EXPT.

NO:
GENERATION OF GATE PULSE USING R, RC AND UJT
DATE:

AIM:
To generate gate pulses using Resistance(R), Resistance-Capacitance (RC)
and UJT gate firing Circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO. APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 R,RC & UJT Firing Circuit Module - 1

2 CRO with probes 20MHz 1

3 Resistive load 500Ω,1KΩ 1

4 Multi Meter - 1

5 Ammeter (0-1A,MC) 1

6 RPS, Dual Channel 0-30V 1

THEORY:

In power electronic applications SCR is used as switching device to control

power flow from source to load. SCR is a semi controlled device and has three
modes of operation forward blocking, forward conduction and reverse blocking
mode. In order to bring SCR to ON state, a minimum gate current (latching current)
is required. This experiment shows simple method of obtaining gate current for
triggering the SCR using R, RC and UJT to control SCR.
R-TRIGGERING:

It includes few fixed resistor, variable resistor, diode, SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier), Load resistor. The circuit diagram of R-triggering is given in Fig. 2.1 (a).
This figure shows a very simple variable resistance half-wave circuit. It provides
phase retard from essential zero (SCR full “on”) to 90 electrical degrees of the
anode voltage wave (SCR half “on”). Diode D1 blocks reverse gate voltage on the
negative half-cycle of anode supply voltage.
RC-TRIGGERING:
It includes variable resistor, two diodes, SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier),
Capacitor, Load resistor. The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 2.1 (b). On the
positive half-cycle of SCR anode voltage the capacitor charges to the trigger point
of the SCR in a time determined by the RC time constant and the rising anode
voltage. The top plate of the capacitor charges to the peak of the negative voltage
cycle through diode D2 on the negative half-cycle, resetting it for the next charging
cycle.
UJT TRIGGERING:
A unijunction transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has
only one junction. The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1
and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. The emitter is of
p-type and it is heavily doped. Initially the capacitor charges through R whose
voltage is applied to the emitter of UJT. When the capacitor voltage reaches peak
point voltage of UJT. The UJT will switch to on condition. Now the capacitor
discharges through the output resistance. Thus the pulse is generated in the circuit.

PROCEDURE:
R-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply.
5. Vary the firing angle and observe the output voltage and gating pulse
waveforms on the CRO.
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms.

RC-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply to the module.
5. Vary the firing angle(00-1800)and observe the wave forms on the CRO
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms.
UJT-Triggering
1. All connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep all resistances in max position.
3. Connect the Oscilloscope across the load.
4. Turn on power supply to the module.
5. Vary the firing angle(00-1800)and observe the waveforms on the CRO
6. Draw the corresponding waveforms
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V-I CHARACTERISTIC OF SCR:

EXPT. NO:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
DATE:

AIM:

To obtain the V-I characteristics of Silicon Controlled Rectifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO. APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. VI Characteristics Trainer kit - 1
2. Voltmeter (0-30) V 1
3. Ammeter (0-30) mA 1
4. Ammeter (0-100) μA 1
5. Resistor 1 kΩ, 560Ω 1
6. Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
A SCR is a four layer three terminal semiconductor switching device of PNPN structure
with three PN junctions. The three terminals are anode, cathode and gate. SCRs are
manufactured by diffusion. When the anode voltage is made positive with respect to cathode,
the junctions J1 and J3 are forward biased and junction J2 is reverse biased. A small leakage
current flows from anode to cathode. The thyristor is then said to be in forward blocking or OFF
state condition.

If VAK is increased to a sufficient larger value, the reverse biased junction J2 will
break. This is known as avalanche breakdown and corresponding voltage is called forward
breakdown voltage (VBO). Now the device is in ON state. Latching current is defined as the
minimum amount of anode current required to maintain the thyristor in ON state immediately
after the thyristor has been turned ON and the gate signal has been removed. However, if the
forward anode current is reduced below a level known as holding current (IH), a depletion
region will develop around junction J2 due to the reduced number of carriers and the thyristor
will be in the blocking state.

