Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT and Machine Learning

Ayatallah Osama Mohamed

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies for statistical Researches, Cairo University,
Egypt

Abstract

Keywords:

I. INTRODUCTION

Health is one of the essential elements of human life, representing a blessing that is
considered the lack of illness and better physical and mental state conditions.[1]The traditional
adage that "health is wealth" still holds true [Link] poor and ill quality of human existence is
a result of modern society's fast pace, its rising pollution, and the emergence of epidemic
&pandemic virus. More than 90% of the population has been exposed to toxic environments,
according to recent data.[ 2] However, the last few decades have witnessed a steady increase in
life expectancy in many parts of the world, leading to a sharp rise in the number of elderly
people. [3]

A recent report from the United Nations predicted that there will be 2 billion older people by
2050, and research indicates that about 89% of these aged people are likely to live
independently.[4] Chronic diseases—such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular
conditions—constitute the bulk of human health risks, responsible for more than two-thirds of all
deaths worldwide.[5] The incidence of chronic disease has increased along with population
growth, and hospital capacity is often insufficient to accommodate all patients.[6]

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has further increased the need for new technologies such as
the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), and cloud
computing.[7] This disaster resulted in an exceptionally high rate of severe illness and death,
which completely overwhelmed and led to an almost complete collapse in medical treatment.[8]
In the current situation, thousands of people die every day from late diagnosis or are late
for treatment. Even expert doctors find it challenging to estimate health issues solely from the
symptoms observed from the diseased. [9]

Furthermore, current manual note-based solutions are time-consuming and impose a barrier to
real-time data access, which hinders the ability of clinical diagnostics and monitoring. Limited
access to patient-related information during decision-making is a proximal cause of medical
errors in healthcare.[10][11]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought the vision of a smarter world into reality. [12] The
term "Internet of Medical Things" refers to the network of interrelated smart tools specifically
designed for use in medical settings, including patient observation, disease detection systems,
and telemedicine care delivery infrastructures.[13]
In 2021, total smart healthcare spending by smart hospitals in North America stood at some
11.2 billion U.S. dollars. By 2026, it is projected that total spending will increase to nearly 20
1
billion dollars. Smart hospitals use data and technology such as AI, internet of things (IoT), or
5G networks to facilitate, accelerate, and enhance the work of healthcare professionals and
management. Examples of smart technology range from smart building functions such as keyless
opening of doors to tracking hospital bed occupancy or using AI in imaging.[9]

Networked sensors, either worn on the body or embedded in living environments, make
possible the gathering of information indicative of our physical and mental health. Together,
machine learning and IoT form the most powerful framework for health monitoring systems.[15]
Deep learning and the IoT are revolutionizing the healthcare industry.[16]
The convergence of IoT and cloud computing can play a significant role in smart healthcare
by offering better insights into healthcare content to support affordable and quality patient care.
[12] Consequently, the development of energy-efficient, cost-effective, and scalable real-time
healthcare systems is highly demanded to manage vital signs.[17] Health technology has
undeniably become the need of today's fast-moving world.[15]

2. RELATED WORK

These papers explore the development of smart health monitoring systems that integrate the
Internet of Things (IoT) with machine learning to provide real-time diagnostic solutions.
Researchers describe using wearable sensors and photoplethysmography to capture vital
physiological data, such as heart rate and body temperature, which is then transmitted to cloud
platforms or mobile applications. By applying sophisticated algorithms like Support Vector
2
Machines (SVM) and Random Forest, these systems can accurately predict conditions such as
heart disease with high precision. The documents emphasize that these technological frameworks
offer scalable and low-cost alternatives to traditional medical infrastructure, particularly in
resource-limited areas. Ultimately, the research highlights a shift toward personalized healthcare
where continuous data analysis enables early diagnosis and rapid medical intervention.

