■ Interview Questions

Pandas & SQL — Beginner to Advanced

Topics Covered Pandas (Python) + SQL

Level Beginner → Advanced
Language Hindi + English + Code
Total Questions 30+
PART 1: PANDAS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

■ Basic Level

Q1. Pandas kya hai?

Pandas ek Python library hai jo data manipulation aur analysis ke liye use hoti hai. Isme do main data
structures hain — Series (1D) aur DataFrame (2D table).

Q2. Series aur DataFrame mein kya fark hai?

Series = single column (1D labeled array). DataFrame = poori table with rows + columns (2D).
s = [Link]([10, 20, 30])
df = [Link]({'Name': ['Raj', 'Priya'], 'Marks': [85, 90]})

Q3. CSV file kaise read karte hain?

pd.read_csv() function use karte hain.
df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
[Link]() # pehli 5 rows
[Link] # (rows, columns)
[Link]() # column types

Q4. Missing values kaise check karte hain?

isnull() method use karte hain.
[Link]().sum() # har column mein kitne NaN
[Link]().any() # True/False per column

Q5. loc aur iloc mein kya fark hai?

loc = label se access (naam se). iloc = integer position se access (number se).
[Link][0, 'Name'] # label-based
[Link][0, 1] # position-based

■ Intermediate Level

Q6. Missing values handle kaise karte hain?

dropna(), fillna() methods use karte hain.
[Link]() # NaN wali rows hata do
[Link](0) # 0 se fill karo
df['Age'].fillna(df['Age'].mean()) # mean se fill karo

Q7. merge, join aur concat mein kya fark hai?

concat: stack karo (upar-neeche ya side-by-side). merge: SQL-style join on columns. join: index pe join.
[Link]([df1, df2], axis=0) # rows stack
[Link](df1, df2, on='ID', how='inner') # SQL join
[Link](df2, how='inner') # index join

Q8. groupby kya hota hai?

Data ko groups mein baanto, function lagao, result combine karo.
[Link]('City')['Salary'].mean()
[Link]('City').agg({'Salary': 'mean', 'Age': 'max'})
Q9. Custom function kaise apply karte hain?
apply() method use karte hain.
df['Salary_Double'] = df['Salary'].apply(lambda x: x * 2)

def category(sal):
return 'High' if sal > 50000 else 'Low'
df['Category'] = df['Salary'].apply(category)

Q10. copy() aur view mein kya fark hai?

View: original se connected (changes reflect hote hain). Copy: independent, changes reflect nahi hote.
df2 = df[df['Age'] > 25].copy() # Safe copy
df2['Age'] = 0 # Original affect nahi hoga

■ Advanced Level

Q11. pivot_table kaise use karte hain?

groupby se zyada flexible — multiple index/columns ek saath.
pd.pivot_table(df, values='Sales', index='Region',
columns='Product', aggfunc='sum', fill_value=0)

Q12. Large dataset ke liye optimization kaise karein?

dtype optimize karo, chunksize use karo, vectorization prefer karo.
df['Age'] = df['Age'].astype('int32')
df['City'] = df['City'].astype('category')

for chunk in pd.read_csv('big_file.csv', chunksize=10000):

process(chunk)

df['Tax'] = df['Salary'] * 0.3 # Vectorized - Fast!

Q13. apply, map aur applymap mein kya fark hai?

map: Series element-wise. apply: Series ya DataFrame row/col. applymap: DataFrame har element.
df['Name'].map([Link]) # single column
df['Salary'].apply(lambda x: x*2) # single column func
[Link]([Link]) # har cell pe

Q14. Duplicate rows kaise handle karein?

duplicated() aur drop_duplicates() methods use karte hain.
[Link]().sum() # count
df.drop_duplicates() # remove
df.drop_duplicates(subset=['Name']) # specific column

Q15. DataFrame sort kaise karein?

sort_values() method use karte hain.
df.sort_values('Salary', ascending=False)
df.sort_values(['City', 'Salary'], ascending=[True, False])

■ Pandas Interview Tips — Yaad Rakho

• Loop ki jagah vectorization — hamesha faster hoti hai
• copy() use karo filtering ke baad
• dtype optimization batao large data ke liye
• isnull(), fillna(), dropna() — data cleaning ke liye must know
• WHERE vs HAVING — bahut common question hai
PART 2: SQL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

■ Section 1: Basics
Category Commands
DDL (Structure) CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE
DML (Data) SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
DCL (Permission) GRANT, REVOKE
TCL (Transaction) COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

Q1. SQL kya hai?

SQL (Structured Query Language) ek language hai jo databases se data retrieve, insert, update aur
delete karne ke liye use hoti hai.

Q2. Table kaise banate hain?

CREATE TABLE statement use karte hain.
CREATE TABLE Students (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT,
City VARCHAR(30)
);

Q3. Data kaise insert karte hain?

