UNIT ONE

Introduction to Python Programming

This unit helps you by covering the following objectives:

 What is programming?
 Why learn programming?
 History Of Python
 Why Python?
 Python Features
 Comparing Python with other languages
 Applications of Python
 Downloading and Installing Python
 Integrated Development Environment
 Program Execution
 Programming with python
 Glossary

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UNIT 1
Introduction to Python Programming

What is programming?
In simple words, programming means telling a computer to do something. Computers are
dumb machines. They don’t know how to do anything. You have to tell them everything,
and you have to get all the details right.
But if you give them the right instructions, they can do many wonderful and amazing
things.

A computer program is made up of a number of

instructions. Computers do all the great things they
do today because a lot of smart programmers wrote
programs or software to tell them how. Software just
means a program or collection of programs that run
on your computer, or sometimes on another
computer, which yours is connected to, like a web
server.

Why learn programming?

Even if you don’t become a professional programmer (most people don’t), there are lots
of reasons to learn programming:
 The most important is because you want to! Programming can be very interesting
and rewarding, as a hobby or a profession.
 If you’re interested in computers and want to know more about how they work
and how you can make them do what you want, that’s a good reason to learn
about programming.
 Maybe you want to make your own games, or maybe you can’t find a program
that does exactly what you want or need it to do, so you want to write your own.
 Computers are everywhere these days, so there’s a good chance you’ll use
computers at work, at school, or at home—probably all three. Learning about
programming will help you understand computers better in general.

History of Python:
The name Python was selected from "Monty Python’s Flying Circus" which was a British
sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the
BBC from 1969 to 1974.
Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at the National Research
Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in Netherlands.
Python was created as a successor of a language called ABC (All Basic Code) and
released publicly in1991. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes
many contributions from active user community.

Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++,
Algol-68, Smalltalk, and UNIX shell and other scripting languages.

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Between 1991 and 2001 there are several versions released, current stable release is 3.2.
In 2001 the Python Software Foundation (PSF) was formed, a non-profit organization
created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a
sponsoring member of the PSF.
What is Python?

Python is an interpreted uncomplicated and robust programming language that delivers both the
power and complexity of traditional compiled languages along with the ease-of-use of simpler
scripting and interpreted languages.

 Python is a free, open-source, general-purpose, interpreted, and powerful scripting

language for Web applications. It is an easy yet powerful programming language that
provides structure and support for large applications as well as the power and complexity
of traditional high-level languages.
 Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language.
 Python is Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner programmers
and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing
to WWW browsers to games.

Python Versions:

There are two main branches of Python currently. Python 2.x and Python 3.x. Python 3.x
breaks backward compatibility with previous releases of Python. It was created to correct
some design flaws of the language and make the language more clean. The most recent
version of Python 2.x is 2.7.3, and of Python 3.x is 3.6.0.

Comparison between python 2 and python 3

In Python 3 the print statement has been replaced with a print() function, with keyword
arguments to replace most of the special syntax of the old print statement.

python 2 Python 3

>>> print "Hello World" >>> print("Hello World")

Hello World Hello World

>>> #print a newline >>> #print a newline,

>>> print >>> #using parentheses

>>> print()

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 >>> print "6/3 =", 6/3 >>> print("6/3 =", 6/3)

6/3 = 2 6/3 = 2.0

>>> print "6//3 =", 6//3 >>> print("6//3 =", 6//3)

6//3 = 2 6//3 = 2

>>> print "6/3.0 =", 6/3.0 >>> print("6/3.0 =", 6/3.0)

6/3.0 = 2.0 6/3.0 = 2.0

>>> print "6//3.0 =", 6//3.0 >>> print("6//3.0 =", 6//3.0)

6//3.0 = 2.0 6//3.0 = 2.0

>>> >>>

Why Python programming?

With all the programming languages to choose from (and there are a lot!), why did
we pick Python for beginner programmer/freshman student?

