually followed by easy questions on the main theme or the facts stated in the passage.
How to answer the questions: If the student has developed an approach of his/her own to
answer the comprehension questions and the approach is effective, should stick to it. For those
of you who feel uneasy with the comprehension passages, here are a few tips that are helpful
for choosing the right answers: 1. Take a look at the questions given. If you take a look at the
questions before reading the passage, you know what aspects of the passage to concentrate on.
2. Now read the passage carefully. While reading find out the main point and the arguments
that have been given in its favour. 3. Examine the attitude of the narrator. This is one of the
important questions to test comprehension. 4. Sometimes the question pertains to the
synonyms or antonyms of a word as used in the passage. The important point here is as it is
used in the passage. You should not go for the meaning blindly. Use the following techniques: •
Main idea of the passage: Whenever a passage is written, it is to propagate an idea. This idea
forms the nucleus around which words and sentences are constructed. Get to the root of this
idea. • Attitude of the writer: This is very important because the same sentence may carry a
different meaning if looked at in isolation. However, when used in a context, it conveys the
meaning as per the attitude of the writer, which is the overall feeling that you get after reading
the passage. • What the writer says and what he does not: It is very important to understand
what the writer says and what he does not. This will be possible if you do not hold unnecessary
assumptions. • Title of the passage: The titleis generally based on the central idea of the
passage. 61 • Keeping the above points in mind, you may comprehend the passage even in one
reading. But in case of doubts after the first reading and time allows, you should not hesitate in
going for a second reading. - In addition to these, there may be some questions for vocabulary
enhancement such as Word Formation, where the student has to form new words by adding
Prefixes and Suffixes to the root word. Prefixes: Prefixes are added before a word to make a new
word. 1. re: replace, remix, recharge, replay, remake, remark 2. ir: irregular, irresponsible,
irreplaceable, irreparable, irrational 3. un: unknown, undo, until, unless, unlike, unable 4. in:
input, intake, inform, income, indiscipline, independent 5. en: encourage, ensure, enroll, entry,
enable, encounter 6. post: post-mortem, post-paid, postgraduate, post-war 7. pre: prepaid,
present, preposition, preoccupation 8. inter: international, interchange, intercity, interstate,
internet 9. sub: suburban, subway, sub-inspector, subordinate, subcontinent 10. super:
superman, superstar, supernatural, superhero, supermarket 11. fore: foretell, forefather,
forecast, forehead, forenoon 12. im: impossible, immortal, improve, import, immoveable,
immoral 13. il: illegal, illiterate, illegitimate 14. mis: mistake, mismatch, misunderstand,
misbehave, miscalculate 15. dis: displace, dislike, display, disorder, discharge, discover 16. non:
non-medical, nonsense, nonstop, non-vegetarian 17. anti: antivirus, antiwar, antisocial,
antibiotic, anticlockwise 18. de: depart, deport, defrost, dehydration, demoralize, decentralize,
destabilize 19. under: understand, underestimate, underworld, underweight, underground 20.
over: overtake, overtime, overreact, overconfidence 21. out: output, outcome, outdated,
outlook, outplay, outbox, outstanding 22. counter: counteract, counterattack, counterpart 23.
ab: absent, abnormal, about, abroad, abuse, aboriginal 24. to: tonight, today, together 25.
multi: multiply, multipurpose, multimedia, multinational 26. co: coaxial, coplanar, coward, co-
worker, cooperation 27. semi: semi-final, semicircle, semiconductor 28. auto: automobile,
autobiography, autograph 29. mono: monoxide, monosyllabic, monogram 30. poly:
polyethylene, polytechnique 62 Suffixes: Suffixes are added after a word to make a new word. 1.
er: player, marker, painter, bigger, smaller 2. est: highest, biggest, longest, nearest 3. ance:
attendance, reliance, vigilance, ignorance 4. ness: happiness, kindness, hardness, weakness 5.
less: useless, kindles, fearless, careless, hopeless, helpless 6. ful: useful, helpful, powerful,
wonderful, hopeful, beautiful 7. al: national, central, natural, electrical mechanical 8. tion:
corruption, attraction, competition, station 9. ly: kindly, happily, hardly, monthly, daily, nicely 10.
able: comfortable, movable, removable, eatable 11. ity: intensity, nationality, community,
electricity 12. ate: donate, collegiate, nominate 13. ive: relative, elective, selective, active,
detective, passive 14. ment: management, engagement, agreement, arrangement, treatment
15. ify: glorify, simplify, classify, 16. en: shorten, lessen, listen, eaten, hidden, heighten 17. age:
percentage, coverage, package, damage, shortage 18. or: actor, conductor, director, inspector
19. ery: bravery, robbery, slavery 20. ward: backward, forward, toward, upward, downward 21.
ous: famous, continuous, courageous 22. ee: employee, trustee, trainee 23. hood: childhood,
boyhood, manhood, neighbourhood 24. ise / ize: organize, civilize, generalize 25. ed: requested,
played, learned, prayed, learned, added 26. ing: playing, hearing, speaking, listening 27. ist:
artist, tourist, terrorist, druggist 28. ship: friendship, partnership, scholarship 29. dom: freedom,
wisdom, kingdom, martyrdom 30. y: discovery, delivery 31. ish: childish, foolish, selfish, bookish
Exercise - 1 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Abraham
Lincoln was born in 1809 in northern Kentucky. At the time of his birth, Kentucky was part of the
western frontier of the U.S. his father was a farmer and at one point he was relatively wealthy.
However, when young Abraham was only seven years old, his father lost his land. The family
moved to Indiana, where his mother died when he was nine. When he was a young man,
Abraham’s family moved to Illinois. 63 Abraham had little formal education growing up. He
loved to read, so he educated himself. In Illinois he studied law by reading law books. He
became a lawyer in 1837 in Springfield, Illinois. Lincoln’s political career began early and he
served in the state legislature and in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was a gifted speaker.
He won national attention for his speeches against slavery during several debates. This led to his
nomination for the presidency, which he won in 1860. President Lincoln’s election angered the
southern states and seven of them announced they would leave the U.S. and form their own
government. In 1861, South Carolina troops fired artillery at Fort Sumter, a U.S. military fort.
This began the civil war. The war would be the central feature of Lincoln’s presidency. Lincoln’s
goal through the war was to reunite the North, known as the Union, with the South, known as
the confederacy. As commander-in-chief, he selected the Union generals to lead the army. He
issued the emancipation proclamation in 1863, which signaled freedom for the slaves. Lincoln
was re-elected in 1864. After four long years, the Union won the Civil war in April 1865. Lincoln’s
goal to reunite the country had come true, but he would not live to see it. Just six days after the
end of the war, on April 15, 1865, President Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth. He was the
first American President to be assassinated. He is remembered today for his wisdom,
compassion and patriotism. A. Now answer the following questions: a) When was Abraham
Lincoln born? b) When did his family move to Indiana? c) When did he become a lawyer? d) For
which quality did Lincoln win national attention? e) What angered the southern states? f)
Wheredid the South Carolina troops fire? g) What was the central feature of Lincoln’s
presidency? h) What was Lincoln’s goal? i) What signalled freedom for the slaves? j) When and
by whom was President Lincoln killed? B. State whether the following statements are true or
false: a) When young Abraham was nine years old, his father lost his land. b) He studied law at
Illinois. c) South Carolina troops fired artillery at Fort Sumter, in 1862. d) President Lincoln was
assassinated on April 15, 1865. e) Lincoln’s goal to reunite the country has not come true. 64 C.
Write the antonyms of the following words: - War - [Link] - iii. Freedom - iv. Birth - v. Young
Exercise-2 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. From the
beginning of my education, Miss Sullivan made it a practice to speak to me as she would speak
to any hearing child; the only difference was that she spelled the sentences into my hand
instead of speaking them. If I did not know the words and idioms necessary to express my
thoughts, she supplied them, even suggesting conversation when I was unable to keep my end
of the dialogue. The process was continued for several years, for the deaf child does not learn in
a month or even in two or three years, the numberless idioms and expression used in the
simplest daily intercourse. The little hearing child learn these from constant repetition and
imitation. The conversation he hears from his home stimulates his mind and suggests topics and
calls forth the spontaneous expression of his own thoughts. This natural exchange of ideas is
denied to the deaf child. My teacher realizing this, determined to supply the kinds of stimulus I
lacked. This she did by repeating to me as far as possible, variations of what she heard, and by
showing me how I could take part in the conversation. But it was a long time before I ventured
to take the initiative and still longer before I could find something appropriate to say at the right
time. The deaf and the blind find it very difficult to acquire the amenities of conversation. How
much more this difficulty must be augmented in the case of those who are both deaf and blind!
