Primary Activities Part – I

Prepared by :- G. P.
MeenaPGT(Geo.)
 Primary Activities
Primary activity includes those occupations which are closely
related to man's natural environment. Gathering, hunting,
fishing, lumbering, animal rearing, farming and mining are
some of important examples of primary activities.
The primary sector tends to make up a larger portion of
the economy in developing countries than it does in
developed countries.
 HUNTING AND GATHERING
• Depend on their immediate environment
• Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they
gathered
• Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering , fishing.
• Oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions
• Depend on animals , for food , shelter, clothing
• Small capital, low level of technology,
• Practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern
Chile. Low latitude such as Amazon, Congo , S.E. Asian
countries
• In modern market some gathering is done such as leaves,
bark nuts, fabric rubber, balata, gums and resins.
HUNTING AND GATHERING
 PASTORALISM NOMEDIC HERDING
• Herders depend on animals for food, transport,
and shelter and clothing.
• Keep on moving from one place to another along
with their animals.
• Each nomadic community occupies a well identified
territory
• Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions
• Sahara & Asiatic deserts: sheep, goat, & camel
• Tibet: yak, Sheep, Goat.
• Andes: Llamas,
• Arctic region: Reindeer,
PASTORALISMNOMEDIC HERDING
 PASTORALISM NOMEDIC HERDING REGIONS
• Core regions extending from Atlantic coast of N.
Africa through
• Arabian peninsula to central china
• Second Region extend in tundra region of Eurasia
• Third region is found in S W Africa and Madagascar
• Transhumance: seasonal movement of people
alignment with their herds to mountains in summer
and plains in winter.
• Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis & Bhotias in Himalayas
• The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to
• Imposition of political boundaries
• New settlement plans by different countries
 COMMERCIAL LIVE STOCK REARING
• It is more organized
• Capital intensive
• Practised in permanent ranches
• Larger areas and divided in to parcels
• Animals are moved from one parcel to another
• Number of animals are kept based on capacity of
the pasture
• Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and
products are meat, wool, hides and skin
• Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina
Uruguay and USA.
GIRRAJ Prasad Meena PGT(Geography) K V AFS NALIYA (Kutch)
Primary Activities Part – II
Prepared by :- G. P.
MeenaPGT(Geo.)
 AGRICULTURE
• The word agriculture is derived from Latin words
‘ager’ or ‘agri’ meaning ‘soil’ and ‘culture’ meaning
‘cultivation’.
• Cultivation method has changed significantly
depending upon the characteristics of physical
environmental, technological know – how and socio
– culture practices. At present in different parts of
India.
• Types of farming:-
• A. Subsistence Farming ;- 1. Primitive Subsistence
Farming 2. Intensive Subsistence Farming
• B. Commercial Farming
AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE
 Primitive Subsistence Farming
• This type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India
• The help of primitive tools like hoe dao and digging sticks, and family
/community labour.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil
and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
• It is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
• The soil fertility decreases.
• The farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
• Other names of shifting cultivation:-
• In India – 1. ‘Jhumming’ in north eastern states. 2. ‘Pamlou’ in Manipur. 3.
‘Dipa’ in Baster & Andaman Nicobar. 4. ‘Bewar’or ‘Dahiya’ in MP. 5. ‘Podu’
or ‘Penda’ in Andhra. 6. ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Komon’ or ‘Bringo’ in Odisha. 7.
‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats. 8. ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in S. E. Rajasthan. 9. ‘Khil’
in Himalayan belt. 10. ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand.
• In The World:- 1. ‘Milpa’ in Maxico & Central America. 2. ‘Conuco’ in
Venzuela. 3. ‘Roca’ in Brazil. 4. ‘Masole’ in Central Africa. 5. ‘Ladang’ in
Indonesia. 6. ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
 Intensive Subsistence Farming
• This type of farming is practiced is areas of high
population pressure on land .
• It is labour intensive farming.
• The biological inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher production.
• There is enormous pressure on agriculture land
 INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
• A. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY WET PADDY
CULTIVATION
• a. Dominated by rice crop,
• b. Land holdings are very small
• c. Family labour is used
• d. Less use of machine
• e. Manual labour is used
• f. Farm yard manure is used
• g. Yield per unit is high but per labour is low
• B. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY OTHER CROPS.
