ET2050

Circuit theory

ET2050: CIRCUIT THEORY

Lecturer: Dao Le Thu Thao

At the Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Email: [Link]@[Link]
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Chapter 1: Basic components

For simplicity, we consider circuits with idealized components represented by a
simple model. Components
(considering the energy delivered to or by them)

Active component == Source, battery, generator Passive component

Be able to supply energy to the rest circuit, and generate (can not deliver energy and
signals Can supply an unchanged quantity of Voltage or can not generate signals)
Current, regardless the rest circuit.

Independent Source The power absorption:

R resistance
Supplying a specified and unchanged voltage,
Regardless current through it
Dependent Source The energy storage:
C Capacitance = capacitor
Supplying a quantity that is controlled by other quantity inside L Inductance = coil
circuit or outsize circuit
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Chapter 1: Basic componnets

1.1 Passive component: ◼ Resistance R

i(t) u(t)
R:

◼ The equation describing: u(t)=R.i(t)

i(t)=G.u(t)
(u is directly proportional to i)

◼ Resistance measurement unit (R): Ohm [Ω] and conductance (G):

Siemen [S]
(R and G are linear elements when R and G are constant values)

◼ Power absorbed: p(t) = u(t).i(t)=U2/R=R.I2

 ◼ Not element of inertia (not dependent time)
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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.1 Passive component (cont..) ◼ i(t) C u(t)

Capacitance C:

◼ i(t)=dq/dt = [Link]/dt. Current through terminals is proportional to the derivative of voltage

( to the time rate of change of voltage across it). In particular, there are no current passed 2 plates of
C when 2 terminals are supplied a constant voltage. In such cases, C= “open circuit to DC”, still
voltage.

◼ Unit of measure: Farad (F, μF, nF, pF).

◼ Energy accumulation: w = C.u(t)2/2
 ◼ Inertial element (dependence time)

Chapter 1: Basic components

1.1 Passive component ◼ Inductance L: i(t)
L
(cont..) ◼ flux
u(t)

◼ u(t)=[Link]/dt. The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the derivative of current (or
proportional to the time rate of change of current through it). In particular, there is no voltage across
an inductor, carrying a constant current. In such cases, view L = “short circuit to DC”

◼ Unit of measure: Henry (H)

◼ Energy accumulation: w = L.i(t)2/2
 ◼ Inertial element (dependence time)
Thank the slow reaction of C and L, we can design many oscillating applications, pulse
circuits, and digital circuits for further.
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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.1 Passive component (cont..)

◼ Mutual inductance: The phenomenon appears when two electrical coils are set nearby
each other. Two coils can belong to a specified circuit or not. The extremely important application: is
the linear transformer.

◼ Equation relations: M is the coefficient of mutual inductance

⎧= ± ⎪⎪⎨⎪= ± ⎪
i1 M i2
di di
uLM ⎩
11 **
12 dt dt ,
LL2 1

di di u1 u2
uLM
22 21 dt dt
◼ “Dotconvention”: M is positive when both currents enter or leave the dotted terminal.
And the minus one when the opposite case, one enters and the other leaves.

Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Active component:
a/ Independent Source – source quantity is not affected in any way by activities in the rest of the
circuit. UAB= Esregardless R or I +
A
 +_ B higher potential A to lower
Es potential B.
R Current flow in a circle. In the
load circuit, it flows from
- I

The arrow inside the (be transformed from other energy) pull conventional charge
source stands for from lower potential to higher potential
electromotive
force. The force The voltage across the load equals to its
specified source function (direction and magnitude)

Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Independent Source (cont..)

Is
+
Current flowing is
closed loop – the
closed circuit

-
i
The voltage across
the

i
R
AB
 load can be computed R.i
IAB= Isregardless R or UAB

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Independent Source (cont..) In term of power processes,

I
+
Closed circuit
A

R
-
U,I opposite directions P=u.i < 0
I
The source part: Delivering power
B U,I same directions P=u.i > 0
The load part: Absorbing power

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Practical Independent Source The
load part:
A
UAB= ES- [Link]������ =���� ���� +
Ri
����. ����
Ideal source B
ES+_ If RL >> Ri : ideal source IL

RL
 Short
The practical source loss component, circuit
ES
UAB
is presented as an known as an internal
ideal source in series resistance)
i Open
with an ideal ES/R Linear relationship In circuit
resistor (featured a Practical source

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Practical Independent Source (cont..)

