please Give me notes of this pdf containing unit one.

Please give me notes accurate and properly covering

all topics in proper way.
Here are proper notes for Unit 1 of your PDF, covering the topics in a clean and exam-friendly
way. The PDF’s Unit 1 is “Computer Systems and Organisation” and includes basic computer
organization, software, operating systems, boolean logic, number systems, and encoding
schemes. [1]

1. Basic Computer Organization

A computer is an electronic machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output. This is
called the IPO model: Input-Process-Output. A computer system is made of hardware and
software. [1]
Hardware means the physical parts of the computer that can be seen and touched, such as
keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU, RAM, motherboard, and printer. Software means the
programs and instructions that make the computer work; it cannot be touched. The two work
together to perform tasks. [1]

Advantages of computers
Multi-tasking.
High speed.
Accuracy.
Better productivity.
Large storage capacity.
Good connectivity and communication.
Reliability in controlled environments. [1]

Disadvantages of computers
High purchase and maintenance cost.
Health issues from long use.
Security risks like hacking and data theft.
Environmental impact.
Problems due to buggy software. [1]
2. Input and Output Devices
Input devices are hardware components that send data and instructions to the CPU. Common
examples are keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, joystick, webcam, touchpad, OCR, OMR,
MICR, and barcode/QR code readers. [1]
Output devices present the result produced by the computer. Common examples are monitor,
printer, speaker, projector, plotter, and headphones. [1]

3. CPU and Its Parts

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is called the brain of the computer because it processes
instructions and controls operations. It has three major parts: ALU, CU, and registers. [1]
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, and logical operations that give True/False results. [1]
CU (Control Unit) controls all operations of the computer by sending control signals. [1]
Registers are very fast temporary storage locations inside the CPU. [1]
The CPU works through the instruction cycle: fetch, decode, execute, and store. It
communicates with memory and devices using the system bus. [1]

4. System Bus
The system bus connects the CPU, memory, and input/output devices so they can exchange
information. It has three parts: [1]
Data bus: carries actual data.
Address bus: carries memory addresses.
Control bus: carries control signals. [1]

5. Memory
Memory is the storage place where data, instructions, and programs are kept. It is organized
into memory cells, each storing binary data. [1]

Types of memory
Primary memory
Cache memory
Secondary memory [1]

Primary Memory
Primary memory is directly accessible by the CPU and is fast, but expensive and smaller in
capacity than secondary memory. It includes RAM and ROM. [1]
RAM
RAM is volatile, so data is lost when power is turned off. It stores data and instructions that are
being used shortly by the CPU. RAM is of two types: [1]
SRAM: faster, more expensive, does not need constant refreshing. [1]
DRAM: cheaper, needs constant refreshing. [1]

ROM
ROM is non-volatile and stores startup instructions used when the computer boots. The booting
process loads the BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Types of ROM are: [1]
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM. [1]

Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very fast intermediate memory between CPU and RAM. It stores frequently
used data and instructions to reduce waiting time and improve CPU speed. [1]

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is permanent storage and is non-volatile. Examples include hard disk, SSD,
USB flash drive, CD, DVD, and floppy disk. The CPU does not interact with secondary memory
directly. [1]

6. Units of Memory
The smallest unit of memory is the bit. Important units are: [1]
1 nibble = 4 bits
1 byte = 8 bits
1 KB = 1024 bytes
1 MB = 1024 KB
1 GB = 1024 MB
1 TB = 1024 GB
1 PB = 1024 TB [1]
A word is a group of bits that the CPU can process as one unit. [1]
7. Types of Software
Software is divided into system software and application software. [1]

System Software
System software controls the operations of the computer and helps manage hardware. The
computer cannot work properly without it. It includes: [1]
Operating system
System utilities
Device drivers
Language translators
Programming tools [1]

Operating System
An operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware and manages all
resources of the computer. Examples are Windows, Ubuntu, Android, macOS, and iOS. [1]

System Utilities
These are maintenance and configuration programs. Examples: antivirus, disk
defragmentation, disk partitioning, system restore. [1]

Device Drivers
These are special programs that help the OS communicate with a specific hardware device.
Examples: printer driver, audio driver, graphics driver, USB driver. [1]

Language Translators
These convert programs written in one language into machine-understandable form. They are:
[1]

Compiler: translates the whole program at once. [1]

Interpreter: translates line by line. [1]
Assembler: converts assembly language into machine code. [1]