.
TABULATION:

IG = (mA)
S. No
VAK (V) IA (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
 Holding current is the minimum anode current required to maintain the thyristor in ON
state. Holding current is less than latching current. When the cathode is positive with
respect to anode, junction J2 is forward biased but junction J1 and J3 are reverse
biased. Now the thyristor will be in reverse blocking state and reverse leakage current
known as reverse current known as IR would flow through the device

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Switch on the main AC supply

3. Vary the pot3 and set the gate current (4 mA to 5 mA)

4. Slowly increase VAK by varying pot4 till the thyristor gets turned ON.
Note down the ammeter (IA) and voltmeter (VAK) readings.
5. Now note down the forward breakdown voltage and latching current.

6. Further increase VAK and note the anode current

7. Now reduce VAK till the thyristor turned OFF and note down the holding current

8. For various gate current take the readings and tabulate.

9. Plot the graph VAK versus IA.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET:

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET:

EXPT. NO:
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET & IGBT
DATE:

AIM:
To obtain the steady state output and transfer characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. MOSFET & IGBT Trainer module - 1 No

2. Ammeter (0-100mA)MC 1 No

3. Ammeter (0-50mA)MC 1 No

4. Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 2 Nos

5. Connecting Wires / Patch chords - As required

THEORY:
A power MOSFET has three terminals called drain, source and gate in place of
corresponding three terminals collector, emitter and base for BJT. A BJT is a current
controlled device whereas power MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. The control
signals are base current in BJT is much larger than the control signal or gate current
required in a MOSFET. This is because of the fact that gate circuit impedance in MOSFET
is extremely high of the order of 109 ohms. This large impedance permits the MOSFET gate
to drive directly from microelectronics circuits. BJT suffers from secondary breakdown
voltage whereas MOSFET is free from this problem.
Power MOSFETs finds application in low power high frequency converters. Two
types of power MOSFETs are there. 1. Enhancement MOSFET 2. Depletion MOSFET. Out
of these two types, n-channel enhancement MOSFET is more common because of high
mobility of electrons.
A power IGBT has terminals called emitter, collector and gate. This device
combines into it the advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high
impedance like MOSFET and low on state power loss like BJT. Further IGBT is free from
secondary breakdown problem present in BJT. IGBT is also known as Metal Oxide
Insulated Gate Transistor (MOIGT) or Conductively Modulated Field Transistor.
TABULATION:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

VGS = (V) VGS = (V)

S. No
VDS (V) ID (mA) VDS (V) ID (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

VDS = (V)
S. No
VGS (V) ID (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
 In forward direction, the shape of the output characteristics is similar to that of BJT.
But here the controlling parameter is the gate emitter voltage (VGE) because IGBT is a
voltage controlled device. The transfer characteristic of IGBT is identical to that of power
MOSFET.

PROCEDURE:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Switch on the main AC supply

3. Vary the pot1 and set the gate source voltage (VGS)

4. Slowly increase VDS by varying pot2 till the MOSFET gets

turned ON. Note down the ammeter (ID) and voltmeter (VDS)
readings.
5. Further increase VDS and note down the drain current

6. For different values of gate source voltage (VGS), note down VDS and ID.

7. Plot the graph VDS versus ID for various VGS.

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Switch on the main AC supply

3. Vary pot2 and set the drain source voltage (VDS)

4. Slowly increase VGS by varying pot1 till the MOSFET gets

turned ON. Note down the ammeter (ID) and voltmeter (VGS)
readings.
5. Further increase VGS and note down the drain current

6. For different values of drain source voltage (VDS), note down VGS and ID.

7. Plot the graph VGS versus ID for various VDS.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET:

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
PROCEDURE:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Switch on the main AC supply

3. Vary pot1 and set the gate emitter voltage (VGE)

4. Slowly increase VCE by varying pot2 till the IGBT gets turned
ON. Note down the ammeter (IC) and voltmeter (VCE) readings.
5. Further increase VCE and note down the collector current