They cannot distinguish the tone of the voice or, without assistance, go up and down the gamut
of tones that give significance to words, nor can they watch the expression on the speaker’s
face, and a look is often the very soul of what one says. A. Now answer the questions: a) Who
made it a practice to speak to the writer? b) What was the only difference? c) What did Miss
Sullivan do when the writer was unable to keep up her end of dialogue? d) For how long was
this process continued? e) How does a child with little hearing abilitylearn? f) What is denied to
the deaf child? g) What did the teacher determine to supply? 65 h) What is difficult for the deaf
and the blind? i) What can the deaf and blind child not distinguish? j) Who cannot watch the
expression of the speaker’s face? B. State whether the following statements are true or false: a)
She spelled the words into her arm. b) The conversation that a child hears in his home
stimulates his mind. c) A look is often the very soul of what one says. d) It was not a long time
before I ventured to take the initiative. e) The deaf and blind can distinguish the tone of the
voice. C. Write the antonyms of the following words: - Natural - Possible - Significant -
Appropriate - Up Exercise-3 Child labour is a serious problem in developing countries. We often
see young boys and girls working in tea stalls, roadside restaurants, meat shops, grocery shops,
small industries and private households. Anyone working at a workplace below the age of
fourteen is considered to be a child labourer. The wages given to these children are much less
compared to the wages of adult labourers. These children are also made to work for longer
hours. Employing little boys and girls enables the employer not only to save money, but also to
avoid labour unrest and other work related demands. Laws in most countries forbid the practice
of employing child labourers. But, as the number of poor people in our country is very large, the
exploitation of the children through the practice of child labour continues. They are made to
work at a tender age when it is time for them to go to school and enjoy their childhood. The
abolition of child labour will only be possible if the economic condition of the poor families
improves and the employment of adults from these families is ensured. a. Answer the following
questions 1. What is the serious problem in developing countries? 2. Who is considered as a
child labourer? 3. Why are little boys and girls employed? 4. How can child labour be abolished?
5. Give a suitable title for the above paragraph. 66 b. Write whether the following statements
are true or false 1. Child labour is not a serious problem in developing countries. 2. The wages
given to these children are much less compared to the wages of adult labourers. 3. The children
are also made to work for longer hours. 4. Laws in most countries support the practice of
employing child labourers. 5. The number of poor people in our country is very small. c. Select
words from the passage that mean the same 1. A child below the age of fourteen 2. Treating
someone unfairly 3. A person that employs people 4. Relating to economics 5. To put to an end
d. Give antonyms of the following 1. Serious 2. Poor 3. Possible 4. Continuous 5. Small e. Make
your own sentences from the following words 1. Able 2. Work 3. Laws 4. Improve 5. Unrest f.
Make new words by adding prefixes 1. Able 2. Rest 3. Possible 4. Sure 5. Developed 67 g. Make
new words by adding suffixes 1. Employ 2. Economic 3. Exploit 4. Labour 5. Work Exercise-4
Growing up is not a simple process. Generally people take it as growing in age. It, in fact, means
psychological maturity. Growing up actually gets reflected in our behaviour, our attitude to life
and our reactions to different odd situations. We are really grown up when we become mentally
and emotionally mature enough to encounter the hardships and challenges of life smilingly.
Growing up, indeed, is a continuous process which gets strength from our experience, our self-
confidence and strong will and thus we learn to face our life boldly and confidently. a) Answer
the following questions: 1. What is not a simple process? 2. What does growing up mean? 3.
Growing up is reflected where? 4. How is growing up a continuous process? b) Give the
synonyms of the following words: 1. Actually 2. Process 3. Bold 4. Experience 5. Life c) Give the
antonyms of the following words: 1. Grow 2. Become 3. Strength 4. Learn 5. Confidence 68 d)
Make new words by adding prefixes: 1. Reflect 2. Action 3. Maturity 4. Behaviour 5. Careful e)
Make new words by adding suffixes: 1. Real 2. Continue 3. Experience 4. Reflect 5. Mean f)
Write whether the following statements are true or false: 1. Growing up is a simple process. 2.
Generally people take it as growing in age. 3. Growing up never gets reflected in our behaviour.
4. We are really grown up when we become mentally and emotionally mature. 5. Growing up is
not a continuous process. 69 Chapter -4 WRITING SKILLS Learning Objectives: The chapter will
enable the student to apply writing skills through various tools. ▪ The students will be able to
write letters, e-mails, reports, memoranda, notices, circulars, resumes, among other
compositions. 4.1 Correspondence – Business and Official Letter is most commonly used
medium for written communication. All of us have to write many letters in the course of our life
for a variety of purposes -applying for a job, inviting people, making enquiries, placing orders,
making complaints, congratulating, etc. Broadly speaking the letters, we write can be placed in
two categories: personal letters and business letters. Personal letters are written to friends,
relatives and acquaintances and are informal in nature. Business letters, which also include
official letters, are addressed to business firms, government or semi government offices, editors
of newspaper etc. and are formal in nature. All letters, whether personal or business, follow
certain conventions and it is important for us to know and follow them. These letters are the
most common forms of communication within and out of an organization. Forms 1. THE
INTENTED FORM- This perhaps is the oldest form ofa business letter. In it each line of an item
(like the address) starts a little to the right of line above it. 2. THE FULLY-BLOCKED FORMS- In
this form all the lines begin from the left-hand margin. The address, the salutation, the body of
the letter, the closing and the signatures are all blocked. Even the paragraphs are not indented.
The division between paragraphs is marked by a line of space. Most of the letters in this section
are written in this form. 3. THE SEMI-BLOCKED FORMS- It is a combination of the indented and
fully-blocked forms. The body of the letter is indented while the heading, address, salutation,
etc. are blocked. 70 The Various Parts of a Letter (The fully-blocked) 1. THE HEADING- It consists
of the writer’s address and the date. The address is written at the left hand corner of the page
and the date is put just below it. 2. RECIPIENT’S ADDRESS- The receiver’s address is written just
as the sender’s address is, below the date. A line space is left between the two. 3. THE
SALUTATION- It is the form of address or the greeting for the recipient. It is written a little below
the date and on the left hand side of the page. 4. THE BODY OF THE LETTER- This is the main
part of the letter and should be written in simple and direct language. It should be divided into
paragraphs unless it is very short. The first paragraph of the letter states the purpose of the
letter or answer the question ‘why’ you are writing the letter. We write a letter for only one
purpose, at a time, even to the same person. The second paragraph of the letter states the
action required, as a result of the letter, from the recipient. It answers the question ‘what’ you
want. If the letter is being written for the first time to a recipient, it is advisable to give a brief
introduction of yourself in the first paragraph, at the beginning itself. 5. THE SUBSCRIPTION- This
is the leave-taking phrase. It is written below the last line of the body of the letter near the left
hand margin of the page. 6. THE SIGNATURE- This is written below the subscription or the leave-
taking phrase. Forms of Salutation and Subscription Relations Salutation Subscription Blood
Relations My dear Father, Mother, Brother etc OR Dear Brother, Sister Yours affectionately OR
Yours loving son, brother, etc. Friends My dear Vikas OR Dear Anil Yours sincerely OR Ever yours
Acquaintances Dear [Link], My dear sir Yours truly OR Yours sincerely A Trader Dear Sir Dear
Ms ABC PDR Yours faithfully OR Yours sincerely Editors of news Sir or Dear Sir Yours truly To
Teachers or Principal Respected Sir/Madam Yours faithfully 71 Whenever we use Mr/Ms, we
have to use the surname of the recipient. We do not use professional titles like Dr/Adv. Different
kinds of business letters: 1. Sales letters 2. Business inquiry letter 3. Quotation letter 4. Order
letter 5. Complaint letter 6. Recovery letter 7. Bank and Insurance Correspondence 8.
Correspondence with media and government offices FORMAT OF A COMPLETE BLOCK STYLE Ref.
No. Sender’s Address Date Inside Address (name, title, company, Full address Postal code)
Subject Salutation …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………… Body of the letter
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………… (One-line space between paragraphs)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………… Complimentary close Name of sender
Sender’s designation End CC 72 SAMPLE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICIAL LETTERS 1. Write a letter
inviting quotations. Modern Store Ambala Pin code June 23,2018. M/S S. Enterprises Lajpat
Nagar(Main market) New Delhi Pin Code: Subject : Inviting Quotations for Steel Furniture Dear
Sir We have come to know that yours is a reputed firm dealing in steel-furniture. We wish to buy
the following items of steel furniture for our store. Please quote the lowest rates of each of
these items giving full particulars and technical details. The quantity of items is mentioned
against them. Please quote rates which may remain valid for at least six months. Sr. NO.
Description Quantity 1 Steel chairs with arms 100 2 Steel tables 50 3 Steel almirahs 30 We want
to buy these items in August. So these items should be delivered to us by the second week of
August. Please let us know, whether/if you will be able to arrange the supply by this time.
Please mention the terms and conditions of the deal and any aftersales facilities offered by you.
Yours sincerely Signature of Namit Gupta (Namit Gupta) Manager 73 2. Write a letter placing
order for books Kapoor Brothers Stationers and Book Sellers Hisar Pin Code: January 9, 2018
M/S Sharma Publishers 324 Model Town Delhi Pin Code: Subject: Order for Books Dear Sir We
understand that you are on the approved list of book dealers for educational institutions. Please
arrange to send the following books at the above address at the earliest. 1. 10th standard
Maths 200 copies 2. 12th standard Maths 100 copies 3. 10th standard Science 200 copies 4.