Emre Yıldırım et al.[7] In this study, an Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) framework
consisting of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) has been designed and the health big data
from WBANs have been analyzed using fog and cloud computing technologies. Fog computing
is used for fast and easy analysis, and cloud computing is used for time-consuming and complex
analysis. The proposed IoMT framework is presented with a diabetes prediction scenario. The
diabetes prediction process is carried out on fog with fuzzy logic decision-making and is
achieved on cloud with support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural
network (ANN) as machine learning algorithms. The dataset produced in WBANs is used for big
data analysis in the scenario for both fuzzy logic and machine learning algorithm. The fuzzy
logic gives 64% accuracy performance in fog and SVM, RF, and ANN have 89.5%, 88.4%, and
87.2% accuracy performance respectively in the cloud
for diabetes prediction. In addition, the throughput and delay results of heterogeneous nodes
AODV routing protocol have been also analysed.

Brahmaji Godi et al.[18] This research introduces an IoT application framework titled E-
Healthcare Monitoring System (EHMS), designed to provide advanced automation in medical
diagnostics. The system leverages IoT wearable devices to periodically monitor the health status
of both inpatients and outpatients. By integrating machine learning (ML) techniques, the
framework is capable of analyzing raw physiological data to assist in decision-making and
provide accurate diagnoses for chronic conditions. The performance of SVM the algorithm with
different performance measures like precession, recall, f1-score, and support are shown in table
1. The algorithm has achieved 80.51% of accuracy. SVM outperformed other algorithms with the
following accuracy GNB-76.62%, K Neighbour Classifier-71.42%, Decision Tree-70.22%,
Random Forest 79.22%, and Gradient Boosting-77.27% respectively.

Table 1: performance measure of svm accuracy for give Dataset

Precisi Reca F1- Suppo

on ll score rt
Diabetes 0.76 0.65 0.70 54
No- 0.82 0.89 0.86 100
Diabetes
Micro avg 0.81 0.81 0.81 154
Macro avg 0.79 0.77 0.78 154
Weighted 0.80 0.81 0.80 154
avg

El-Rashidy et al.[19] In this paper, they tried to provide a comprehensive survey about
(remote patient monitoring) RPMs. RPMs are usually built on three layers. The first layer is
3
concerned with data acquisition, it is used usually built on three layers. The first layer is
concerned with data acquisition, it is used to gather data using invasive or non-invasive sensors.
All patient measurements are transmitted to the second layer using various transmission
protocols. The second layer consists of cloud and web servers that receive, process, and store
data for further use. The third layer is the back-end layer. It uses all the patient data to develop a
complete patient (electronic health record) EHR. This layer helps in early detection and
intervention. Each layer faces several complexities and challenges that hamper building effective
real-time RPMs. As with the majority of studies, the design of the current study is subject to
some limitations. The current study focused on RPMs for chronic disease, they tried to address it
from different perspectives. However, some limitations should be noted. First, they mainly
focused on RPMs from the software side, while hardware (i.e., type of sensors, servers, and
network components) is out of their interest in this study. Second, privacy and security
issues in PMs spans the overall lifecycle of the monitoring systems, from wireless sensors
and devices, cloud systems, to backend systems are discussed briefly. Third, they did not
include the different ways of data transmission in RPMs, and how the transmission could be
varying according to the data type (i.e., text, image, video, signal, etc.). Fourth, issues related to
the physical positioning of patient data in terms of legal and governmental
regulations should also be discussed. As some countries prevent storing and processing
patient’s data outside hospitals. Overall, although limitations are acknowledged from a general
viewpoint, their contributions in this study will ideally motivate others to resolve
the existing problems in the field because the highlighted limitations are not contradictory to
the primary objectives.

Alharbe & Almalki[16] This paper describes a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -based IoT-enabled healthcare system that performs feature
extraction, classification, prediction, and data preparation. Additionally, it addresses
interpretability issues, privacy concerns, and resource limitations of deep learning models in real-
time healthcare settings. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -powered IoT-based healthcare
solutions, such as real-time patient monitoring, disease detection, risk prediction, and therapy
optimization. These techniques can improve the quality, cost, and outcomes of healthcare.
Combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
with IoT can significantly enhance healthcare by improving disease detection, personalized
treatment, and patient monitoring through connected devices and powerful analytics.
Table 3 presents the simulation results and comparsion of the performance of the proposed
CNN + LSTM algorithm against the other DL models, including CNNs, Support
Vector Machines (SVMs), LSTM networks, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random
Forests.