6. For different values of gate emitter voltage (VGE), note down VCE and IC.

7. Plot the graph VCE versus IC for various values of VGE.

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Switch on the main AC supply

3. Vary pot2 and set the collector emitter voltage (VCE)

4. Slowly increase VGE by varying pot1 till the IGBT gets turned ON. Note
down the ammeter (IC) and voltmeter (VGE) readings.
5. Further increase VGE and note down the collector current

6. For different values of collector emitter voltage (VCE), note down VGE and IC.

7. Plot the graph VGE versus IC for various values of VCE.

TABULATION:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

VGE = (V) VGE = (V)

S. No
VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

VCE = (V)
S. No
VGE (V) IC (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE HALF
DATE: CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

AIM
To perform the operation of single phase half controlled bridge converter with R Load

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Single Phase SCR module - 1 No

2. DSO 100 MHz 1 No

3. Patch Chord - Required Nos

THEORY:
Diode rectifiers provide a fixed DC output voltage and controlled rectifiers give a variable
DC output voltage from a fixed AC supply. The output voltage of the phase controlled rectifiers is
varied by varying the firing angle of thyristor. A phase controlled thyristor is turned on by
applying a short pulse to its gate and turned off due to natural commutation.

Phase controlled rectifiers are simple and less expensive and the efficiency of these rectifiers
are normally above 90%. Phase controlled rectifiers can be classified into two types depending on
the supply: 1. Single phase converters 2. Three phase converters. Each type can be subdivided
into a) semi converter b) full converter c) dual converter. A semi converter is a two quadrant
converter and the polarity of the output voltage can be either positive or negative. However, the
polarity of the output current is always positive.
TABULATION:

Voltage
Firing Angle
S. No. (degree)
Theoretical Value Practical Value

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the multiplication factor of the CRO’s probe at the maximum position.

3. Switch on the thyristor kit and firing circuit kit.

4. Keep the firing circuit knob at the 180 position.

5. Vary the firing angle in steps.

6. Note down the voltmeter reading and waveform from the CRO.

7. Switch off the power supply and disconnect

MODEL GRAPH:

INPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM:

OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM:

RESULT:
SIMULINK MODEL:

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTERS – R LOAD:

R-LOAD:

R = 10Ω

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 0°

 EXPT. NO: SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED
DATE: CONVERTERS

AIM

To simulate the single phase half controlled converter by using MATLAB Simulink

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
The single phase semi converters or single phase half controlled converters employing two
SCRs and two diodes. Both of these semi converters have two legs. The single phase semi converter
offers one-quadrant operation. At ωt=0 to ωt=α load current Io free wheel T2 [Link] ωt=0,T1 gets
forward bias through [Link] a firing angle α,T1 turned on. Load current shift to T2 to [Link]
T2 turned off. At ωt=α T2 is subjected to reverse voltage Vm Sin α. At ωt=(Π + α),forward bias T2
is turned on. T1 is therefore turned off.

PROCEDURE:

R-Load:

1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser

2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100 V and frequency as 50
Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing angle as 30°, 90°,
130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the simulink
parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the out put waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis.
OUTPUT WAVEFOR FOR 90°

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 135°

PROCEDURE:

RL-Load:

1. A model is created by using the component available in the Simulink browser

2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100 V and frequency
as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing angle as 30°,
90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω,1mH,1H
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the Simulink
parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.

8. Then output is printed for result analysis

SIMULINK MODEL:

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTERS – RL LOAD:

RL LOAD:

R = 5Ω ; L = 1H

OUT PUT WAVE FOR FOR 0 °

RL LOAD:

RL LOAD: R = 5Ω; L = 1H

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 90°

OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR 135°

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE FULLY
DATE: CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

AIM

1. To study the operation of single phase fully controlled bridge converter with R and RL loads for
continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.