INSERT INTO statement use karte hain.
INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name, Age, City)
VALUES (1, 'Raj', 22, 'Jaipur');

-- Multiple rows
INSERT INTO Students VALUES
(2, 'Priya', 21, 'Delhi'),
(3, 'Amit', 23, 'Mumbai');

Q4. Data kaise dekhte hain? (SELECT)

SELECT statement use karte hain.
SELECT * FROM Students; -- sabhi columns
SELECT Name, Age FROM Students; -- specific columns
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Students; -- unique values

■ Section 2: Filtering

Q5. WHERE clause kya hota hai?

Rows filter karne ke liye WHERE use karte hain.
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE City = 'Jaipur';
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 20;
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 20 AND City = 'Delhi';

Q6. BETWEEN, IN, LIKE kaise use karte hain?

BETWEEN: range check. IN: multiple values. LIKE: pattern match.
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age BETWEEN 20 AND 25;
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE City IN ('Delhi','Mumbai');
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Name LIKE 'R%';
Q7. NULL values kaise handle karte hain?
NULL check ke liye IS NULL / IS NOT NULL use karo (= nahi).
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE City IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE City IS NOT NULL;
SELECT Name, COALESCE(City,'Unknown') AS City FROM Students;

■ Section 3: Sorting, Aggregates & Grouping

Q8. Data sort kaise karte hain?

ORDER BY clause use karte hain.
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Age; -- Ascending
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Age DESC; -- Descending
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY City, Age DESC;

Q9. Aggregate functions kya hote hain?

COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN — grouped data pe calculations.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students;
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Students;
SELECT MAX(Age), MIN(Age) FROM Students;

Q10. GROUP BY kya hota hai?

Data ko groups mein baantke aggregate function lagao.
SELECT City, COUNT(*) AS Total FROM Students
GROUP BY City;

SELECT City, AVG(Age) AS Avg_Age FROM Students

GROUP BY City;

Q11. HAVING aur WHERE mein kya fark hai?

WHERE = GROUP BY se PEHLE filter. HAVING = GROUP BY ke BAAD filter.
-- WHERE - rows filter karo
SELECT City, COUNT(*) FROM Students
WHERE Age > 20 GROUP BY City;

-- HAVING - groups filter karo

SELECT City, COUNT(*) FROM Students
GROUP BY City HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;
■ Section 4: JOINs

Q12. JOIN kya hota hai? Types kaunse hain?

Do ya zyada tables ko combine karne ke liye JOIN use karte hain.
JOIN Type Description Result

INNER JOIN Dono tables mein match ho Sirf matching rows

LEFT JOIN Left table sabhi rows Left + matching right

RIGHT JOIN Right table sabhi rows Right + matching left

FULL JOIN Dono tables sabhi rows Sabhi rows (NULLs fill)

INNER JOIN: SELECT [Link], [Link] FROM Students s INNER JOIN Departments d ON [Link]
= [Link]; LEFT JOIN: SELECT [Link], [Link] FROM Students s LEFT JOIN Departments d
ON [Link] = [Link];

■ Section 5: DML & DDL Operations

Q13. UPDATE kaise karte hain?

UPDATE statement use karte hain (WHERE lagana mat bhoolo!).
UPDATE Students SET City = 'Pune' WHERE ID = 1;
UPDATE Students SET Age = 25, City = 'Chennai' WHERE ID = 2;

Q14. DELETE aur TRUNCATE mein kya fark hai?

DELETE: specific rows hata do, rollback ho sakta hai. TRUNCATE: sabhi rows ek saath, rollback nahi.
DELETE FROM Students WHERE ID = 3; -- specific row
DELETE FROM Students; -- sabhi rows (slow)
TRUNCATE TABLE Students; -- sabhi rows (fast)

Q15. ALTER TABLE kya hota hai?

Table structure change karne ke liye ALTER TABLE use karte hain.
ALTER TABLE Students ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
ALTER TABLE Students MODIFY Age SMALLINT;
ALTER TABLE Students DROP COLUMN Email;

■ Section 6: Constraints

Q16. Constraints kya hote hain?

Rules jo data integrity ensure karte hain.
Constraint Description

PRIMARY KEY Unique + NOT NULL — row identifier

NOT NULL Column NULL nahi ho sakta

UNIQUE Duplicate values allowed nahi

DEFAULT Agar value na do to default lagao

FOREIGN KEY Dusri table ke PRIMARY KEY se link

CHECK Custom condition enforce karo

CREATE TABLE Students ( ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, Email VARCHAR(100)
UNIQUE, Age INT DEFAULT 18, DeptID INT, FOREIGN KEY (DeptID) REFERENCES
Departments(DeptID) );
 ■ SQL Interview Tips — Yaad Rakho
• SELECT ka order: SELECT → FROM → WHERE → GROUP BY → HAVING → ORDER BY
• WHERE vs HAVING — bahut common question hai interview mein
• NULL ke saath = mat use karo, hamesha IS NULL use karo
• JOIN types clearly explain karo (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL)
• Primary Key = Unique + Not Null
• DELETE rollback ho sakta hai, TRUNCATE nahi

Good luck with your interviews! ■ — Prepared with Claude AI