12th standard Physics 100 copies 5. 12th standard Chemistry 100 copies Please ensure that the
books reach in a week’s time and also deduct the due [Link] damaged or torn-out
material will be sent back at your cost. Kindly send the R/R and the invoice through the State
Bank of India. Yours sincerely Rohit Kapoor 74 3. Reply to the order M/S Gupta Publishers 379
Lajpat Nagar Delhi Pin Code: 13 February 2018 M/S Kapoor Brothers Stationers and Book Sellers
Rohtak Pin Code: Subject: Acknowledgement of the Order of Books Dear Sir Thanks for your
order no. 423 dated 2ndFebruary for [Link] confirm the supply at the maximum possible
discount and are arranging to dispatch books by the coming [Link] are our valued customer.
Please be assured that the books will reach you in perfect condition with big discount within 10
days from now. The bill is dispatched list-wise according to the number of books. Always assure
you our best services. Yours truly (Signature and below it the name of the person) Gupta
Publications 75 4. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner to improve sanitation condition
in your locality. AlokSingla New Tagore Nagar Rohtak Pin Code: July 12, 2018 The Municipal
Commissioner Municipal Corporation Rohtak Pin Code: Subject: About Insanitary Condition of
New Tagore Nagar Sir I bring to your kind notice the insanitary condition of our locality. Our
locality is very dirty and the streets are full of pits. Dirty water stands in them and it emits a foul
smell. It is difficult to move there. The streets always stink of foul smell. People throw rubbish
on the streets. The sweeper is generally very careless,and comes once or twice a month. We
have brought the matter to the notice of the Sanitary Inspector also. But he has not paid any
heed to it. So, I request you to look into the matter personally. Hoping for a favourable
consideration, Thank you Yours sincerely AlokSingla 76 5. Write a letter to the Editor of a
newspaper complaining against rash driving. 34, A Block VasantKunj New Delhi Pin Code: March
16,2017 The Editor The Indian Express New Delhi Pin Code: Subject: Rash Driving –a Life Taking
Pill Sir I would feel highly obliged if you kindly allow me to draw attention of the authorities and
the people through your esteemed paper, to the hazards of rash driving. During the last few
years or so, the number of motorized vehicles in our city has increased manifold. The motorcars,
buses, scooters, motorcycles ply on the roads at a great speed. Even in narrow streets, people
indulge in rash driving. Perhaps it has become a fashion these days. Cars, scooters etc pass by
one whizzing speedily even at a turning. They don’t care if somebody is hit. The truck drivers
and the youngsters are the greatest culprits in this respect. Rash driving is a regular nuisance
and is a cause of many fatal accidents daily. Many youngsters drive their vehicles without proper
training. Even children without license are allowed to drive without any check by police. Many
truck drivers ply their vehicles under the influence of wine. They hit others, as well as risk their
own life. If we want to improve things, rash drivers must be heavily fined, so that life and safety
of people may be sustained. I hope you will give a little space to my views in your newspaper, so
that the authorities may wake up from deep sleep. Thank you Yours truly Hemant 77 Exercise 1.
Write a letter of complaint to the sports dealer about wrong supply of sports material. 2. Write
a letter to the Manager, State Electricity Board complaining about power failure. 3. Write a
letter to the Commissioner, Municipal Corporation, drawing his attention to lack of civic
amenities in your area. 4. Write a letter to the Editor about increasing incidents of crime in your
city. 4.2 Notice A notice informs the reader of something that is to happen or has happened. A
notice can be issued about a meeting in an office, organisation, or change of address,
commencement of a course etc. Most organisations have notice boards at prominent places
throughout the offices. Most notices are meant to be pinned up or pasted on these boards.
Notices issued by government departments and other big organisations also appear in various
newspapers. Loss of a thing or when a thing is found, opening and closing of public issues are
also notified through press. Caution notice is given in violation of trade marks. The notices
should be simple, brief and clear. Various kinds of Notices: 1) Admission notice 2) Notice
regarding change of name, address, venue timing etc. 3) Legal notice 4) Notice issued by
educational institutions, organisations etc. 5) Public notice 6) Tender notice 7) Caution notice 78
Example-1 Draft a notice of a document folder lost in a train. Fig. 4.1 Example-2 Draft a notice of
a sports kit found in the stadium Fig. 4.2 LOST! LOST! LOST A brown handbag of pure leather has
been lost on 20th June, 2018 at 10 o'clock in train running between Mumbai Central and VT
Station. The bag contains important official documents, share certificates, and Rs.5000 cash.
Finder will be suitably rewarded. Contact: Mr. Gupta Phone: 9874561230 GOVT. COLLEGE,
KARNAL NOTICE 20th June, 2018 Found: A sports kit bag A sports kit bag was found in the
stadium on 19th June, 2018 during the final match. Anyone who has misplaced a red sports bag
may collect it from the undersigned within two days, that is, by 22nd June, 2018. Place:
Reception Counter Contact: Pardeep Mobile: 9876543210 79 Example-3 Fig. 4.3 Example-4 Fig.
4.4 N.P. College of Engineering, Karnal Auction Notice Date: Three shops in student centre
complex will be auctioned on monthly licence fee basis for utility service/ eatables and student
centre on 20.06.2018 at 10 AM. For details, contact the office of the President, Student Welfare.
K.S. Sandhu Director Director M.M. College of Engineering, Jalandhar Auction Notice Date:
10/08/2018 One canteen in administrative block and two milk booths in residential area will be
auctioned near the basement gate of the Administrative Block on 12.08.2018 at 11 A.M. For
details, contact Deputy Registrar (Estate), Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. M.S. Sandhu
Director 80 Example-5 Fig. 4.5 RECRUITMENT NOTICE JamiaHamdard, Hamdard Nagar, Delhi
Advertisement No. 15/2018 Applications on prescribed forms are invited for filling up the
following academic/non-academic posts in various departments of the university on UGC's pay
bands. Eligible candidates may apply on or before July15, 2018. S. no. Name of the Post No. of
Posts 1 Advisor(Research) 1 2. Professor (Pathology) 1 3. Associate Professor(Microbiology) 1 4.
Associate Professor(Toxicology) 1 5. Assistant Professor(Toxicology 1 Details of qualification and
experience, application forms etc. can be downloaded from the website of university Website-
[Link]/[Link] [Link] Director 81 Exercise for Practice 1. Being the
school captain, write a notice on behalf of the Principal warning the students against bunking
classes. 2. On behalf of the Manager write a notice to be put on the notice board of the
company informing the employees of the cancellation of the upcoming holidays in the wake of
the targets that need to be fulfilled within a month. 3. Write a notice on behalf of the Principal
informing the students about the conduct of an an 'Annual Athletic Meet.' 4. Write a tender
notice for supply of certain goods and for some job work. 5. Write a notice about the general
meeting of members of a company. 4.3 MEMORANDUM Fig. 4.6 1. Being the school captain,
write a notice on behalf of the Principal warning the students against bunking classes. 2. On
behalf of the Manager write a notice to be put on the notice board of the company informing
the employees of the cancellation of the upcoming holidays in the wake of the targets that need
to be fulfilled within a month. 3. Write a notice on behalf of the Principal informing the students
about the conduct of the 'Annual Athletic Meet.' 4. Write a tender notice for supply of certain
goods and for some job work. 5. Write a notice about the general meeting of members of a
company. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, KARNAL NOTICE (ARTICLES FOR THE COLLEGE
MAGAZINE) Students of various branches are invited to contribute articles, stories, poems,
cartoons, etc. for the College Magazine 2018- 19. These should be original and written in neat
hand or printed. These should also carry the name and class of contributing students and be
handed over to the undersigned. The last date is 20.06.2018. Anil Kumar Student Editor 82 4.3
Memorandum Memos are brief written communications which are circulated within the
organisation. The word 'Memorandum', the plural of which is memoranda, has Latin origin and
means 'a note to assist memory.’ Memos are extremely important for the smooth functioning of
an organisation because they provide a written record and history of a company’s decisions.
Memos are exchanged as a matter of routine by employees in their official work. They can be
written for a number of purposes .Most often they are used for conveying information. A
manager may send a memo to a subordinate to give instructions about a job, to communicate
policy changes, to convey decisions, to make announcements etc. Memos are also sent to seek
explanation for breach of code of conduct. They can carry a warning too. Memos can be
congratulatory for an outstanding work. Memos handle the flow of communication up, across
or down in an organisation. Example-1 Power Cycles Limited, Sonepat Inter-office Memorandum
Date: 22ndJune, 2018 To: All Employees From: Manager (HR) Subject: Office Hours Let me
remind you that the office timings of the company are from 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM. Exceptions
resulting in late arrival and early departure must be reported to the Time Office. Employees not
reporting such aberrations and constantly found irregular in keeping with the office hours, will
be asked for a written explanation. Sd/- Parul Bansal Manager(HR) 83 Example-2: An office
memorandum warning an employee against habit of excessively long lunch hours. Vishal
Engineering Works, Noida Inter-office Memo Date: June 20, 2018 To: SudhakarSrivastva Clerk,
Accounts Division From: RohitDubey Manager Personnel Subject: Violation of Lunch Hour
Regulation In the last two months, I have informally warned you against your excessively long
lunch [Link] supervisor has informed me that last week your pattern of lunch break
exceeded two hours. This memo will serve as a written notice to you that according to company
policy lunch hours are not to exceed one hour I trust that this final reminder will help you
recognise and solve this serious problem. RohitDubey Example-3: A memo to an employee
granting permission to pursue further studies New Light Publishers (P) Ltd., Rohtak Inter-office
Memo Date: June 20, 2018 To:Rajender Singh Brar, Manager Sales From: [Link], M.D.