2. Also find the performance parameters (Rectification efficiency, form factor, peak inverse voltage
and ripple factor).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Single phase SCR bridge modulator 600V,12A 1
2. SCR triggering kit - 1
3. Ammeter (0-500)mA 1

4. Voltmeter (0-30)V 1

5. CRO - 1
6. CRO probe - 1

7. Patch cards - 10

THEORY:
Diode rectifiers provide a fixed DC output voltage and controlled rectifiers give a variable
DC output voltage from a fixed AC supply. The output voltage of the phase controlled rectifiers is
varied by varying the firing angle of thyristor. A phase controlled thyristor is turned on by
applying a short pulse to its gate and turned off due to natural commutation.

Phase controlled rectifiers are simple and less expensive and the efficiency of these rectifiers
are normally above 90%. Phase controlled rectifiers can be classified into two types depending on
the supply: 1. Single phase converters 2. Three phase converters. Each type can be subdivided
into a) semi converter b) full converter c) dual converter. A semi converter is a two quadrant
converter and the polarity of the output voltage can be either positive or negative. However, the
polarity of the output current is always positive.
TABULATION FOR RL LOAD

Firing Angle  in Vdc Measured Vdc calculated Vrms calculated in

S. No.
Degree in volts in volts volts
FORMULA USED
For RL load discontinuous conduction
1. Average dc output voltage Vdc is
2Vm
Vdc = cos Volts.

Vm
2. RMS output voltage Vrms is Vrms= Volts.

PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram for RL load.

1. Switch on the 230V AC supply.
2. Switch on the debounce logic.
3. By varying potentiometer vary the firing angle of the converter in order to vary
the output voltage step and step.
4. For each step note down for the firing angle, output Voltage and load current.
5. The output Voltage is theoretically calculated for each step and the readings are
tabulated.
6. Repeat the same procedure for RL load.

RESULT:
SIMULINK MODEL:

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTERS – R LOAD:

R-LOAD:

R = 10Ω

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 0°

 EXPT. NO: SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED
DATE: CONVERTERS

AIM

To simulate the single phase fully controlled converter by using MATLAB Simulink

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
A single phase full converter bridge using four SCRs .The load is assumed to be R or RL load.
The thyristor pair. T1, T2 is simultaneously triggered and Π radians later, T3, T4 are gated together.
When a is positive with respect to b, supply voltage waveform is Vab. When b is positive with
respect to a, supply voltage waveform is Vba=-Vab. . At ωt=0 to ωt=α load current Io free wheels.
After ωt= α, T1T2 gets forward bias. Load current io flowing flowing through T3, T4 is transferred
to T1, T2 at ωt= α, .Thyristor T3 T4 turned off. As a result supply voltage Vm Sin α immediately
appears across a thyristor T3 T4 as a reverse bias therefore turned off by natural or line commutation

PROCEDURE:
R-Load:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the Simulink browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100 V and frequency
as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing angle as 30°,
90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the Simulink
parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis.
OUTPUT WAVEFOR FOR 90°

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 135°

PROCEDURE:

RL-Load:

1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser

2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100 V and frequency as 50 Hz

3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing angle as 30°, 90°, 130°.

4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω,1mH,1H

5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing angle for the required
rating of the parameter block.

6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the simulink parameter
and click the start.

7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.

8. Then output is printed for result analysis

SIMULINK MODEL:

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTERS – RL LOAD:

RL LOAD:

R = 5Ω; L = 1mH

OUT PUT WAVE FOR FOR 0 °

RL LOAD:

RL LOAD: R = 5Ω; L = 1mH

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 90°

RL LOAD:

RL LOAD: R = 5Ω; L = 1Mh

OUTPUT WAVEFORM FOR 135°

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF THREE
DATE: PHASE HALF-CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

AIM
To study the characteristics and performance specifications of three phase Half- controlled
converter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Three Phase SCR Trainer kit - 1