+ I A
The load part: IAB= IS-
UL/Ri
Ri RL
IS
- If RL<< Ri: ideal sourceB IS Ideal source
I Short
IL

In Practical source
The practical source is loss component, known as
presented as an ideal an internal resistance)
circuit [Link]
source in parallel with an Open
ideal resistor (featured a Linear relationship circuit
UAB

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.3 Dependent Source

The magnitude of quantities depends on some other quantities u, i inside or
outside circuit. Appear in the equivalent model of almost electronic devices.
 g[S]
+ +
_ β.[Link] _
[Link] α.Ix r[Ω]

UL= R. gUx
IL= [Link] [A] UL= [Link] V

α, β are dimensionless scaling constant UL= β.Ux V IL= βUx/R IL= [Link] / RL

g: a scaling factor with unit A/V, S R: a scaling Ux, Ixare controlling quantities, that must be
factor with unit V/A, Ω defined in the circuit.

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.3 Dependent Source (cont’)
Example: useful everday electrical device called operational amplifier –
OpAm for a short
UP
UP Commonly symbol +
_
β.∆U
UN UN
∆U

“+” noninverting input “-” inverting input difference input

Ideal OpAm: the output is amplified by some gain of Using a dependent source for modeling OpAm

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.3 Dependent Source (cont’)

Example: typical electrical device called Bipolar Junction Transistor, BJT for short
 B IB rE E
RC

E
IC β.IB
C
IE

Emitter Common model of BJT (considering a small amplitude and low frequency input
Using a dependent source for modeling the current in Base scenario)
drive the current in Collector by Beta gain

16

Chapter 1: Basic components

A
1.4 Linear vs Non-linear
Ri
component
The load part:
a straight line → relation of
B Stable load line
ES+_
U and I is a constant. UL= ES- [Link]
R=constant.

RL IL
Linear load: is drawn by ES/Ri
working point

Non-linear load: the can compute a specific R. calling:

Dynamic resistance. U working
relation of U and I is an arbitrary
UL
function. Drawn by the blue curve. So,
ES
Working with a specific source, we Iworking

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.5 Geometry factors.

 - Branch is a movement created by a set of 2 nodes, contains elements in series and
one current flows.
- A point of junction of more than 2 branches, at which there is one voltage - Node
(for purpose of construction of simultaneous independent equations) Two separate
junctions connected by a zero-resistance conductor = still one node. (only one voltage)

R2
R1
IS C

B I

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Chapter 1: Basic components

 1.5 Geometry factors (cont’).
- Graph is a set of nodes (N ) and all branches (N ), which are composed the circuit. -
n b

Tree: all nodes and some branches, but not set any loop. Tree-branches are the
branches that belongs to encountered tree. Co-trees or links are the remain branches of circuit
which do not belong to the tree.
- Basic loop is composed of some tree-branches and only one co-tree, which makes a loop.
(NL= Nb-Nn+1 = the quantity is a minimum number, enough to build up the geometry structure
of circuit)

A A

P2
P1 P3 B P1P2B

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Chapter 1: Basic components

 One-node circuits

Collect to
one node

CSCV

Nn=2 Nb=5 Ncotree= 5-2+1=4

= NbassicloopMesh = basic loop but not contains any loop
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Chapter 1: Basic components

 One-loop circuits

VSCV

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Chapter 1: Basic components

The more complicated circuits

 How many branches, nodes, basic loops,
meshes
6344

AB

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Chapter 1: Basic components

 1.6 Kirchhoff’s current Law: KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge
◼ States: The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node
is zero ( this law represents a mathematical statement of the fact that
charge cannot accumulate at a node)
��
i1
����.���� = ��
෍ ��=��

i2 In conventionally,
ak=+1 when ikleaving the node ak= -1 when ik entering the
i3 node
i4
-i1+i3+i2+i4=0

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Chapter 1: Basic components

 1.7 Kirchhoff’s voltage Law: KVL based on the principle of conservation of energy
◼ States: The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is
zero ( this law represents the energy required to move a unit charge from A to B in a
circuit must have a value independent of the path chosen to get A to B) �� ����.
���� = ��
σ��=��
when ukthe same direction of
U2 reference direction
bk= -1 when ukin the opposite direction

U1

Follow the clockwise direction:

U3 -U1-U2+U3=0
Choose arbitrarily a reference direction of closed path, bk=+1
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Chapter 1: Basic components

B
R1
i1
i3
i2
C R2 -u2+u3=0 (3)
ES
more equations:
L
u1=i1.R1+L.di1/dt (4)
��2 =1��0)5( ���� .2����. ‫׬‬
KCL: -i1+i2+i3=0 (1)
u3= i3.R2 (6)
KVL: +u1+u2-Es=0 (2)
P1 P2 P3 C
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THANK YOU ! 26