Subject: Regarding Permission to Join Law Classes. The company doesn't have any objection to
your joining the degree course in law through evening classes. However, please note that you
will not be entitled to any special leave to prepare for the examinations. Nor should this course
interfere with your working. S.M. Bhasin 84 Example-4:Memo asking for an explanation for a job
not done properly Asian Paints (Pvt.) Ltd. Jaipur Inter-office Memorandum Date: June 20, 2018
To: SomNath Manager, Quality Control From: [Link], G.M. Subject: Supply of Paints Beyond
Expiry Date. Some of our customers have complained that the paint boxes, containing white
colour supplied last week, are beyond the expiry date. Let me know today itself why these
boxes were not inspected properly and approved before dispatch. [Link] Example-5: Memo
to an employee informing him of a cut in his salary. The Bank of Punjab Limited Jalandhar Date:
June 20, 2018 Ref. No. : 754/20 To : Mr Preet Mohan, Clerk From: R.N. Sawhney, Manager
Subject: Deduction from Salary You remained away from your duties on the date and period
mentioned below. Please note that you have not earned salary and allowances for the said
period. Date: June 19, 2018 Period: 10.00AM to 5.00 PM No disciplinary action has been taken.
Copies to: 1. Staff section (North Zone) 2. Salary section (R.N. Sawhney) 85 Exercise for Practice
Write a memo to an employee: 1. warning him against his/her rude behaviour towards
customers, 2. appreciating a job ……….., 3. warning an ………………., 4. informing an ………., and 5.
reprimanding him/her for misbehaviour with his/her superior. 4.4 Circular When the same
information is to be conveyed to a large group of people in an organisation, office circulars are
used. It is a brief piece of professional communication that goes to everyone concerned in an
organisation. Circulated both within and outside an organisation, circulars can be of various
types. The subject of the circular is always mentioned at the top. The circular, as the name
suggests, are circulated among the staff through a peon. All the staff members note and sign the
circulars. Sometimes they can be put on the board. Usually circulars are about general matters.
They can be about office conduct, matters related to employees such as, the rules that apply to
them and their welfare facilities, to promote a new product or to make matters of interest
known to several people. 86 Example1: Draft a circular to prepare for audit inspections. Fig. 4.7
2. Circular depicting change of timings Fig. 4.8 Government Polytechnic, College, Karnal Circular
No.: GPK/12 Date: June 20, 2018 Subject: June 28, 2018 Visit by Auditors An audit committee
will visit our organization on June 28, 2018. All record pertaining to purchase must be up to date
for the visit. The auditors may require additional information while auditing the record so no
employee can avail leave on June 28, 2018. [Link] Principal B & R Department, Bathinda
Circular No.7023 Date: June 20, 2018 Subject:Change in Office Timings As per the guidelines, to
save electric power, given by the Punjab Government vide its notification no. 2024 dated June
19, 2018, the office timings of the department will be 8 A.M. to2 P.M. from June 20, 2018 till
further orders. Employees are expected to strictly adhere to these office hours. Gauri Shankar
Administration Officer 87 Circular announcing voluntary resignation Date: June20,2018 Fig. 4.9
A Circular informing the staff that a certain employee has been relieved of his office duties. Fig.
4.10 Atul Engineering Works Bathinda Circular [Link]/5/95 This is to inform you that Mr. Ashok
Bansal, Marketing Manager has left our company w.e.f. today. It was great having him with us
and we wish him very best in his future endeavours. Till a replacement is appointed, I shall be
personally looking after his work and all queries may please be addressed to me. Sincerely yours
Surinder Yadav General Manager. Gramin Bank Pundri Circular No.-125/ 2018 Date: June 20,
2018 Ref: Mr.J.S. Kesar, Internal Auditor The bank has relieved Mr. J.S. Kesar of his services as
the internal auditor from June 20,2018. All branch managers are therefore, to note that no
books of accounts will be made available to Mr .Kesar or his office staff for any audit work.
[Link] Deputy General Manager 88 Exercise Draft circulars on following subjects informing
the employees about: 1. Ban on polybags 2. "No smoking "policy at workplace 3. Policy of
talking to the press 4. Vacation schedule 4.5 Basics of Report Writing Report writing is one of
the most diverse and complex of all writing tasks. Writing a report, whether for academic use or
business purpose, is a powerful tool of providing factual information, recorded data,
investigations, researches, analysis, etc. to a person or organization who wants to use that
information. A report is defined as an orderly and systematic presentation of factual information
that supports in problem-solving and decision making process. A good report serves as an
investigating and decision making tool as it clearly presents the analysis and statistical
information of the factors relevant to a particular matter. This kind of research paper is also
used for planning and critical evaluation as it contains useful analytical information about key
resources and other important aspects to an issue. Below listed are five essentials of a perfect
report. 1. Factual Accuracy A report writer should be extra careful in quoting facts and statistical
data. Since the information given in the report is research-based whose findings and analysis
are used for making crucial decisions, a writer must gather information from scholarly and
legitimate sources and must proofread the information at least two times in order to avoid
presenting incorrect data. 2. Precision and Objectivity A student before drafting a report on any
academic topic should keep in mind that such a research paper should be objective in nature,
i.e. free from the writer’s personal opinions. A professional report writer is also definite about
the actual purpose of the report and does not drift away from it throughout the paper. A writer
can turn a report into a valuable research paper when it is written with precision because it
brings credibility and trust in the findings or information provided in the report. 3. Relevance
Another characteristic of a good quality report is relevance. A report writer must always include
those empirical evidences, statistics and facts which are relevant to the actual subject or
objective of the report. Citing info from 89 irrelevant sources can make the paper weak and its
findings unreliable. The key here is to only look for the relevant pieces of information from
scholarly sources i.e. journals, published reports, books etc. and to give their proper reference.
For an impressive research report, accurate date and relevant facts are inevitable. 4. Clarity For
an academic report, a student must prepare a rough outline of the things that will be included
in the document. Using pointers will help in addressing all the main points in the report. Also
the language of the report should be simple and clear. Try to avoid long sentences and
complicated terms but at the same time, the language should be formal and academic. 5.
Perfect Format Your report should follow a standard format which includes abstract,
introduction, research or analysis, results/findings, conclusion and references. Importance of a
Good Report 1. Improves communication skills of the writer 2. Improves writing skills 3. Adds to
the good reputation of the writer 4. Enhances the writer’s analytical skill 5. Increases
possibilities of the writer’s promotion to the higher position in the organization 6. Increases the
writer’s efficiency in work 7. Contribution to the Reader or to whom the report is submitted 8.
Helps in decision making 9. Helps in identification of the problem 10. Helps in taking required
course of action 11. Helps in research and development 12. Contribution to the organization or
the business 13. Helps in creating plans, objectives, and strategies 14. Helps to implement and
evaluate strategies 15. Increases company’s reputation 16. Helps in management and marketing
17. Ascertains the situation and the position of the company 18. Aids in finding the problems
and inconsistencies inside the organization 19. Assists in increasing production, research and
development 20. Helps in employee motivation 21. Aids in catching the desired group of
customers 22. Helps in international trade 90 Inspection report on video player Number: Date:
Make: Model: Type: Serial no.: Checked by: Note: Please mark a tick (√) against the relevant
item. a) Visual inspection: Case: Normal/Stretched/Broken Heads: Normal/worn out/sticky/
dusty b) Mechanical Movement: Stopped/obstructed run/intermittent/noisy/smooth c)
Amplifier: Playback: dead/poor/distorted/humming/normal d) Display: Normal/ distorted/ poor
e) Frequency response:High-frequency missing/low-frequency missing/ speaker-jarring/normal
f) Suggested repair and replacements: g) General remarks: Signature Fig. 4.11 4.6 ‘Resume’
Writing Your resume is your most important tool when applying for a job. It doesn't matter how
qualified you are, or how much experience you have - if your resume is poorly presented or
badly written, you're going to have trouble getting the job you want - or even an interview.