2. CRO (0-30)MHz 1

3. Ammeter (MC - (0-5) A) 1

4. Voltmeter (MC - (0-600)V) 1

5. Multimeter - 1

6. Path chords - 30

7. Lamp load - 1

THEORY:
A three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier is an electrical circuit used for converting alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC) by controlling the flow of current through a load. It is called a half-
wave rectifier because it rectifies only one half of the input waveform.
Here's an explanation of the working principle of a three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier:
1. Input: The rectifier is connected to a three-phase AC power source. The AC voltage waveform
consists of three phases: phase A, phase B, and phase C.
2. Rectification: Each phase of the AC source is connected to a thyristor, forming a thyristor bridge.
The diodes allow current flow in one direction and block it in the other direction. When the input
voltage is positive in one phase, the corresponding thyristor conducts provided that gate trigger is
given, allowing current to flow through the load connected to the output side of the bridge.
TABULATION:

Vdc Measured
Firing Angle( ) Speed (N) Vdc Calculated
S. No Voltage
in degree in RPM in Volts
in Volts
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
 3. Control: In a controlled rectifier, the current flow through the thyristor (also
known as a silicon-controlled rectifier or SCR). The thyristor acts as a switch that
can be turned on or off depending on the control signal applied to its gate.
4. Triggering: To control the rectification process, the thyristors are triggered at
specific points in the input waveform. Triggering is achieved by applying a pulse
signal to the gate of the thyristor at the desired firing angle. The firing angle
determines the portion of the input waveform during which the thyristor conducts
current.
5. Conduction: Once triggered, the thyristor turns on and allows current to flow
through the load until the end of the half-cycle or until the thyristor is turned off.
6. Commutation: When the input waveform crosses zero or becomes negative, the
natural commutation occurs, turning off the conducting thyristor. This happens
because the forward voltage across the thyristor drops below its holding voltage.
7. Output: The load connected to the output of the rectifier receives a pulsating DC
voltage, which consists of positive half-cycles. The output voltage waveform is the
result of rectifying only one half of the input waveform.
By controlling the firing angle of the thyristors, the average output voltage can be
varied, enabling the regulation of power delivered to the load.
It's important to note that the three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier is a
simplified configuration and may require additional components, such as filters and
smoothing capacitors, to reduce ripple and provide a smoother DC output. Overall, the
three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier provides a means to convert three-phase AC
power to pulsating DC power by controlling the firing of thyristors in each phase.

FORMULA USED:

1. Average output voltage(Vdc ) =

1/2
2. RMS output voltage =

Where,

Vm= Maximum voltage in volts

= firing angle
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram for R Load.

2. Switch on the triggering kit

3. Switch on the 24V AC supply

4. Switch on the denounce logic

5. By varying potentiometer vary the firing angle of the converter in order to vary the

output Voltage step by step.

6. For each step note down by firing angle, output Voltage and load current.

7. The output Voltage is theistically calculated for each steps and the readings are

tabulated.

RESULT:
SIMULINK MODEL:

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER – R LOAD:

R-LOAD:

R = 10 Ω

OUT PUT WAVE FOR FOR 0 °

EXPT. NO: SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE HALF

DATE: CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

AIM:
To simulate the three phase half controlled converter by using MATLAB
Simulink

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATALAB

THEORY:

The Three phase converter is also called as 3 phases 3 pulse converters or 3 phase
M-3 converter. The load is assumed to be R or RL load. The Three phase converter
employing three SCRs and three diodes. At α =0 SCRs T1 triggered at ωt=30° to
ωt=150°. T2 from ωt=150° to ωt=270°, and T3 from ωt=270° to ωt=390° so on. For
zero degree firing angle ,thyristor behave as a diode and the voltage output waveform
Vo is shown in diagram.