Here are a few reasons:

 Python was created from the start to be easy to learn. Python programs are
about the easiest to read, write, and understand of any computer language
that we have seen.
 Python is free. You can download Python—and many, many fun and useful
programs written in Python—for free.
 Python is open source software. Part of what open source means is that any
user can extend Python (create things that let you do more with Python, or do
the same things more easily). Many people have done this, and there is a
large collection of free Python stuff that you can download.
 Python isn’t a toy. Although it’s very good for learning programming, it’s also
used by thousands of professionals around the world every day, including
programmers at institutions like NASA and Google. So once you learn Python,
you don’t have to switch to a “real” language to make “real” programs. You
can do a lot with Python.
 Python runs on different kinds of computers. Python is available for Windows
PCs, Macs, and computers running Linux. Most of the time, the same Python
program that works on your Windows PC at home will work on the Linux PC at
your college. You can use this book with virtually any computer that has
python.
 Python has shined as a tool that allows programmers to get more done with
less effort. It is deliberately optimized for speed of development—its
simple syntax, dynamic typing, lacks of compile steps, and built-in toolset
allow programmers to develop programs in a fraction of the time needed
when using some other tools. The net effect is that Python typically boosts
developer productivity many times beyond the levels supported by traditional
languages.

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Main features of Python

Although it has been around for well over fifteen years, some feel that Python is still
relatively new to the general software development industry. We should, however, use
caution with our use of the word "relatively," as a few years seem like decades when
developing on "Internet time."

When people ask, "What is Python?" it is difficult to say any one thing. The tendency is
to want to blurt out all the things that you feel Python is in one breath. what are some of
those features? For your sanity, we will elucidate each here ... one at a time.

High Level: It seems that with every generation of languages, we move to a higher
level. Assembly was a godsend for those who struggled with machine code, then came
FORTRAN, C(middle level language), and Pascal, which took computing to another
plane and created the software development industry. Through C came more modern
compiled languages, C++ and Java. And further still we climb, with powerful, system-
accessible, interpreted scripting languages like Tcl, Perl, and Python.
Each of these languages has higher-level data structures that reduce the "framework"
development time that was once required. Useful types like Python's lists (resizable
arrays) and dictionaries (hash tables) are built into the language. Providing these crucial
building blocks in the core language encourages their use and minimizes development
time as well as code size, resulting in more readable code.
Easy-to-learn: Python has relatively few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly
defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language in a relatively short period
of time.
Easy-to-maintain: Python's success is that its source code is fairly easy-to-maintain in
terms of memory.
A broad standard library: One of Python’s greatest strengths are the bulk of the library
is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows and Macintosh.
Interactive Mode: Support for an interactive mode in which you can enter results from a
terminal right to the language, allowing interactive testing and debugging of snippets of
code.
Extendable: You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
GUI Programming: Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to
many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh
and the X Window system of UNIX.
Object-Oriented: Python is an object-oriented language, from the ground up. Its class
model supports advanced notions such as polymorphism, operator overloading, and
multiple inheritance; yet, in the context of Python’s simple syntax and typing, OOP is
remarkably easy to apply. In fact, if you don’t understand these terms, you’ll find they are
much easier to learn with Python than with just about any other OOP language available.
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Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms the standard implementation of Python is written in portable
ANSI C, and it compiles and runs on virtually every major platform currently in use. For
example, Python programs run today on everything from PDAs to supercomputers. As a
partial list, Python is available on:
 Linux and Unix systems  PDAs running Palm OS, Pocketpc,
 Microsoft Windows and DOS and Linux
 Mac OS (both OS X and Classic)  Cell phones running Symbian OS
 BeOS, OS/2, VMS, and QNX and Windows Mobile
 Real-time systems such as works  Gaming consoles and iPods
 Cray supercomputers and IBM mainframes
Robust: Nothing is more powerful than allowing a programmer to recognize error conditions
and provide a software handler when such errors occur. Python provides "safe and sane" exits on
errors, allowing the programmer to be in the driver's seat. When Python exits due to fatal errors,
a complete stack trace is available, providing an indication of where and how the error occurred.
Python errors generate "exceptions," and the stack trace will indicate the name and type of
exception that took place. Python's robustness is beneficial for both the software designer as well
as for the user.
Interpreted and (Byte-) Compiled: Python is classified as an interpreted language, meaning
that compile-time is no longer a factor during development. Traditionally purely interpreted
languages are almost always slower than compiled languages because execution does not take
place in a system's native binary language. However, like Java, Python is actually byte-compiled,
resulting in an intermediate form closer to machine language. This improves Python's
performance, yet allows it to retain all the advantages of interpreted languages.

Note1:
 Not compiled like many other languages (Java, C, C++)
 Code is written and then directly executed by an interpreter
 Type commands into interpreter and see immediate results.

Note2: compiled Interpreted

Explicitly Explicitly Implicitly Purely

Compiled Compiled Compiled to interpreted
to machine code to byte code byte code

C, C++, Fortran. Java, C# . Python. Shell, Perl.