Taking the time to work on your resume is really important. The information on this page offers
some tips and advice on how to make your resume the best it can be. 91 The purpose of a
resume Your resume is a marketing tool. It needs to demonstrate: ● that you are employable, ●
how you meet the job and the organisation's requirements, ● that you have the right
qualifications and education, ● that you have the right experience and skills, and ● that you
have the right level of professionalism for the job. How long should my resume be? Theresume
is only one page long, as it is customized according to the job profile. If one is making a general
document stating all the aspects of one’s profile then a CV is a better choice. How should I order
my resume? Generally it's always good to present the information on your resume in this order:
1. Contact details 2. Objective 3. List of key skills 4. Educational qualifications 5. Employment
history/volunteering/work placements 6. Personal information 7. Declaration/undertaking Not
everything in this list must appear on your resume every time, and the order can change from
application to application. The most important thing is to get the most useful information across
first. For example, if your education history is not specifically related to the job, put it toward
the end of your resume, behind the information that is related to the job. Do I need to change
my resume for each application? You need to edit your resume to every job application so that
it responds to the specific requirements of the job you're applying for. You might not need to
change much, but you do need to make sure your opening statement, your key skills and your
personal attributes all respond to the needs of the role, based on the job ad (if there was one)
and the research you've done into the job. You should also tailor your resume to show how your
work experience specifically meets the needs of the job you're applying for. 92 How to prepare
your resume Ways that you can prepare your resume include: ● Using your opening statement
to link your experience and education to the organisation and the requirements of the job ●
Listing your most relevant key skills first ● Including examples of achievements that meet the
advertised requirements of the job ● Including specifically relevant key words and phrases
throughout your resume. What your ‘resume’ should include There are a number of things that
every resume should have on it. Contact details Make sure you include your name, email
address and a contact phone number on your resume’’. You don't have to include your home
address, although there might be some situations when doing so would be a good idea. Include
your contact details in the header of your resume. Objective The objective in a resume is only
one to two sentences long. It can even consist of half a sentence/statement. It can be written in
the first person (I/me/my) as opposed to the rest of the ‘resume’, which is written in the third
person only. The ‘declaration/undertaking’ is also written in the first person. Key skills &
strengths Your ‘resume’ should include a list of between 5 to 7 skills that link your experience to
the job you're applying for. If the job you're applying for was advertised, either the ad or the
position description may provide a list of skills and experiences that are essential for doing the
job. It may also provide a list of "desirable" skills and experience. Your list of key skills and
strengths needs to respond to all of the items on the "essential" list and as many items as
possible on the "desirable" list. When putting together this list, think of things you've done or
learned to do as part of: ● Jobs you've had ● Your studies ● Any work placements you've done
● Any volunteering you've done 93 Educational history Your educational history only needs to
show your highest level of education. You donot need to include your results, unless showing
them proves how well you're suited to the job. If you can, you should also include a few bullet
points listing your academic achievements (e.g., school or class captaincies, awards you've won,
or groups you've been part of). Employment history When providing your employment history,
start with the your most recent job and go backwards from there. Give the position title and the
dates you worked there. If you haven't had a job before, you can use other things to
demonstrate your experience, including: ● Work experience you have done through school ●
Work placements or internships that you've done through university or TAFE ● Volunteer work
you've done For each job provide a list of the things that you achieved while in that job, and the
significant contributions you made to the organisation. Make sure that these achievements and
contributions match the key skills and strengths listed earlier on your resume. Personal
Information This section includes ‘interests’ (not hobbies/part-time activities), languages
known, and the date of birth (if required). Testimonials A testimonial is another good way to
prove that your skill and experience is what the employer is looking for. Getting a testimonial
can be as easy as asking a colleague, teacher or previous employer to write a couple of
sentences about you. You can include any testimonials you get as part of your educational
history or your employment/volunteering/work placement history. The cover letter/e-mail can
list all the documents submitted as part of one’s profile. Usually it is enough to include one or
two testimonials in your profile. Any more than two is probably too many. Keywords A lot of
recruitment agencies use software that scans applications for key words and phrases.
Applications that don't use the right keywords tend to be automatically rejected. 94 Key words
and phrases that this software looks for can include the names of: ● Skills ● Jobs ● Activities ●
Qualifications ● Software ● Tools To make sure your resume has the right key words and
phrases, check out the job ad and make a list of the words and phrases it uses. If you don't have
a written job ad to refer to, you can use a job search engine to find other ads for similar jobs and
see what kind of keywords those ads use. Once you have a list to work from, start adding those
words and phrases to your resume. Good places to add keywords include: ● Your opening
statement ● Your list of key skills ● Your educational history ● Your employment history What
not to put on your resume Here are a few things not to include on your resume. Note that there
may be circumstances when including some of the following information shows that you're a
good fit for the job. If that's the case, including that information would be a good idea. Private
information You don't have to provide any personal or private information on your resume.
There's no benefit to be gained from providing information that could be used to generalise
about you as a potential employee. Your resume doesn't have to include: ● Your date of birth ●
Your gender ● Any ailments or disabilities ● Your health status A possible exception to this
might be when providing this information would give your application an advantage (e.g., if the
employer is looking for someone young, or a female applicant). In these situations, consider
including such information if you think it would strengthen your application. 95 Factual errors
Submitting a ‘resume’ or cover letter with spelling mistakes will guarantee you don't get an
interview. You should spell check your resume before you send it, but you should also get
someone else to read it as well and check for mistakes you might have missed. Double-check
everything that you include in your ‘resume’. If you mention the company's name, make sure
you get it right. If you mention the name of places you've worked before, make sure you get
that right. Mistakes on resumes are worse than typos. Images and graphics Don't include images
or photos on your ‘resume’. Not only are images disliked by recruiters and HR professionals,
they can also create problems with recruitment software. Fancy formatting Stick to easy-to-read
fonts and formats. This makes it easier for recruiters to review your ‘resume’. It also means any
recruitment software that reviews your resume can easily read the information. Good fonts to
use include: ● Verdana ● Arial ● Times New Roman ● Calibri Don't use large headings to break
up the sections of your ‘resume’. Use a 10- or 11- point font for your main content and a 12- or
14-point maximum for heading. Information in tables Some ‘resume‘ templates present
information in tables to help with layout, but some recruitment software is unable to read
tables. Your ‘resume’ should only be formatted using line breaks and simple formatting (like
setting multiple columns across the page). PDF versions of your ‘resume’ Some recruitment
software can't read pdfs. Unless a job ad specifically says to provide your resume as a .pdf, you
should always only submit your ‘resume’ in word format (.doc or .docx). 96 Reviewing your
resume Having someone else review your ‘resume’ is extremely important. Make sure you use
someone who will actually tell you if they think something isn’t right. People you could ask
include: ● Co-workers ● Former employers ● Teachers ● Career guidance counsellors ● Your
parents or guardians 4.7 Sending E-Mail Email: Email stands for electronic mail. It is the most
preferred means of communication because it is cheaper and faster. E-Mail can be categorized
into two types: 1. Formal email: The email which is sent to an office for some official purpose. 2.
Informal email: The email which is sent to relative or friend for some personal purpose. E-mail is
an instance of written communication that is much faster compared to conventional letter
writing. Nowadays, the sending of E-mail, be it personal or official is very common among all.
Sending an email is quite easy - be the recipient abroad or next door to us. 1. Format of an e-
mail. a) E-mail address of the recipient of the mail. b) Main subject / reason of writing the email.
c) Salutation 2. Body of the email: a) Introduction b) Matter in detail c) Conclusion d) Courteous
leave taking and closing e) Name, designation and contact details of sender. The format of an e-
mail must be strictly followed in a formal e-mail. Just like a formal letter, we use formal language
in a formal e-mail also. Use of abbreviations, short forms, slang language should be avoided in a
formal e-mail. On the other hand, in an informal e-mail, we can miss out on salutation, leave
taking and designation and contact details of the sender because we are writing the mail to an
acquaintance. 97 Guidelines to write an E-mail: 1) One should have the email address from
where the email is to be sent. 2) The email address of the receiver must be written correctly, if
there is any mistake of even a single character then the email will not be received at the
receiver’s end. 3) The sender then writes the subject of the email, it should be compact and to
the point. 4) If the copy of the email is to be sent to another person, his/her email address
should be entered in CC option available. 5) Write salutation to the receiver. 6) Write the
content of the email in logical, compact and correct manner. Avoid any type of mistakes. 7)
Write complementary close at the end. 8) If some other file is to be attached with the email,
write it as attachment after the content of the email. 9) Do read the composed email before
sending to check for mistakes or shortcomings. 10) The writer should have an email address of
his/ her own, so that he/ she is capable enough to have first-hand knowledge of the process.