PROCEDURE:

R-Load:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink
browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100
V and frequency as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing
angle as 30°, 90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various
firing angle for the required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or)
Go to the simulink parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis.
SIMULINK MODEL:

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER – RL LOAD:

RL LOAD: R = 5Ω ; L = 1H

OUTPUT WAVE FOR FOR 60 °

PROCEDURE:

RL-Load:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink
browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as
100 V and frequency as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the
firing angle as 30°, 90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as
R=5Ω (or)10 Ω,1mH,1H
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various
firing angle for the required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or)
Go to the simulink parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF THREE
DATE: PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

AIM
To study the characteristics and performance specifications of three phase fully- controlled
converter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. Three Phase SCR Trainer kit - 1

2. CRO (0-30) MHz 1

3. Ammeter (MC - (0-5) A) 1

4. Voltmeter (MC - (0-600)V) 1

5. Multimeter - 1

6. Path chords - 30

7. Lamp load - 1

THEORY:
One thyristor of the conducting pair powers the positive side of load, while the other thyristor
powers the negative side of the load. Thyristors T1, T3, T2, and T4 form a bridge rectifier network
between phases A and B, similary thyristors T3, T5, T4, and T6 between phases B and C and T5, T1, T6,
and T2 between phases C and A. Thyristors T1, T3 and T5 feed the positive rail. The thyristor which has a
more positive voltage at its anode terminal conducts. Likewise, thyristors T2, T4 and T6 feed the negative
rail and whichever thyristor has a more negative voltage at its cathode terminal conducts.

APPLICATIONS:
1. Variable Speed Drives
2. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
3. HVDC Transmission Systems
TABULATION:

S. Firing Angle  Vdc Measured Speed(N) Vdc Calculated

No. in degree in Volts in rpm in Volts

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
4. Battery Charging Systems
5. Power Supplies for Electroplating

FORMULA USED:

1. Average DC output Voltage Vdc is

Vdc = cos

2. RMS output Voltage Vrms is
1 3 1 2
Vrms = 3V 
m + cos 2
2 4 

Where,
Vm = maximum voltage in volts

= firing angle

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram for R Load.

2. Switch on the triggering kit

3. Switch on the 24V AC supply

4. Switch on the denounce logic

5. By varying potentiometer vary the firing angle of the converter in order to vary the

output Voltage step by step.

6. For each step note down by firing angle, output Voltage and load current.

7. The output Voltage is theistically calculated for each steps and the readings are

tabulated.

RESULT:
SIMULINK MODEL:

THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER – R LOAD:

R-LOAD:

R = 10Ω

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 0°

 EXPT. NO: SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED

DATE: CONVERTER

AIM:

To simulate the three phase fully controlled converter by using MATLAB

Simulink

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATALAB

THEORY:

The Three phase converter is work as a three phase ac to dc converter for firing
angle delay 0°< α < 90°.and three phase line commutated inverter for 90°< α < 180°. The
load is assumed to be R or RL load. The Three phase converter employing six SCRs the
numbering of SCRs is 1.3.5 as positive group and 4, 6, 2 as negative group. For α = 0° all
thyristor act as diode. Note that α=0° T1 triggered at 30° T2 at 90° T3 at 150° .For zero
degree firing angle ,thyristor behave as a diode and the voltage output waveform Vo is
shown in diagram.

PROCEDURE:

R-Load:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink
browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100
V and frequency as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing
angle as 30°, 90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω (or)10 Ω
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing
angle for the required rating of the parameter block.

6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go
to the simulink parameter and click the start.

7. Double click the scope to see the out put waveform.

8. Then output is printed for result analysis.

R-LOAD: R = 10Ω

OUTPUT WAVEFOR FOR 60°

SIMULINK MODEL:

THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER – RL LOAD:

PROCEDURE:
RL-Load:

1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink

browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100
V and frequency as 50 Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing
angle as 30°, 90°, 130°.
4. Then go to the resistive load block and enter the value as R=5Ω
(or)10 Ω,1mH,1H
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re enter for the various firing
angle for the required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go
to the simulink parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the outp ut waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis
RL LOAD: R = 5Ω ; L = 1mH

OUT PUT WAVE FOR FOR 45 °

RL LOAD: R = 5Ω ; L = 1mH

OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR 60°

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPT. NO:
FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF DC MOTOR USING CHOPPER
DATE:

