Basic Math Operations
Addition
Formula: =A1+B1
Example: If A1=5, B1=3 → Result = 8
Subtraction
Formula: =A1-B1
Example: If A1=5, B1=3 → Result = 2
Multiplication
Formula: =A1*B1
Example: If A1=5, B1=3 → Result = 15
Division
Formula: =A1/B1
Example: If A1=6, B1=3 → Result = 2
Exponent
Formula: =A1^B1
Example: If A1=2, B1=3 → Result = 8
Basic Functions
SUM
Formula: =SUM(A1:A5)
Example: Adds values in A1:A5
AVERAGE
Formula: =AVERAGE(A1:A5)
Example: Returns average of values
COUNT
Formula: =COUNT(A1:A5)
Example: Counts numeric values
COUNTA
Formula: =COUNTA(A1:A5)
Example: Counts non-empty cells
MAX
formula: =MAX(A1:A5)
Example: Returns largest value
MIN
Formula: =MIN(A1:A5)
Example: Returns smallest value
Logical Functions
IF
Formula: =IF(A1>=50,"Pass","Fail")
Example: If A1=60 → Pass
IFS
Formula: =IFS(A1>=90,"A",A1>=75,"B",TRUE,"Fail")
Example: Multiple grading logic
IFERROR
Formula: =IFERROR(A1/B1,"Error")
Example: Avoids division errors
AND
Formula: =AND(A1>50,B1>50)
Example: True if both conditions met
OR
Formula: =OR(A1>50,B1>50)
Example: True if one condition met
Conditional Functions
COUNTIF
Formula: =COUNTIF(A1:A10,">50")
Example: Counts values >50
SUMIF
Formula: =SUMIF(A1:A10,">50",B1:B10)
Example: Sum where A>50
AVERAGEIF
Formula: =AVERAGEIF(A1:A10,">50")
Example: Average where A>50
COUNTIFS
Formula: =COUNTIFS(A1:A10,">50",B1:B10,"<100")
Example: Multiple conditions
SUMIFS
Formula: =SUMIFS(C1:C10,A1:A10,">50",B1:B10,"<100")
Example: Sum with multiple conditions
AVERAGEIFS
Formula: =AVERAGEIFS(C1:C10,A1:A10,">50",B1:B10,"<100")
Example: Average with multiple conditions
Lookup Functions
VLOOKUP
Formula: =VLOOKUP(E2,A2:C10,3,FALSE)
Example: Search vertically
HLOOKUP
Formula: =HLOOKUP(E2,A1:F3,2,FALSE)
Example: Search horizontally
INDEX + MATCH
Formula: =INDEX(B1:B10,MATCH(E1,A1:A10,0))
Example: Flexible lookup
Financial Functions
PMT
Formula: =PMT(5%/12,60,-10000)
Example: Loan payment
FV
Formula: =FV(5%/12,60,-200)
Example: Future value
PV
Formula: =PV(5%/12,60,-200)
Example: Present value
NPV
Formula: =NPV(10%,A1:A5)
Example: Net present value
RATE
Formula: =RATE(60,-200,10000)
Example: Interest rate
Statistical Functions
AVERAGE (Mean)
Formula: =AVERAGE(A1:A10)
Example: Mean value
MEDIAN
Formula: =MEDIAN(A1:A10)
Example: Middle value
MODE
Formula: =[Link](A1:A10)
Example: Most frequent
STDEV
Formula: =STDEV.S(A1:A10)
Example: Standard deviation
VAR
Formula: =VAR.S(A1:A10)
Example: Variance
RANK
Formula: =RANK(A1,A1:A10)
Example: Ranking
QUARTILE
Formula: =[Link](A1:A10,1)
Example: Quartiles
PERCENTILE
Formula: =[Link](A1:A10,0.9)
Example: Percentile
Text Functions
CONCATENATE
Formula: =A1&" "&B1
Example: Join text
LEFT
Formula: =LEFT(A1,3)
Example: First 3 characters
RIGHT
Formula: =RIGHT(A1,3)
Example: Last 3 characters
FIND
formula: =FIND("x",A1)
Example: Find position
TRIM
Formula: =TRIM(A1)
Example: Remove spaces
UPPER
Formula: =UPPER(A1)
Example: Uppercase
LOWER
Formula: =LOWER(A1)
Example: Lowercase
PROPER
Formula: =PROPER(A1)
Example: Capitalize words
REPLACE
Formula: =REPLACE(A1,1,3,"X")
Example: Replace by position
SUBSTITUTE
Formula: =SUBSTITUTE(A1,"old","new")
Example: Replace text
Date Functions
DATE
Formula: =DATE(2026,3,24)
Example: Create date
TODAY
Formula: =TODAY()
Example: Current date
TIME
Formula: =TIME(14,30,0)
Example: Create time
DAYS
Formula: =DAYS(B1,A1)
Example: Days between dates
NETWORKDAYS
Formula: =NETWORKDAYS(A1,B1)
Example: Working days
Advanced Functions
SUMPRODUCT
Formula: =SUMPRODUCT(A1:A5,B1:B5)
Example: Multiply and sum
OFFSET
Formula: =OFFSET(A1,2,1)
Example: Shift reference
CHOOSE
Formula: =CHOOSE(2,"Red","Blue","Green")
Example: Select option