• a. Depend on climate , soil, relief other crops are cultivated.
• b. Mainly practiced in SE Asia.
• c. Wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum are cultivated
• d. In India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain
• e. Millets are grown in western parts of south India
• f. Irrigation is used
• g. Europeans introduced Plantation agriculture
 PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
• Introduced by Europeans
• Found in tropics
• Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm,
sugarcane ,banana, & pine apples
• Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support
• Scientific methods of cultivation
• Single crop specialization,
• Cheap labour
• Good system of transport
• Export oriented
• 10. (a)The French established cocoa and coffee in West Africa
• (b)The British setup tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka Rubber plantation in
Malaysia, sugarcane and banana in West indies
• (c) Spanish and Americans introduced coconut and sugar cane in Philippines
• (d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia
• (e) coffee Fazandas are managed by British in Brazil
EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL GRAIN
CULTIVATION & Mixed farming
• 1. Practiced in semiarid land of
mid-latitudes, 2. Wheat is the main
crop, 3. Corn, barley oats and rye
are grown, 4. Large land holdings,
5. Machines are used, 6. Low yield
per acre but high yield per person,
7. Practiced in Prairies(USA),
Pampas(), Veldts(SA), down(AUS),
Canterbury((NEZ).
• Mixed farming is a type
of farming which involves both the
growing of crops and the raising of
livestock. ... For example, a mixed
farm may grow cereal crops such
as wheat or rye and also keep
cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry. Often
the dung from the cattle serves to
fertilize the cereal crops.
GIRRAJ Prasad Meena PGT(Geography) K V AFS NALIYA (Kutch)
Primary Activities Part – III
Prepared by :- G. P.
MeenaPGT(Geo.)
 DAIRY FARMING
• Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing
• Highly capital intensive
• Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used
• Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care
• Highly labour intensive
• No off season
• Practiced nearby urban areas and industries
• Development of transportation, refrigeration pasteurization have increased
the marketing
 MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE
• Highly specialized commercial agriculture
• Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean sea also central Chile, SW
Africa ,SW Australia& California
• It is an important supplier of citrus fruits
• VITICULTURE is specialized in this region
• Best quality wine is produced from grapes
• Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants
• Olives and figs are also grown
• Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great demand in Europe
 MARKET GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE
• Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown
• Small farms, located nearby urban areas
• Good transportation is required
• Labour and capital intensive
• Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used
• Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions
• Practiced in NW Europe , NE USA & Mediterranean regions
• Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower
• The regions where vegetable are grown is called TRUCK FARMING
 FACTORY FARMING
• Factory farming is also practiced in NW Europe
• It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing
• They are fed on factory feedstuff and carefully supervised
against diseases
• Heavy capital investments
• Veterinary services, heating and lightning is provided
• Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature
 CO-OPERATIVE FARMING
• A group of farmers form a society
• Pool their resources to get more profit
• Individual farms remain intact
• Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative
• Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs
• Sell the products at the most favourable terms
• Help in processing products at cheaper rates
• Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy
 COLLECTIVE FARMING
• Social owner ship for means of production and labour
• It is also called as KOLKHOZ
• It was introduced in erstwhile USSR
• Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour
• A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops
• Yearly targets are fixed by the government
• Government fixes the product rates
• Excess produce is distributed among the farmers
• The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land
• Members are paid according to their nature of the work
• Exceptional work is rewarded by the government
 MINING
• There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age
• Actual development is started with the industrialization
• FACTORS AFFECTION MINING ACTIVITY
• Physical factors such as size, grade, and mode of occurrence
of mineral
• Economic factors such as demand for mineral, technology
available, capital , labour, and transportation
 METHODS OF MINING
• 1. Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining
• A. SURFACE /OPENCAST MINING
• Easiest , and cheapest mining
• Occur close to the surface
• Low safety precautions
• Large and quick output
• B. UNDERGROUND/SHAFT MINING
• Vertical shafts to be sunk
• Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
• It requires specialized drills , lifts, haulage vehicles ,ventilation systems
• This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to
accidents
• It requires large investment
• Developed countries are showing less interest but developing countries are
more interest due to large labour availability
GIRRAJ Prasad Meena PGT(Geography) K V AFS NALIYA (Kutch)