Sample email Fig. 4.12 98 4.8 Paragraph Writing Paragraph is a group of sentences based on a
particular topic. Features of paragraph writing: 1. Write down the main points and ideas related
to the given topic. 2. Arrange the ideas in a logical manner. 3. Introduction is not always
required in a paragraph. 4. Start the paragraph directly with the subject. 5. Keep to the given
word limit. 6. Avoid repetition of ideas in a paragraph. 7. Remember to write only one
paragraph in such a composition Paragraph Composition A paragraph is a piece of creative
composition and displays the writing ability of the writer. The basic composition of a paragraph
can be elucidated as below: Introduction The introduction consists of 4-5 sentences. It states
‘what’ is being talked about and ‘why.’ The reasons for writing can be interest, information, or
entertainment to be gained from the paragraph. One may choose to include a quote in the
introduction, but it is not necessary. Main Body This is the main part of the paragraph. The
writer describes in this portion the salient aspects of the topic, advantages or disadvantages (if
any), and her/his views on the topic. Illustrations in form of data examples from history or
contemporary world, and references can be included there. It consists of approximately 15-20
sentences in all. Conclusion The composition is would up, in this part of the paragraph no new
point is added; also no repetition should be done. The writer ends the composition by
rephrasing the introduction. The conclusion is always shorter than the introduction, comprising
of 2-3 sentences. Child Labour 99 Child labour is a serious problem in developing countries. We
often see young boys and girls working in tea stalls, roadside restaurants, meat shops, grocery
shops, small industries and private households. Anyone below the age of fourteen is considered
to be a child labourer. The wages given to these children are much less compared to the wages
of adult labourers. These children are also made to work for longer hours. Employing little boys
and girls, enables the employer not only to save money, but also to avoid labour unrest and
other work related demands. Laws in most countries forbid the practice of employing child
labourers. But, as the number of poor people in our country is very large, the exploitation of the
children through the practice of child labour continues. Children are made to work at a tender
age when it is time for them to go to school and enjoy their childhood. The abolition of child
labour will only be possible if the economic conditions of the poor families improve and the
employment of adults from these families is ensured. Important subjects for paragraph writing
at the diploma level: 1. Environmental Pollution 2. Importance of Technical Education 3. Value of
Games 4. Value of Discipline in Life 5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Phones 6.
Relevance of Computers 7. Information Technology 8. Science—a Boon or Curse 9. Annual
Function 10. A Football Match 4.9 Picture Composition Picture composition is the art of writing
by observing the various scenes in the given pictures. This activity inculcates imaginative and
creative abilities among the students. It improves their writing skills. A picture composition is
similar to a paragraph composition. The only difference is that the writer should describe all the
prominent features of the picture, and a few secondary features, as the word – limit permits.
Giving a ‘title’ to a picture composition is of importance. The title consists of 4-5 words or lesser.
Each word in the title beings with a capital letter but not conjunctions, prepositions, and articles
coming in between the title. For example: • The Blue Sky. • The Men in Blue. Features of picture
composition: 100 1. Write down the main points and ideas related to the given topic. 2. Arrange
the ideas in a logical manner. 3. Start the paragraph directly. 4. Keep to the given word limit. 5.
Avoid repetition of ideas in paragraph. Sample pictures for picture composition: Fig. 4.13 Fig.
4.14 101 Fig. 4.15 102 Fig. 4.16 Multiple Choice Questions/True-False Questions Q. State
whether True/False: a) We have to use the surname of the recipient when we use Mr./Ms.
……….. b) A notice informs the reader of something that is to happen or has happened. ………… c)
Memos are exchanged as a matter of routine by employees. ……………. d) Circulars are only
published in newspapers. ……………. e) A report comprises mostly of the writer’s personal views.
…………….. Answer Key: a), b) and c) – True d) and e) – False Q. Select the correct choice: i) A
resume is: a) a marketing tool b) an academic document c) is referred to only during an
interview d) a long document ii) One should begin a paragraph a) without an introductionbut
with a quote b) with an introduction and a quote c) with an introduction and a quote may or
may not be included d) without both and introduction and quote iii) The correct format to write
date in a letter is: a) 10.10.2018 b) 10 October, 2018 c) October 10th, 2018 d) 10th October
2018 or October 10, 2018 iv) A notice should declare: a) a few instructions only b) contact
information, venue, date, and other details c) a deadline, if any d) all of the above Answer Key:
(i)a, (ii) c,(iii) d) and (iv) d 103 Chapter – 5 PRACTICALS Learning Objectives: ▪ The objective of
practical is to understand language and its practical usage in everyday life. It will help the
learner in recognizing the two inevitable parts of oral communication; listening and speaking.
These practicals will support in selfintroduction, debate, extempore, formal and informal
responses, greetings, making complaints and, giving and receiving information. Each section is
followed by practice exercises. 1. Listening Exercises Understanding of a language comprises of
reading as well as listening phases. For Informal communication, which exists in oral form for
most of the time, the comprehending implies listening of the language, by the receiver.
Listening is therefore, an inevitable part of oral communication. The teacher should motivate
his/her pupils to develop their capacity for the understanding of this kind. It may include a
variety of methods, such as playing of audio messages for the students in the language
laboratories, according to their taste, be it sports, films, entertainment, politics, science and
technology etc. When the students listen to the audio message, the teacher should not
interrupt in the middle, rather, should note down the points, which have to be explained later.
Thereafter, the teacher should ask a few questions if the students have grasped the message as
a whole, or it was just a superficial or pretended listening. The teacher should then explain the
main points and keywords. He/she should also instruct the students not to focus on the
grammar or the vocabulary of the message, but to cater for the meaning of the message. The
various exercises in the practical section are an attempt to enable the students improve their
listening ability. 2. Self and Peer Introduction There are lots of situations in our daily life when
we need to introduce ourselves to others. When people join together for a meeting or
conference on a single platform in formal situations in organization,the conversation always
begins with selfintroduction 104 In informal situations also, we introduce ourselves to strangers.
The way we introduce ourselves reflects our personality and ability. Giving an introduction
effectively is very significant for students, particularly when they appear for interviews and
presentations etc. Their confidence level and competence are observed through their way of
introduction. Introduction is a mirror of complete personality. Example of self -introduction
“Hello everybody, I am Rohit. I am pursuing my three year diploma course in Computer-
engineering from Govt. Polytechnic Chandigarh. I have passed my 10th class from
[Link] with 80%marks. I belong to a middle class family. My father is a
businessman and my mother is a homemaker. My hobbies are playing football and reading
books. I like to travel new places and to collect knowledge about them. Positive attitude and
confidence are my strengths. My dream is to become a successful Engineer in life and serve my
nation with my ability.” Introducing others Introducing others is an important aspect of life. We
should provide complete information about the person whom we are going to introduce. So we
must have firsthand knowledge about the person that we introduce in formal situations.
Example of Peer Introduction “Good morning Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my honor to introduce
[Link], Director Apex Global Group of Institutions. Ludhiana. It is our pleasure that he
is among us today in this conference and shall share his views on- how to improve quality of
technical education in state. [Link] is a postgraduate in Mech. Engineering from D.C.E., New
Delhi. He has served in the same institution for about ten years. I hope you all will benefit
yourself with the heaps of knowledge and information which he shall impart today.” Exercise 1.
On the way to market, with your father you come across your teacher. Introduce each other. You
are on the way to market, with your father and you come across your teacher. Introduce them
to each other. 2. Your cousin from Delhi has come to your house. As a matter of chance, your
friend comes to meet you. Introduce them to each other. 3. Debate 105 Debate is a process
which involves formal discussion on a particular topic. In a debate opposing arguments are put
forward to argue opposing viewpoints. A debate is a public discourse. It is formal, direct, oral
contest or competition between two or more people on a given topic. It is a rule governed and
disciplined contest conducted within a set framework. A debate may comprise single
participants or teams of participants. Debates are conducted in a structured setting giving
chance to each participant to present his views. Debates provide experiences which are helpful
for acquiring cognitive and presentation skills. Debates add to their knowledge. It teaches them
the skills of learning, organizing and presenting information in a competitive set-up. Exercise
Students may debate on the following topics: 1. Uses and misuses of Internet 2. Inclusion of
Moral-education in present syllabus of college-study 3. Student Elections: Farce or Reality? 4.
Examination System in India 5. Reality Shows in India 4. Situational Conversations a) Offering
and Responding to Offers This topic provides us practice to offer and respond to offers. When
we offer something to someone, we should be polite in tone. To respond to offer, people may
accept or refuse help. There are some ways to offer help and to respond tothem. Such as---May
I help you ? Are you looking for something? Thank you. Example Your uncle comes to your
house, but your parents are not present. How will you offer your uncle tea etc? I: Good morning
uncle, please come in. Uncle: Good morning child, how are you? Where are your parents? I: I
am fine uncle. My parents have gone to market for some work and they will come back in half
an hour. Take a seat please. Uncle: How are your studies going on? I: Oh It’s fine uncle! Would
you like to have a cup of tea? Uncle: No, thanks. 106 I: Is there any message for my parents? I
will tell them when they come back home. Uncle: Yes, dear. Tell your father that I have
completed the task which he gave me. I: Ok, uncle. Uncle: I should leave now. I: Bye uncle. Nice
meeting you. Uncle: Bye child. May God bless you! Exercise Your best friend is in some problem.
