Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are the most important nutrients
compared to other nutrients by crops. Basically, deficiency of N is serious in
soil/plants compared to the rest two other nutrients because it can be produced
through the decomposition of organic matter.
Sharma, L. K., Zaeen, A. A., Bali, S. K., & Dwyer, J. D. (2018). Improving nitrogen
and phosphorus efficiency for optimal plant growth and yield. In Tech eBooks.
[Link]
(Sharma et al., 2018)
These microorganisms, including nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing
bacteria, and mycorrhizae, contribute to various processes.
Timofeeva, A. M., Galyamova, M. R., & Sedykh, S. E. (2023). Plant Growth-
Promoting soil bacteria: nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore
production, and other biological activities. Plants, 12(24), 4074.
[Link]
(Timofeeva et al., 2023)
On the other hand, organic fertilizer, such as goat manure has beneficial activity and
soil characteristics, biological activity and soil structure including pH stabilization and
quick water infiltration rate due to enhancing soil aggregation, increasing soil organic
matter content.
Anaya-Esparza, L. M., La Mora, Z. V., Vázquez-Paulino, O., Ascencio, F., &
Villarruel-López, A. (2021). Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes:
Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. Molecules, 26(17), 5341.
[Link]
(Anaya-Esparza et al., 2021)
the bio fertilizer is functional group of microorganisms, mainly biological nitrogen
fixers as well as phosphate and potassium group dissolving – bacteria.
Gupta, G., Panwar, J., Akhtar, M. S., & Jha, P. N. (2012). Endophytic Nitrogen-Fixing
bacteria as biofertilizer. In Sustainable agriculture reviews (pp. 183–221).
[Link]
(Gupta et al., 2012)
Figiel, S., Rusek, P., Ryszko, U., & Brodowska, M. S. (2025b). Microbially Enhanced
Biofertilizers: technologies, mechanisms of action, and agricultural applications.
Agronomy, 15(5), 1191. [Link]
(Figiel et al., 2025b)
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a flowering plant of the nightshade family
(Solanaceae), widely cultivated for the hot or mild peppers of its thousands of
varieties and cultivars.
Swamy, K. R. M. (2023). Origin, distribution, taxonomy, botanical description, genetic
diversity and breeding of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.). International Journal of
Development Research, 13–13(03), 61956–61977. [Link]
(Swamy, 2023)
Sottosanti, K. (2026). Capsicum annuum. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[Link]
bell peppers are sold in both its immature green state and or its red, yellow. Or
orange ripe state. They may consume cooked or raw, such as in salads. They can be
also ground into powder and added to fruit as a coloring or flavouring.
Villaseñor, M., Bravo-Sánchez, M., Padilla-Medina, J., Vázquez-Vera, J. L., Guevara-
González, R., García-Rodríguez, F., & Barranco-Gutiérrez, A. (2020). A Maturity
Estimation of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by Artificial Vision System for
Quality Control. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5097.
[Link]
(Villaseñor-Aguilar et al., 2020)
The cultivation of peppers is considered an important issue in human food
consumption.
Krasnow, C., & Ziv, C. (2022). Non-Chemical approaches to control postharvest gray
mold disease in bell peppers. Agronomy, 12(1), 216.
[Link]
(Krasnow & Ziv, 2022)
NA CHANGE NA- Certain varieties may take longer, but under ideal
conditions most seeds should germinate within 2 weeks of planting.
Manure contains primary micronutrients -namely nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium - meaning it can substitute for complement commercial fertilizers. A recent
study
by USDA, Economic Research Service identified opportunities for increasing the use
of manures to less than 8 percent of the acres planted to seven major U.S. field
crops (United States Department of Agriculture Economic [USA],
2020).