Programming Tools
These help in creating, editing, testing, and debugging software. Examples include Visual
Studio Code, Eclipse, and Sublime Text. [1]
8. Operating System Functions
The operating system performs many important tasks: [1]
Memory management: allocates, reallocates, and deallocates memory. [1]
Device management: manages input/output devices. [1]
Process management: handles running programs and scheduling. [1]
File management: creates, deletes, stores, and secures files. [1]
Network management: manages network communication. [1]
Security: protects the system using authentication, authorization, encryption, and firewall.
[1]

Other OS tasks include job accounting, error detection, resource allocation, performance
control, and I/O handling. [1]

9. User Interfaces
The OS provides different ways for the user to interact with the computer: [1]
Command Line Interface (CLI): user types commands.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): uses icons, menus, windows, taskbar.
Gesture-based UI: uses gestures.
Voice-based UI: uses voice commands.
Touch-based UI: uses touch input. [1]

10. Boolean Logic

Boolean logic works with two values: True/False or 1/0. It is based on Boolean variables,
Boolean expressions, and Boolean operators. [1]

Boolean operators
AND: output is True only when all inputs are True. [1]
OR: output is True when at least one input is True. [1]
NOT: reverses the input value. [1]

Truth tables
A truth table shows all possible input combinations and the corresponding output. For input
variables, the number of rows is . [1]
Laws of Boolean algebra
Important laws include:
Identity law
Null law
Idempotent law
Inverse law
Commutative law
Associative law
Distributive law
Absorption law
De Morgan’s laws [1]

De Morgan’s laws
First law: complement of AND becomes OR of complements.
Second law: complement of OR becomes AND of complements. [1]

11. Logic Gates

Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. They perform logical operations on
binary inputs. Main gates are: [1]
AND
OR
NOT
NAND
NOR
XOR [1]
NAND and NOR are called universal gates because they can implement any Boolean expression.
[1]

12. Number Systems

A number system is a method of representing numbers. Unit 1 covers these positional systems:
[1]

Binary: base 2
Octal: base 8
Decimal: base 10
Hexadecimal: base 16 [1]
Binary number system
Binary uses only 0 and 1. Each digit is called a bit. It is the most suitable system for computers
because hardware works on two states. [1]

Octal number system

Octal uses digits 0 to 7. It is useful as a shorter form of binary. [1]

Decimal number system

Decimal uses digits 0 to 9. It is the common human number system. [1]

Hexadecimal number system

Hexadecimal uses 16 symbols: 0–9 and A–F. Each hex digit equals 4 binary bits. It is used for
memory addresses, colors, MAC addresses, and error messages. [1]

13. Number System Conversions

Decimal to binary/octal/hexadecimal
Use the repeated division method for the integer part and repeated multiplication for the
fractional part. [1]

Binary/octal/hexadecimal to decimal
Use the positional value method by multiplying each digit with its place value and adding the
results. [1]

Binary to hexadecimal
Group binary digits into sets of 4 from the radix point outward, then replace each group with its
hex value. [1]

Binary to octal
Group binary digits into sets of 3 from the radix point outward, then replace each group with its
octal value. [1]

Hexadecimal to binary
Replace each hex digit with its 4-bit binary equivalent. [1]
Octal to binary
Replace each octal digit with its 3-bit binary equivalent. [1]

14. Encoding Schemes

Encoding means converting data from one form to another. Since computers understand
binary, characters must be converted into codes. Common encoding schemes are ASCII, ISCII,
and Unicode. [1]

ASCII
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses 7 bits and can
represent 128 characters. It includes printable characters and control characters. [1]

ISCII
ISCII stands for Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses 8 bits and supports
Indian scripts such as Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, and others. [1]

Unicode
Unicode is a universal character encoding system developed by the Unicode Consortium. It
assigns a unique code point to each character and supports many world languages. Common
formats include UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. [1]

15. Very Important One-Liners

CPU = Central Processing Unit. [1]
ALU = Arithmetic and Logic Unit. [1]
CU = Control Unit. [1]
RAM = Random Access Memory. [1]
ROM = Read-Only Memory. [1]
BIOS = Basic Input Output System. [1]
1 byte = 8 bits. [1]
1 nibble = 4 bits. [1]
RAM is volatile. [1]
ROM is non-volatile. [1]
Cache memory stores frequently used data. [1]
Compiler translates the whole program at once. [1]
Interpreter translates line by line. [1]
Assembler translates assembly language into machine code. [1]
Binary base = 2, Octal base = 8, Decimal base = 10, Hexadecimal base = 16. [1]
I can also turn this into short exam notes, very short revision notes, or question-answer format
from the same Unit 1.
⁂

1. Class11_2025_2026_Computer_Science_English_Medium-1-_removed.pdf