Offer him help. b) Requesting and Responding to Requests In this, we request people to
complete our needs with the use of descriptive language with good expressions to get the
positive response to our requests. When we request others to do something for us, the use of
right tone and right words is very important. Some common expressions used in this, are - Will
you drop me off on your way please? Alright, with pleasure, just a moment, I will see if I can do
it Example You are going to office in the morning and your scooter or car does not start. Request
your neighbour to help you. I: Hello, Good morning, Mr. Sharma Mr. Sharma: Good Morning. I:
How are you? Mr. Sharma: I’m fine. Is today your holiday? I: No, Mr. Sharma, Today is a working
day as usual. Mr. Sharma: So, what are you waiting for? I: Actually my scooter got punctured. I
have called a mechanic to repair it but it will take a lot of time and I’m getting late. Today is my
important business [Link], I have to reach the office right now. I believe that your office is
on the same way as mine. Will you please drop me at my office? Mr. Sharma: Of course, why
not! I: Thank you very much, Mr. Sharma. Exercise 107 1) When you start you class test, you find
that you have left your kit at home, request your friend to help you. 2) Your book of English has
been lost in the school and your teacher has given you some project work, borrow a book from
your friend for a day. c) Congratulating We congratulate people on their achievements. It is
important to appreciate them when we congratulate. In our social life we congratulate our
friends, colleagues and relatives when they are successful or they achieve something. Some
common expressions used for congratulating are - I’m glad to know about this. It is a great
achievement, I congratulate you. Example Your cousin got a job in a multinational company in
[Link] him I: Hello Saurabh, Good Morning, how are you? Saurabh: Good Morning,
I’m fine. I: I want to congratulate you from the core of my heart on your glorious success that
you have got a job in a multinational company in USA. Saurabh: Thank you, Amit but how did
you come to know about this? I: Your father told me about your brilliant success when I came
across him in the market. Saurabh! You have made your parents really proud; it’s truly the result
of your hard work and blessings of your elders. Saurabh: Thank you very much. I: When are you
going to USA? Saurabh: I’m going next month. I: I want to see you before your departure.
Saurabh: We will meet soon. I: Congratulations once again. Saurabh: Thanks a [Link] you soon.
Exercise 1) Your cousin has got admission in a good engineering college. Congratulate him. 2)
Your friend had bought a new farm house to expand his business. Congratulate him on his
success. d) Expressing Sympathy and Condolence 108 In our day to day life, we express
sympathies and condolences. In doing so, it is important to maintain the right tone and
intonation. These situations call for sincerity and genuine feelings and in the absence of these,
words become mere cliches. Here are a few samples to practice with your partner. Dialogue-1
Suman: I heard that your son has had a bad accident. I'm sorry about it, but don't get
disheartened. Everything is going to be all right. Tarun: You know it's quite hard for me. He's in
the middle of his examinations and the doctor has advised him rest for a couple of weeks.
Suman:Let's hope everything will be all right. I'm sure he will cope and get well soon. Tarun:
Thanks. Dialogue-2 Ankit: Hi Alok! I heard that your cousin's house has been looted. Poor guy!
Alok: Yeah, Ankit. They had gone out for a wedding to a nearby town. By the time they
returned, the house was ransacked. Luckily, they didn't hurt my old aunt. Ankit: That's a
blessing. Anyway my sympathies are with them. Let's hope the police nabs the culprits soon.
Ankit: We all are keeping our fingers crossed. Dialogue-3 Alok has lost his grandmother. His
friend, Amit comes to offer his condolences Amit: I'm really sorry about your grandmother. I
understand how shattered you must be feeling at this moment. Alok: I still can't believe she is
gone for ever. I'll always miss her badly. Amit: I know, Alok. Your grandmother was a special
person. Everyone who met her really admired her. It's a great loss indeed. However, we must be
grateful for the fact that she went peacefully without suffering much. Alok: Thank you, Amit. I
don't know how I would have coped without your support. Exercise for Practice 1. Your friend
has met with an accident because of which he/she won't be able to appear in the final
examination. Express your sympathies and comfort him/her. 2. Your friend has badly burnt his
hand. Express your sympathies. 3. Alok does not make it to the Zonal Basketball Competitions in
spite of his hard work. His coach consoles him and expresses sympathies. 109 4. Your younger
brother has failed in the examination. Express your sympathies with him. 5. Your neighbour's
house has caught fire due to short-circuit. Express your sympathies at the loss of goods and
damage occured. e) Apologising, Forgiving When we do something wrong, we can always save
ourselves a lot of trouble by apologising, someone complains about us. Some samples are given
below for practice. Dialogue-1 (Bumping into someone) Amit: Oops my fault! I didn't see you.
Sonu: That's O.K.I hope you aren't hurt. Amit: Not really. Sonu: Thank God. Dialogue-2 Alok: Hi
Amit! I'm terribly sorry! I forgot to wish you on your birthday. I'm really sorry. Amit: It's all right,
Alok. No need to feel so bad about it. These things do happen. Dialogue-3 Amit: I'm sorry about
what I said. I didn't mean to hurt you. Sonu: Let's forget it, shall we? Amit : That's nice of you to
say so. I promise I won't repeat it. Sonu: Fine, let's put it at the back. Dialogue-4 Mrs Kapoor: I'm
sorry we couldn't make it to the party. Alok had his UPSC exam yesterday. [Link]: That's all
[Link] he has done well. However, we did miss you a lot. Mrs Kapoor: He says, he has. Mrs
Sharma: Good. Let's hope for the best. 110 Exercise for Practice Build conversations for the
following situations: 1. You have borrowed an electric kettle from your neighbour. You dropped
it by mistake. 2. You took your friend's notebook by mistake. 3. You promised your friend to pay
the mobile bill but you forgot. 4. You borrowed a dictionary from your English teacher. Your
three year old cousin has scribbled on it. 5. You borrowed a book from your friend and you have
lost it. Apologise. f) Complaining Making complaints also becomes a necessity at times. It is
important to remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or
aggressive. It is best to mention a problem indirectly. Given below are some of the exercises
that may help us in the situations we need to make complaint against anything or anyone.
Dialogue-1 Mrs Khanna: Ankit, did you pay the electricity bill ? Ankit: Sorry mom, I forgot to.
Mrs Khanna: I'm sorry to have to say this. I think you are behaving in a very irresponsible
manner. Today is the last day for payments. Ankit: I'm really sorry, mom. I won't repeat this.
Dialogue-2 (on the telephone) Seema : Is that Neetu? Neetu: Yes. Who's this, please? Seema:
Neetu, this is Seema. I'm sorry to bother you at this hour. I think we need to discuss the project
report tomorrow at the earliest. It needs to be redefined. Neetu: OK. I'll be there at 8am.
Seema: Thanks and good night. Neetu: Good night. Dialogue-3 Vijay: Good Evening,Mr. Sam. I'm
sorry to trouble you, but there is a small problem that I would like to mention to you. Sam:
What is it [Link]? 111 Vijay: There seems to be a leak in your bathroom pipe and the
water seeps through the roof of our house downstairs. I was wondering if you could have the
pipe repaired, please. Sam: Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I'll have the pipe repaired immediately. Vijay:
That's very kind of you, [Link]. Thank you. Sam: I'm glad you brought the problem to my
notice. Thank you. Dialogue-4 Rajesh: Hello, this is Rajesh Gupta. I had paid the telephone bill
last month before the due date. In spite of that the connection has been cut off. May I know
why? Baldev: Please give me the details of the bill, the date on which you paid the bill etc. I will
definitely look into the matter. Exercise for Practice 1. Your bank has deducted your EMI twice in
a month. Make a complaint to the manager. 2. The food you ordered is cold and stale. Complain
about it. 3. You have been overcharged for a service. Make a complaint. g) Warning It is natural
to warn others about possible dangers and dangerous situations. The following samples are
given for practice. Dialogue-1 Mother: Watch out! Be careful! Don't play on the road. Child: I 'm
sorry. I'll be careful. Dialogue-2 Rohan: You are driving very fast. Slow down! Madhu: This is
thrilling! Rohan: Don't push so hard on the gears. Slow down otherwise we will be in trouble.
Madhu: O.K. Dialogue-3 112 Father: Let me look at your marks closely before I sign your
progress report. Ankit: Yes, father. Father: You have scored only 55% in English and Science.
Work hard otherwise you'll not be able to score a good percentage. Ankit: I promise to work
hard. 113 Dialogue-4 Alok: The staircase is pretty low here. Make sure you won't hurt yourself.
Balu: Thanks for warning. I would have hit the roof otherwise. Exercise for Practice 1. Your
friend has recently started smoking. Warn him/her about consequences. 2. You see a child
playing with a matchbox. How will you warn him /her ? 3. Your younger brother is always busy
on his mobile. Warn him against the excessive use of mobile. 4. As a librarian, warn the students
against making noise in the library. 5. Being a good neighbour warn the son of your neighbour,
who has fallen in bad company. h) Asking for and Giving Information There are a number of
standard phrases/structures used when asking for information in English. The following samples
are given for practice. Dialogue-1 Rohan: Hello Rohit! I had borrowed Neetu's notebook the
other day. Do you know where she lives? I have to return the book at the earliest and I have
misplaced her address. Rohit: I'm sorry. I have no idea. Rohan: Oh, that's sad. Anyway, it's all
right. Dialogue-2 Rohit: Rohan, can you do me a favour? I'm held up in a meeting. Could you find
out if Reena has reached home? I was supposed to pick her up. Rohan: Don't worry. I'll do that.