Compare python with other languages

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Python has been compared with many languages. One reason is that it provides many features
found in other languages. Another reason is that Python itself is derived from many other
languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, Smalltalk, and Unix shell and other
scripting languages, to name a few.

Perl is another scripting language that goes well beyond the realm of the standard shell scripts.
Like Python, Perl gives you the power of a full programming language as well as system call
access.

Perl's greatest strength is in its string pattern matching ability, providing an extremely powerful
regular expression matching engine.

Python is often compared to Java because of their similar Object oriented nature and syntax.
Python's simplicity offers a much more rapid development environment than using just pure
Java. One major evolution in Python's relationship with Java is the development of Python, a
Python interpreter written completely in Java. It is now possible to run Python programs with
only the presence of a Java VM (virtual machine). You can manipulate Java objects, Java can
interact with Python objects, and you have access to your normal Java class libraries as if Java
has always been part of the Python environment.

The classic “Hello, world!” program illustrates the relative verbosity of C, Java, and
python.

C Program :

#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char ** argv)

printf(“Hello, World!\n”);

java
public class Hello World
{
Public static void main (String[] args)
{
[Link]("Hello, world!"); //output : Hello, world!
}
}

Python
>>>print "Hello, world!"
>>>print("Hello, world!") # Python version 3 // output : Hello, world!

Matlab

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Python consists of an extensive standard library as compared to Matlab, as shown in the
following figure.

Main Applications of
Python
Python is used across many
application domains. Python
enjoys a large user base and a very
active developer community. Because Python has been around for some 19 years and has been
widely used, it is also very stable and robust. Besides being employed by individual users,
Python is also being applied in real revenue-generating products by real companies. For instance:
 Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search systems, and employs Python’s
creator.
 The You Tube video sharing service is largely written in Python.
 EVE Online, a Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG), makes extensive use of
Python.
 Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python for hardware
testing.
 Industrial Light & Magic, Pixar, and others use Python in the production of animated movies.
 NASA, Los Alamos, Fermilab, JPL, and others use Python for scientific programming tasks.
 IRobot uses Python to develop commercial robotic devices.
 The NSA uses Python for cryptography and intelligence analysis.
 Python is used by Toyota company for developing AI applications.
 The One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project builds its user interface and activity model in
Python.
Downloading and Installing Python
The most obvious place to get all Python-related software is at the main Web site at
[Link] For your convenience, you can also go to the book's Web site at
[Link] and click on the "Install Python" link to the left we have organized a grid
with most contemporary versions of Python for the most platforms, with a focus, of course, on
the "Big Three." UNIX, Win 32, MacOS X.
Python is available on a wide variety of platforms. They can be broken down into these basic
categories and available platforms:

 All UNIX flavors (Linux, MacOS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, etc.)

 Win32 (Windows NT, 2000, XP, etc.)
 Older platforms: MacOS 8/9, Windows 3.x, DOS, OS/2, AIX
 Handhelds (PDAs/phones): Nokia Series 60/SymbianOS, Windows CE/Pocket PC

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 Major uses of python

 System utilities (system admin tools, command line programs).

 Web Development.
 Graphical User Interfaces (Tkinter, gtk, Qt).
 Internet scripting.
 Embedded scripting.
 Database access and programming.
 Game programming.
 Rapid prototyping and development.
 Distributed programming
List of organizations using python(sector-wise)
Web Development : Yahoo Maps, Yahoo Groups, Google, Zope Corporation, Ultraseek, Linux
Weekly News, ElasticHosts Cloud Servers, [Link], hunch, Shopzilla, [Link],
[Link].
Games : Battlefield 2, Crystal Space, Star Trek Bridge Commander, The Temple of Elemental
Evil, Vampire: The Masquerade: Bloodlines, Civilization 4, QuArK (Quake Army Knife)
Graphics : Industrial Light & Magic, Walt Disney Feature Animation, HKS, Inc.
(ABAQUS/CAE), RoboFog, Caligari Corporation, Blender 3D, Jasc Software, Paint Shop Pro.
Financial : Altis Investment Management, ABN AMRO Bank, Treasury Systems, Bellco Credit
Union, Journyx Timesheet and Resource Management Software.
Science : National Weather Service, Radar Remote Sensing Group, Applied Maths, Biosoft, The
National Research Council of Canada, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Theoretical
Physics Division, AlphaGene, Inc., LLNL, NASA, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological
Institute (SMHI), Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Objexx Engineering, Nmag
Computational Micromagnetics
Electronic Design Automation : Ciranova, Productivity Design Tools, Object Domain, Pardus,
Red Hat, SGI, Inc., MCI Worldcom, Nokia,
Education : University of California, Irvine, Smeal College of Business, The Pennsylvania State
University, New Zealand Digital Library, IT Certification Exam preparation, SchoolTool,
Business Software : Raven Bear Systems Corporation, Thawte Consulting, Advanced
Management Solutions Inc., IBM, Arakn<E9>, RealNetworks, dSPACE, Escom, The Tiny
Company, Nexedi, Piensa Technologies - Bufete Consultor de Mexico, Nektra, WuBook.