AIM:
To perform the four quadrant operation of DC Motor using chopper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 IGBT Module - 1
2 Chopper control module - 1
3 CRO 0-30)MHz 1
4 CRO Probe - 1
5 Rheostat 50Ω/5A 1
6 Multimeter - 1
7 Patch Cards - 12

THEORY:
A four-quadrant chopper using IGBTs allows for bidirectional control of a DC motor's speed
and direction, enabling both forward/reverse motoring and braking. This is achieved by switching the
IGBTs in a specific pattern to control the voltage and current polarity applied to the motor. Virtual labs
provide a simulation environment to explore this control strategy using IGBTs and pulse width
modulation (PWM)

FORMULA USED
Average DC output Voltage
V0 =Vdc/Vtri *Vc volts
Where, Vdc DC input supply Voltage in Volts
Vtri carrier triangular Voltage in Volts
Vc reference control Voltage in Volts
TABULATION:

Ton TOFF Total Duty Measured Output

V in (v)
(sec) (sec) Time cycle Voltage(Volts)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Select the bipolar Voltage switching mode, by setting SW3 in mode III in the control
module.
3. Switch ON the power ON switch is both the trainers and observe the triangular waveform
frequency in the control module at test point T1 through a CRO.
4. Observe the gating signals at the test point G1, G2. G3, G4 and it should be rectangular
pulses with some suitable amplitude.
5. Switch ON SW1 in the device module to establish DC link Voltage.
6. ON the pulse release switch SW1 in the control module
7. Observe the load Voltage waveforms using CRO and also measure the load Voltage by
using a multimeter.
8. Vary the duty cycle ratio in the Control module (control Vg knob Vc) and for each step
measure the average DC output, Voltage, VC, Vtri, Ton and Toff.

RESULT:
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CARRIER AND REFERENCE SIGNAL

CONTROL SIGNALS FOR IGBTS

 EXPT. NO:
IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE PWM INVERTER
DATE:

AIM:
To study the operation of single-phase bridge inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1. MOSFET /IGBT study module - 1 No

2. CRO (0-30) MHz 1 No

3. R-L Load - 1 No.

4. Patch chords - As required

FORMULA USED:
A
Modulation Index m = c
Ar
Output voltage Vo = mVs

V Where,
Vs = input DC voltage (V)
Ar – Amplitude of reference signal

Ac – Amplitude of carrier signal

THEORY:
DC to AC converters is known as inverters. The function of an inverter is to change a DC input
voltage to a symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage
could be variable or fixed frequency. A variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC
voltage and maintaining the gain of the inverter constant. On the other hand, if the DC input voltage is
fixed and it is not controllable, a variable voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter,
which is normally accomplished by pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control with in the inverter. The
inverter gain can be defined as the ratio of the AC output voltage to DC input voltage.
TABULATION:

Time Period (or) time (ms)

S. No. Vin (Volts) Amplitude(V) TON TOFF Total Time
 Inverters are broadly classified into two types (1) Single-phase inverters, and (2) three
–phase inverters. These inverters use PWM control signals for producing the AC output
voltage. An inverter is called voltage –fed inverter (VFI or VSI) if the input Voltage remains
constant, a current-fed inverter (CFI or CSI) if the input current is maintained constant.
A Single-phase bridge inverter consists of four switching devices T1, T2,T3, T4 and the
four inverse parallel diodes D1, D2, D3, [Link] diodes are essential to conduct the reactive
current and thereby to feedback the stored energy in the inductor to the dc source. These
diodes are known as feedback diodes.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect R-L Load as shown in the figure.

3. Connect the gating signals from the inverter control module to the inverter
module through signal cable provided.
4. Connect 24V AC voltage to MOSFET/IGBT trainer.

5. Switch ON the main in both the trainer.

6. Measure the amplitude and frequency of sine wave and carrier triangular wave
and tabulate it. And also adjust sine wave frequency about 50Hz.
7. Connect CRO probe to observe the load voltage and load current waveforms.