Rohit: Thanks a lot. I know I can bank on you. Rohan: Yeah, any time. Dialogue-3 Rohan: Good
Morning, Mrs. Rao. I heard that you are going to Hyderabad. Is everything all right? Mrs Rao:
Good morning,Rohan. Everything is fine. We are attending my nephew's wedding. 114 Rohan:
That's nice. Since you are going to Hyderabad, can you do me a favour? Mrs Rao: Sure, go
ahead. Rohan: Would it be possible for you to find out when the Central University is conducting
its exam for Ph.D.? Mrs Rao: Shouldn't be a problem. Will do that. Anything else? Rohan: Thank
you. Mrs Rao: That's fine. Dialogue-4 Rohit: Hello! Is that railway enquiry? I'm calling to find out
if the Shatabadi Express is running on time? What time will it reach New Delhi? Enquiry Office:
It is on time. It will reach Delhi at 10am. Rohit: Thank you. Exercise for Practice 1. Your friends
are planning a tour to Jaipur. Call up the Tourist Information Office at Jaipur and find out all the
necessary information. 2. You are visiting Hyderabad for the first time and want to find a good
place to stay in for a few days. How will you get this information from the tourist information
officer in Hyderabad? 3. You have come to the Supermarket. Gather information about iron
boxes and washing machines. 4. You want to inquire about the local bus service. How will you
do that? 5. A stranger approaches you and wants to know about the sites worth visiting in
Chandigarh. How will you respond? i. Getting and giving permission In communication, while
seeking permission, one should be polite, and use phrases and words that show politeness and
humbleness. Dialogue-1 Monit: Excuse me. I have lost my pen. May I use your pen? Akshat: Oh
yes, by all means. Monit: It’s very nice of you. Thanks for the help. 115 Dialogue-2 Rohit: My
mobile phone is not working. It’s battery is dead and I have to make an urgent call. Would you
please allow me to use your phone? Ajay: Sure, no problem. Feel at ease and use it. Rohit:
Thank you very much and it’s so nice of you. Helpful phrases and sentences for getting
permission: Would you please...? Would you mind...? Excuse me...? With your due
permission...? Helpful phrases and sentences for giving permission: By all means. Definitely. Of
course. Certainly. Sure. j. Asking for and giving opinions In communication, while asking and
giving opinions, one should be polite, and use such phrases and words that show politeness.
Abhishek: Hello Aman, I am planning to buy a computer of HCL company. What do you think
about this? Aman: In my opinion, it is a good choice. I am using it and quite satisfied with its
performance. Seema: Excuse me, Reema. I am new in this city and will have to stay in a PG.
What do you think, which one will be most suitable for me. Reema: Saraswati Girls PG is the
best for you because the location is good and the facilities provided are also good. k. Talking
about likes and dislikes To express likes and dislikes, one must be careful to use the phrases and
sentences. The phrases and sentences should be such which are polite and do not offend
anyone or show disrespect. Mudit: Sanchit, do you like your college? Sanchit: Of course, I
appreciate the faculty of my college. The building is very attractive and environment is very
conducive to the study. 116 Mudit: Sanchit, and what do you not like here? Sanchit: There is
nothing much that I dislike, but I am a little bit not satisfied with the quality of food in the
hostel. Helpful phrases and sentences for likes: I like... I enjoy... I appreciate... I relish... Helpful
phrases and sentences for dislikes: I do not like... I do not enjoy... I do not appreciate... I do not
relish... Dissatisfied Not satisfied 5. Just a minute session - Extempore The dictionary meaning of
Extempore is done or said without preparation. An Extempore speech is a speech that is made
on a given topic without any prior preparation. Generally, the time for this type of speech is 1-5
minutes. Tips for the Extempore: 1. It requires the candidate to speak in a limited time in a
logical manner. 2. It requires thinking of the topic for sometimes, and a flow of delivery. 3.
Proper body language should be used, since this is oral presentation. Students can be asked to
present Extempore on various topics like: a) Youth and Politics b) Indian Economy c) Mob
Culture in India d) Cultural Diversity 117 6. Group Discussion Group Discussion is an important
activity in academics, business and administrative spheres. Here, the exchange of ideas is done
through oral communication. The purpose of the group discussion is to reach an agreement or
solution. It develops communicative power of the participants. It also develops leadership
qualities. Tips for Group discussion: 1. The participants should have a complete knowledge of
the topic on which they have to speak. 2. They should present their ideas in a logical manner. 3.
They should put forward their ideas in a confident and convincing manner. 4. Clarity of thoughts
is must. 5. One should not be too soft or too loud. 6. Pronunciation, tone, pitch should be
accurate. 7. Slangs should be avoided. 7. Newspaper Reading Reading skill helps in enhancing
our knowledge. It helps in increasing word power and development of thoughts. Reading
newspaper in the classroom provides the students not only information, but inculcates interest
for the current scenario. It is the best way for developing speaking as well as reading skills.
Some important steps to be followed while reading newspaper: 1. Define the purpose for
reading newspaper. 2. Study the topic carefully and get a quick idea about that. 3. Carefully
study the pictures and graphs to support the main purpose of the text. 4. While reading aloud in
the classroom, the pitch, the tone, the pronunciation and the stress should be proper so that
there may be improvement in oral presentation. 8. Mock Interviews: Telephonic and Personal
Interview is a formal communication between an interviewer and a candidate for a specific
purpose. The candidate aims to get an opportunity to get selected for the job, whereas the
interviewer looks for the best person for the vacancy in his organisation. 118 Mock interview A
Mock interview is when you set up an environment and scenario that resembles a typical
interview. It is the best way for preparing for an actual interview as you prepare yourself with
the right body language, the professional etiquette and practise answering the tricky questions.
Pre-requisites of Mock interview: 1. Attire or formally dressed 2. Environment resembling with
actual interview place 3. Formalities 4. Practice of complex questions 5. Variety of people
Benefits of a Mock interview: 1. Reduces stress and anxiety 2. Boosts confidence 3. Prepares for
behaviour based interview questions 4. Practice for perfection 5. Reduces uneasiness 6. Learn
professional etiquettes 7. Increase awareness Conduct and stages of Mock interview: Conduct
of Mock interview: 1. Filling up of job interview profile, details of qualification and experience 2.
At arrival in the interview room, be calm, cool and relaxed 3. The interviewer starts asking
questions 4. Active listening by the interviewer to the replies by the candidate 5. Closing the
interview and thanks giving Stages of Mock interview: Opening section: questions regarding
basic information such as education, orientation etc. Middle section: questions regarding
aptitude and subject knowledge, job experience and future plans, etc. 119 Summing up: The
interviewer sums up the final impression of the candidate on the basis of answers given by the
candidate. Exercise 1) You have to appear for the interview for an HR [Link] a mock
interview for the same. Multiple Choice Questions: 1. When the students listen to an audio
message, they should: a) Ask questions in between b) Speak loudly’ c) Not interrupt d) Listen
carefully 2. When we offer help to others, we should say: a) Greeting to you b) May I help you?
c) Please go away d) Good morning 3. You wish to congratulate your friend, you would say: a)
Greetings to you b) Congratulations! c) May I help you d) I want to see you 4. Your friend has
lost his father, you would say: a) May I help you? b) I want to see you c) Please go away d) I am
really sorry to hear about your father 5. You did something wrong, you wish to apologize. You
would say: a) How are you? b) May I help you? c) I am really sorry. d) I want to meet you. 120 6.
We wish to make a complaint. You will say: a) Good Night. b) Greetings to you all. c) I wish to
bring a problem to your notice. d) I am sorry to hear that. 7. You wish to seek information
regarding something. You would say: e) There is a problem. f) How are you? g) I wish to know
about thins. h) Where have you been? 8. You wish to seek permission to use someone’s pen.
You would say: a) Give your pen to me. b) I wish to take your pen. c) Excuse me, may I use your
pen? d) By all means, give your pen to me. 9. You like the opinion of a colleague. You would say:
a) How are you today? b) I do not like your opinion. c) I appreciate your opinion. d) I am not
satisfied. 10. What are the benefits of Mock Interview? a) You get to buy a new dress. b) You
learn informal conversation. c) You learn professional etiquettes. d) You get a nob. Short Answer
Questions (60-80 words) 1. Why are communication exercises necessary? 2. How should we
conduct peer introduction? 3. Why should we listen to opposing viewpoints? 4. How should you
deal when someone asks for information? 5. Why should we speak politely? 6. How does
extempore helps in overcoming language barriers? 7. Why are group discussions important in
academic spheres? 8. How does reading skill elp in enhancing our knowledge? 121 Descriptive
Questions 1. What is the significance of learning through practical method? 2. How does a
proper introduction help in casting a good impression? 3. Write a short note on the significance
of debate? 4. How do impolite conversation affect our routine life? 5. Good expressions get
positive response. Explain. 6. Write a short note on the significance of tone and intonation. ***