Starting Python
The first thing you need to do is install Python on the computer you are going to use. It’s
possible that Python is already installed on your computer, but for most people, that’s not the
case. So let’s look at how to install it

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In Windows environment
Click Start, Point to programs folder, Python and then click IDLE command from the
submenu. As shown in the following figure

Python IDLE : Introduction

IDLE is an integrated development environment (an application like a word processor which
helps developers to write programs) for Python. IDLE is the Python IDE which comes with
Python, built with the Tkinter GUI toolkit.
It has two modes Interactive and Development.
IDLE features
 Cross Platform : Works on Unix and Windows.
 Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting and smart indent and other.
 Python shell window with syntax highlighting.
 Integrated debugger.
 Coded in Python, using the Tkinter GUI toolkit

Python IDLE: Interactive Mode

Let us assume that we've already installed Python (here we installed Python 3.2 on a standard pc
with windows 7 OS). Click on start button and find Python 3.2 tab in installed programs.

Now clicking on Python 3.2 tab you can see the Python program development tool named IDLE
(Python GUI).

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To start IDLE click on IDLE (Python GUI) icon, you will see a new window opens up and the
cursor is waiting beside '>>>' sign which is called command prompt.

This mode is called interactive mode as you can interact with IDLE directly, you type something
(single unit in a programming language) and press enter key Python will execute it, but you can not
execute your entire program here. At the command prompt type copyright and press enter key Python
executes the copyright information.

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Now Python is ready to read new command. Let's execute the following commands one by one.
Command -1 : print("Hello World")
Command -2 : primt("Hello World")
The first command is correct and but the second one has a syntax error, here is the response from
Python.

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Python IDLE : Development mode
At first, start with a new window.

Clicking on "New window" under file menu a new window will come. Type print "Hello World"
in the new window.

Let's save (Save command is located under the File menu) the file now. We save the program as
[Link] under E:/python-programs folder.

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To run the program select Run menu.

Now click on Run Module or press F5 as a shortcut key to see the result.

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Python IDLE : Syntax Colors
Syntax Color
Keywords Orange
Strings Green
Comments Red
Definitions Blue

Python command line interface

There are some users who prefer command line intersection, rather than a GUI interface. To go
Python command line, click on Python 3.2 tab then click on Python(command line).

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Here is the screen shot of Python command line interface. To return type exit() or Ctrl+Z plus
Enter key.

First program with python

IDLE comes with a text editor The examples we’ve looked at so far are single Python
instructions (in interactive mode). While that’s great for checking out some of the things
Python can do, those examples are not really programs.
As I mentioned before, a program is a number of instructions collected together. So let’s
make our first Python program. First, you need a way to type in our program. If you
just type it in the interactive window, Python won’t “remember” it. You need to use a text
editor (like Notepad for Windows or Text Editor for Mac OS X) that can save the
program to the hard drive.
IDLE comes with a text editor that is much better for what you need than Notepad. To find
it, select File > New Window from IDLE’s menus. You will see a window like in the figure
below. The title bar says “Untitled” because you haven’t given it a name yet.

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Now, type the program in listing below into the editor.

Print( "I love pizza! At Napoleon pizza house")

print ("pizza " * 20)
print ("yum " * 40)
print ("I'm full.)"

When you are done, save the program using the File > Save or File > Save As menu
option. Call the file [Link]. You can save it wherever you like (as long as you
remember where it is, so you can find it later). You might want to create a new folder for saving
your Python programs. The “.py” part at the end is important, because it tells your
computer that this is a Python program, and not just any old text file .
You might have noticed that the editor used some different colors in the program. Some
words are in orange and others are in green.
This is because the IDLE editor assumed that you would be typing in a Python program.
For Python programs, the IDLE editor shows Python keywords in orange and anything in
quotation marks in green. This is meant to help you read your Python code more easily.

Execution or Running your first program

Once you have saved your program, go to the Run menu (still in the IDLE editor), and pick Run
Module (as shown in the next figure). This will run your program.

