COMPUTER NETWORKS
Module 1
INTRODUCTION
• Introduction
• Types networks
• OSI model
• Functions of OSI model
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Performance metrics of Networks
• B-ISDN reference model
Data Communication Networks
• Data is defined as facts or figures, or information
that's stored in or used by a computer
• Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.
Questions
• Q1. What are the five components of data
communication?
– Message
– Sender
– Receiver
– Transmission medium
– Protocol
• Q2. What do you mean by Node?
– It is Electronic devices that are connected to the networks.
• Q3. What are the four fundamental characteristics of
data communication?
– Delivery
– Accuracy
– Timeliness
– Jitter
Protocols
• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications.
• It determines
– what is communicated,
– how it is communicated and
– when it is communicated.
• The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and
timing
• Syntax
– Structure or format of the data
– Indicates how to read the bits
• Semantics
– Interprets the meaning of the bits
• Timing
– Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.
Networks
• A network is a set of devices or nodes connected by
communication links.
• For example, computer, printer, or any other device
are connected to a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which carry the information.
Types of Networks
• Personal Area Networks(PANs)
– Within the room
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
– Short distances
– Designed to provide local interconnectivity
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
– Long distances
– Provide connectivity over large areas
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
– Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a
campus
OSI model
• Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model.
Seven layer of OSI model
7. Application Layer
6. Presentation Layer User specific layer
5. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
2. Data link Layer Network specific layer
1. Physical Layer
Traditional letter sending process
• Send a letter • Network layer process
• 1. Write a letter, add the TO and • 1. Application layer (email)
FROM address to the envelope. To address (ex: YYYY@[Link])
• 2. sending a registered post with • [Link] layer (End to end
acknowledgement delivery)
• [Link] a letter to head post • [Link] layer (using the IP –
office, branch post office based on logical addressing to reach the
postal code. And also map the destination)
postal code into TO address. • 4. Data link layer (check the error,
• 4. every intermediate post office flow control of the packet)
the check the TO address. • 5. Wired or wireless medium
• 5. Train, buses, airplane etc.,
carries the letter.
Inter connection between the layers
System A System B
Peer to Peer Protocol
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Peer to Peer Protocol
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data link Data link Data link Data link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
Data exchange using OSI model
System A System B
Application H7 D7 H7 D7
Presentation H6 D6 H6 D6
Session H5 D5 H5 D5
Transport H4 D4 H4 D4
Network H3 D3 H3 D3
Data link H2 D2 T2 H2 D2 T2
Physical 110 10111010001101 110 10111010001101
Physical medium
Physical layer
Data link layer Data link layer
110 1010101010101010 110 1010101010101010
Physical layer
Transmission medium
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
• Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission
which is the number of bits per second.
• Synchronization: It deals with the synchronization
of the transmitter and receiver.
• Interface: The physical layer defines the
transmission interface between devices and
transmission medium.
• Line Configuration: This layer connects
devices with the medium:
– Point to Point configuration
– Multipoint configuration.
• Topology:
• How network devices are arranged.
• Signals:
• It defines the types of the signal used for transmitting the
information.
• Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the
direction of transmission between two devices:
– Simplex,
– Half Duplex,
– Full Duplex.
Data link layer
Network layer Network layer
H2 Data (Frame) T2 H2 Data (Frame) T2
Data link layer
Physical layer Physical layer
Framing: the streams of packets are received from the network
layer and it is converted into manageable data units, called as
frames.
• Two Parts of Data Link Layer Data link
layer is divided into two subparts
– Logical Link Control Layer (LLC)
– Media Access Control Layer (MAC)
Functions of Data link layer
• Flow Control: A flow control mechanism to avoid a
fast transmitter from running a slow receiver by
buffering the extra bit is provided by flow control.
This prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
• Error Control: Error control is achieved
by adding a trailer at the end of the frame.
Duplication of frames are also prevented by
using this mechanism
• Access Control: Protocols of this layer
determine which of the devices has control
over the link at any given time.
Network layer
Transport layer Transport layer
H3 Data (Packets) H3 Data (Packets)
Network layer
Data link layer Data link layer
Functions of Network layer
• Addressing:
– It translates logical network address into physical address.
• Internetworking:
– Logical connection between the devices.
• Routing:
– Select the optimal path from the multiple path between the
source and destination.
Transport Layer
Session layer Session layer
H3 Data H3 Data H3 Data H3 Data H3 Data H3 Data
Transport layer
Network layer Network layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message from one process to another.
• It receives messages from the session layer above
it, convert the message into smaller units called as
segments and passes it on to the network layer.
Functions of Transport layer
• Service Point Addressing : Transport Layer header
includes service point address which is port address.
• Segmentation and Reassembling : A message is divided
into segments; each segment contains sequence number,
which enables this layer in reassembling the message.
• Flow Control : In this layer, flow control is performed end
to end.
• Error Control : Error Control is performed end to end in
this layer to ensure that the complete message arrives at the
receiving transport layer without any error. Error Correction
is done through retransmission.
• Connection Control
– UDP, TCP
Session Layer
Presentation layer Presentation layer
H5 H5
syn syn
Session layer
Transport layer Transport layer
Functions of session layer
• The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization
• Dialog Control : This layer allows two systems to
start communication with each other in half-duplex or
full-duplex.
• Synchronization : This layer allows a process to
add checkpoints which are considered as
synchronization points into stream of data.
Presentation layer
Application layer Application layer
H6 Data H6 Data
Presentation layer
Session layer Session layer
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
• Translation:
– It converts the data from sender-dependent format into a common
format. And again convert common format into receiver dependent
format.
• Encryption:
– It adds the privacy in the transmitting data
• Compression:
– It reduces the number of bits to be transmitted.
• The primary goal of this layer is to take care of the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two
communicating systems.
Application layer
User User
H7 Data H7 Data
Application layer
Presentation layer Presentation layer
• The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
• It is the topmost layer.
• Mail Services : This layer provides the basis for E-
mail forwarding and storage.
• Directory Services : This layer provides access for
global information about various services.
• File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM)
: It is a standard mechanism to access files and
manages it in a remote computer.
TCP/IP protocol suite
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is
compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport, and application.
TCP/IP protocol suite
Application Layer
Presentation Layer SMTP FTP TELNET DNS HTTP SNMP
Session Layer
Transport Layer TCP UDP
Network Layer ICMP IGMP IP ARP RARP
Data link Layer
Protocol defined by the underlying
networks
Physical Layer
Performance metrics
• Bandwidth or throughput
– The bandwidth of a network is given by the
number of bits that can be transmitted over the
network in a certain period of time.
• Latency
– Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue
– Propagation = Distance/Speed of Light
– Transmit = Size/Bandwidth
B-ISDN protocol reference model
ATM Cell Format
• User plane
– It provides for user information flow transfer,
along with associated controls (i.e., flow and
error).
• Control plane
– It performs the call control and connection control
functions.
– It deals with the signaling necessary to set up,
supervise and release calls and connections.
Management plane
• The management plane provides two types of functions,
– Layer Management
– Plane management
• Plane management functions
– It performs management functions related to a system as a
whole and provides coordination between all the planes.
Plane management has no layered structure.
• Layer Management functions
– It performs management functions (e.g. meta-signaling)
relating to resources and parameters residing in its protocol
entities.