P – Block Elements

 Group 13 : Boron Family

 Group 14 : Carbon Family
 Group 15 : Nitrogen Family
 Group 16 : Oxygen Family
 Group 17 : Halogens
 Group 18 : Noble gases
GENERAL ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION

[NG] NS2NP1-6
METALS
NON METALS
METALLOIDS
Group – 13 Boron Family
 Boron (B)
 Aluminium (Al)
 Gallium (Ga)
 Indium (In)
 Thalium (Tl)

E. C. – [NG] ns2np1
Element Atomic Number Electronic
Configuration
Boron (B) 5 [He] 2s22p1
Aluminium (Al) 13 [Ne] 3s23p1
Gallium (Ga) 31 [Ar] 3d10 4s24p1
Indium (In)) 49 [Kr] 4d105s25p1
Thalium (Tl) 81
 Boron – Non Metal
 Aluminium – Metal
 Gallium – Metalloid
 Indium & Thalium – Metals

Occurrence:
Boron – orthoboric acid, borax and kernite
Aluminium – Bauxite, Cryolite,
Atomic Radii
 Increases down the group
 Ga < Al
 Due to poor screening effect shown by 10 d –
electrons for the outer electrons from the increased
nuclear charge in gallium.
 Ga 135 pm < Al 143 pm
Ionisation Enthalpy
 Decreases down the group
 However it increases from Al to Ga and In to Tl (due
to inability of d- and f- electrons, low screening
effect)

Electronegativity

First decreases from B to Al and then deceases.

Because of discrepancies in atomic size.
Physical Properties
 Boron ----> Non Metallic, extremely hard and
black coloured solid.
Exists in many allotropic forms,
Has high melting point.
Rest of the members are soft with low M. P. and high
electrical conductivity.
Ga has low M.P. and found in liquid state.
Density decreases from B to Tl.
Chemical Properties
Oxidation State  Down the group
[NG]ns2np1 stability of +1
 + 3 oxidation state
oxidation state
increases and +3
 Boron being non
decreases due to inert
metallic forms covalen pair effect.
compounds in +3
oxidation state.  Compounds in +1
oxidation state are
 Aluminium is higly
ionic and +3 oxidation
electropositive can are covalent.
forms Al+3 ions.
Oxidation State
 Compounds in trivalent state are electron deficient
and act as Lewis Acids.
Examples BCl3, AlCl3
Tendency to behave as a Lewis Acid decreases down
the group.
BCl3 + NH3 →
AlCl3 exists as dimer.
Reactivity towards Air
 Boron is unreactive in crystalline form.
 Aluminium does not react due to formation of an
oxide layer.
 B2O3 and Al2O3
 EN ( AlN)
 B2O3 – acidic, Al2O3 and Ga2O3 --- amphoteric
 Oxides of indium and thallium are basic.
Reactivity towards acids and alkalies

 Boron does not react with acids and alkalies.

 Aluminium dissolves in both in acids and alkalies to

show amphoteric behaviour.

2 Al + 6 HCl ---→ 2 AlCl3+ 3 H2
However concentrated nitric acid renders Al passive
by forming a protective oxide layer on the surface.
Reactivity towards halogens – form trihalides
Anomalous properties of Boron
 Boron shows maximum covalence of 4 due to
absence of d orbitals. Other elements can show
covalency beyond 4 due to presence of d orbitals.
 Boron is a non metal and hard.
Group 14 Elements – Carbon Family
 Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead
 Carbon – Seventeenth most abundant element by mass in
the earth crest.
Found in free and combined state.
Elemental state – coal, diamond and graphite
Combined state – Metal carbonates, HC, CO2
It is an essential constituent of all living organisms.
Two stable isotopes C- 12 and C – 13 isotopes.
C – 14 radioactive
SILICON
 Second most abundant element on the earth crest
found as silica and silicates.
 Important component of ceramics, glass and cement.

Germanium exists in traces.

Tin as cassiterite and SnO2
Lead as galena (PbS)
 Electronic Configuration

Element Symbol Atomic No. E. C.

Carbon C 6 [He]2s22p2
Silicon Si 14
Germanium Ge [Ar}3d104s2
4p2
Tin Sn 50 [Kr]4d105s2
5p2
Lead Pb 82 [Xe]4f145d10
6s26p2
Atomic Radii

 Increases down the group.

 Small increase from Si to Pb due to presence of
completely filled d and f orbitals.
Ionisation Enthalpy
 IE1 > Group 13 elements
 IE decreases down the group.
 Slight increase from Si to Ge
 Increases from Sn to Pb due to poor shielding effect
of d and f orbitals.
Electronegativity
 More Electronegative than group 13
 Down the group it decreases.
Physical Properties
 Carbon, Silicon Non Metals
 Germanium Metalloid
 Tin, Lead Metals
 Metallic character increases
 High M.P. and B. P. than group 13
Oxidation State
 +2 and +4
 Carbon negative oxidation state
 +2 are ionic and +4 are covalent
 Tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases
down the group due to inert pair effect.
 C, Si +4
 Ge +4 and +2
 Sn +2 and +4
 Pb +2
Reactivity towards Oxygen
 Monoxides and Dioxides ( MO and MO2)
 Oxides in higher oxidation state are acidic than in
lower oxidation state.
 CO2, SiO2, GeO2 are acidic
 SnO2, PbO2 are amphoteric
Reactivity towards Water

 C, Si Ge passive towards water

 Tin decomposes steam to form dioxide and H 2

Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 2H2

Pb unaffected by water because of the formation of
protective oxide film.
Reactivity towards halogen
 MX2 and MX4
 MX2 are ionic and MX4 are covalent
 SnF4 and PbF4 are ionic
 sp3 hybridisation and tetrahedral
 Stability of dihalide increases down the group
 GeX4 more stable than GeX2 whereas PbX2 more
stable than PbX4
Contd.
 Except CCl4 other tetrachlorides easily hydrolysed
by water.

SiCl4 + 4 H2O Si(OH) 4 + 4 HCl

Silicic acid
Anomalous behaviour of CARBON
 Small atomic size
 High ionisation enthalpy
 High electronegativity
 Absence of vacant d orbitals.
Properties of carbon that differs from
rest of the members
 Carbon covalence 4, other members beyond 4
 It can form pπ – pπ multiple bond with itself and with other
atoms of small size and high electronrgativity. Ex. C=C,
C=O etc. Other elements do not form pπ – pπ multiple
bond because their atomic orbitals are too large and
diffuse to have effective overlapping.
 Carbon shows catenation. This is because C – C bond is very
strong due to high bond dissociation enthalpy.
 Down the group catenation decreses.
C >> Si > Ge = Sn
Pb does not show catenation
Carbon shows allotropy.
Allotropes of Carbon
 Diamond  Graphite
Crystalline form Amorphous form
Sp3 hybridised Sp2 hybridised
Extended covalent One free electron.
bonding. Good conductor of
Hardest substance electricity
Uses – Abrasive for Very soft and slippery
sharpening hard tool, Uses – Dry lubricant in
manufacture of tungsten machines
filament for electric light Pencils
bulbs.
Fullerenes
 Made by heating graphite in an electric arc in
presence of inert gases He or Ar
 C – 60, C – 70, and even 350 Carbons
 Fullerens are cage like structure
 C – 60 molecule has shape like soccer ball and
called Buckminsterfullerene. It contains 20 six
membered rings and 20 five membered ring.
 Sp2 hybridised carbon
Differentiation

DIAMOND GRAPHITE