8. Draw the graph Vo Vs versus time period.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 EXPT. NO:
IGBT BASED THREE PHASE PWM INVERTER
DATE:

AIM:

To obtain three phase output wave forms for IGBT based PWM inverter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO. APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 IGBT Based PWM inverter Kit - 1

2 CRO (0-30) MHZ 1

3 Patch Chord - As Required

4 Load Rheostat - 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the gating signal from the inverter module.
3. Switch ON D.C 24 V.
4. Keep the frequency knob to particulars frequency.
5. Observe the input and output waveforms for 180° conduction mode and 120°
conductionmode in the CRO.
6. Obtain the output waveform across the load Rheostat.

FORMULA USED:

T=Ton+Toff
TABULATION:

Conduction Time Period (ms)

Vout (Volts)
S. No. Mode Ton Toff Time (ms)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MT1 G

MT2
BT136
100Ω/1W

(Or)Lamp
load
EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINGLE-PHASE AC

DATE: VOLTAGE CONTROLLER.

AIM:

To Perform the Single Phase AC Voltage Controller using TRIAC with DIAC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO. APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 AC voltage control trainer kit - 1
2 Lamp 60 w 1
100 ohm/1W
3 Resistor 1Kohm 1
4 DIAC DB3 1
5 TRIAC BT 136 1
6 CRO (0-30) MHz 1
7 Patch Chords - As Required

THEORY:

When potentiometer is in minimum position drop across potentiometer is zero and hence
maximum voltage is available across capacitor. This Vc shorts the diac (Vc > Vbo) and
triggers the triac turning triac to ON – state there lamp glows with maximum intensity.

When the potentiometer is in maximum position voltage drop across potentiometer

is maximum. Hence minimum voltage is available across capacitor (Vc M Vbo) hence
triac to is not triggered hence lamp doesn’t glow.

When potentiometer is in medium position a small voltage is available across capacitor

hence lamp glows with minimum intensity.
TABULATION:

Vo Vin Ton Toff Firing Angle

S. NO.
(Volts) (Volts) (ms) (ms) (Degree)

1.

2.

3.

4.

MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Initially potentiometer kept at minimum position so lap does not glow at this instant.
3. Note the voltage across the diac and triac.
4. Capacitor and potentiometer using multimeter and CRO.
5. Potentiometer is now placed at medium and then to minimum position and their
voltageswere noted.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SCR 1

SCR3

AC 230V Q1 R Load Q2

SCR2

SCR4
TABULATION:

No of division Time div

Amplitude Div. ( v ) Frequency sequence
X axis Y axis ( ms )
 EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SINGLE-PHASE

DATE: CYCLOCONVERTER

AIM:

To study the operation of single-phase cycloconverter and to observe output waveforms for
different frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO. APPARATUS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 Cycloconverter Module - 1
2 CRO (0-30) MHz 1
3 Patch Chords - As required

THEORY:

The principle of operation of single-phase cycloconverter can be explained with the help of a
circuit. The circuit shown in the figure for obtaining a single phase low frequency output from a single
phase AC input ( 50 Hz.). One group of SCR’s SCR1 and SCR2 produce the positive polarity of load
voltage. SCR1 and SCR2 of positive groups are gated together depending on polarity of input. Only one of
them will conduct when TR1 is positive SCR1 will conduct. Thus in both half cycles of the input the load
voltage will be positive. The SCR will then off by natural commutation at the end of half cycle of the
input. Depending on the desired frequency division, the gating pulse to the groups SCR will be stopped,
SCR3 & SCR4 of negative group will be gated. SCR3 will conduct whenTR1 is negative and SCR4 will
conduct when TR2 is negative. It is used for frequency control and speed control in induction motor.
 PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON AC Power Supply.

2. Release the gating pulse signal to SCR by using the pulse switch.

3. Observe the output voltage waveform on CRO.

4. Take the waveform for different firing angles.

5. Change the output frequency as desired.

6. Observe the voltage waveform.

RESULT:

MEC / Dept. of EEE. / 23EEC19 – POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY Page 90