Python‟s traditional runtime execution model- source code([Link]) you type is translated
to byte code , which is then run by the python virtual machine(PVM).Your code is automatically
compiled, but then it is interpreted

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.

You will see that the Python shell window (the one that first came up when you started IDLE)
becomes active again, and you will see output in the following window:

Types of Errors

Programming is error prone. For whimsical reasons, programming errors are called bugs and the
process of tracking them down is called debugging.
There are three types of errors, such as: syntax error, runtime error and semantic error. It is
useful to distinguish between them in order to track them down more quickly.
1. Syntax Error (compile time error):
Syntax error refers to the structure of a program and the rules about that structure. For example
parenthesis have to come in matching pairs, so (1+2) is legal, but 8) is syntax error. If there is a
single syntax error in your program, python will display an error message and quit, and you will
not be able to run your program.

Example: i) >>>print (“Mainefhi”

ii) >>>a=” Mainefhi

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2. Runtime Error (exception):
An error that causes abnormal termination of a program during running time is called runtime
error. Runtime error, so called because the error does not appear until the program has started
running. These errors are also called exceptions because they usually indicate that something
exceptional or bad have happened.

Example: i) >>>print(Mainefhi)
ii)>>>a=5
>>>b=0
>>>print(a/b)

3. Semantic Error (logical error):

If there is a semantic error in your program, it will run successfully in the sense that the
computer will not generate any error message, but it will not do the right thing. It will do
something else. Specifically it will do what you told it to do, but it is logically in correct. The
problem is that the program you wrote is not the program you wanted to write. The meaning of
the program (or its semantics) is wrong. Identifying semantic error can be tricky because it
requires you to work backward by looking at the output of the program and trying to figure what
is going on.
Example: suppose you want to add “a” and “b” , but instead if the program gives you an output
the product of the program, then you have to realize that there is a logical error in your program.

Summary
A computer is a universal information-processing machine. It can carry out any process that can
be described in sufficient detail. A description of the sequence of steps for solving a particular
problem is called an algorithm.
Algorithms can be turned into software (programs) that determines what the hardware (physical
machine) can and does accomplish. The process of creating software is called programming.

Computer science is the study of what can be computed. Computer scientists use the techniques
of design, analysis, and experimentation. Com-puter science is the foundation of the broader
field of computing which includes areas such as networking, databases, and information
management systems, to name a few.

Programs are written using a formal notation known as a programming language. There are
many different languages, but all share the property of having a precise syntax (form) and
semantics (meaning). Computer hardware only understands a very low-level language known as
machine language. Programs are usually written using human-oriented high-level languages
such as Python.
A high-level language must either be compiled or interpreted in order for the computer to
understand it. High-level languages are more portable than machine language. Python is an
interpreted language. One good way to learn about Python is to use the interactive interpreter for
experimentation.
A Python program is a sequence of commands (called statements) for the Python interpreter to
execute. Python includes statements to do things such as print output to the screen, get input

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from the user, calculate the value of a mathematical expression, and perform a sequence of
statements multiple times.

Glossary
Algorithm: A general process for solving a category of problems.
Bug: An error in a program.
Compile: To translate a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language all at
once, in preparation for later execution.
Debugging: The process of finding and removing any of the three kinds of programming errors.
High-level language: A programming language like Python that is designed to be easy for
humans to read and write.
Interactive mode: A way of using the Python interpreter by typing commands and expressions
at the prompt.
Object code: The output of the compiler after it translates the program.
Print statement: An instruction that causes the Python interpreter to display a value on the
screen.
Program: A set of instructions in a particular order and language to solve a particular problem.
Prompt: Characters displayed by the interpreter to indicate that it is ready to take input from the
user.
Script: A program stored in a file (usually one that will be interpreted).
Semantics: The meaning of a program.
Semantic error: An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the
programmer intended.
Source code: A program in a high-level language before being compiled.
Syntax: The structure of a program.

Home Assignment
1. Differentiate between
a) Compiler and Interpreter
b) High level language and Low level language
c) Programmer and User
d) Application Software and System Software
e) Interactive mode and Script mode
2. Give short answer
a) What is the advantage of python GUI over interactive mode?
b) What is the file extension for python compiled file?

Programming exercises: Check the out of the following on python 3.x version
a) print(“EIT”,+5)
b) print(“EIT”,*5)
c) print(“Asmara”,+6)
d) print(„Hello world”)
e) print(“Hello”,” world”)

----- End Of Chapter One----

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