Table 2 Simulation and Results Analysis

Algorithm Dataset Accura Precisi Reca F1-

cy on ll Score
Proposed MIMIC-III 0.85 0.86 0.84 0.85
CNN PhysioNet 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.82
SVM eICU Collaborative 0.78 0.79 0.77 0.78
LSTM MIMIC-CXR 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.87

4
KNN PTB Diagnostic 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.75
ECG
Random eICU Clinical 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.81
Forest Database

Sahana S Khamitkar et al.[20] In this project they describe the design of low cost heart rate
monitoring device from fingertips based on the Bluetooth technology. The entire system is
comprised of several parts such as Heart Rate module, Android application and Bluetooth
module. The Heart Rate (HR) module picks up heart rate signal by a non-invasive technique
(Photoplethysmography) from the subject (patients) and sends it (signal) wirelessly to computer
or android application using Bluetooth module. This system can be embraced and combined as a
part of telemedicine constituent. The data received from heart rate module can be saved and
viewed for further medical usage. The result from this device prototype can be utilized for
various clinical investigations, indeed these Bluetooth’s signal can be transmitted between 15 to
20 meters radius. The evaluation is based on functional accuracy, The authors state that
Experimental results obtained were found to be accurate as the system was able to sense and read
the heartbeat rate of its user and transmits the sensed data via Bluetooth to the Android mobile
app(Blynk) . From the results obtained, it was found that the heartbeat rate of low if >40 and
<60, medium if >60 and <100, high if >100 and <150. Furthermore, this research paper presents
an approach that is flexible, reliable, and confidential for a heartbeat rate monitoring and control
system using sensor network and IoT technology.

R. Krishnamoorthy et al.[21] they present a novel and intelligent healthcare monitoring system
based on cutting-edge technologies like the IoT, optimization methods, and machine learning,
with the goal of providing early and accurate diagnosis of a wide range of diseases. In this
section, we examine the pros and cons of several IoT & ML-based healthcare monitoring
systems. ML strategies are utilized to make predictions based on the medical sensor data that has
been uploaded to the cloud. Using data from the UCI repository. the proposed IOT-ONN
model is 4–15 percentage points more precise. In addition, the IOT-ONN model cuts training
time by 15% to 52% compared to ANNs trained with the BPN algorithm. Results show that
when various healthcare datasets are utilized for training, the proposed IOT-ONN model
performs well in terms of accuracy.

Laljee Manjhi and Amar Prakash Sinha[15] In this research work, a full-scale health
monitoring system is being designed that acquires data using IoT sensors
and predicts heart diseases accurately using robust machine learning
algorithms. The physiological data, which includes pulse rate and body
temperature, are pre-processed in real-time using effective normalization
and outlier removal techniques, thereby making it reliable. Machine learning
classifiers, including SVM, Naïve Bayes, and Random Forest, were
implemented and tested on the dataset. SVM came out with an accuracy of
86%. A total of 40 samples dataset was used for validation of the system's
performance in real-time applications. Results indicated that the system
could mitigate

5
latency issues and scalability, hence suitable for multiple healthcare settings
especially in
resource-limited areas. Key findings proved the effectiveness of the system
to enhance
early diagnosis and personalized care. Recommendations include increasing
data
security, integration of edge computing, expanded diagnostic capabilities,
and large-scale
testing for increased adaptability. This research works toward the
advancement of
healthcare technology by providing a scalable, efficient, and reliable
framework for
predictive health monitoring.

Wu et al.[22] In this study, they propose an Internet of Things (IoT)-based wearable health
monitoring system that can remotely monitor the exact locations and physiological parameters of
quarantined individuals in real time. The system utilizes a combination of highly miniaturized
optoelectronic and electronic technologies, an anti-epidemic watch, a mini-computer, and a
monitor terminal to provide real-time updates on physiological parameters. Body temperature,
peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and heart rate are recorded as the most important
measurements for critical care. If these three physiological parameters are aberrant, then it could
represent a life-endangering situation and/or a short period over which irreversible damage may
occur. A one-to-many system, comprising an anti-epidemic watch and a mini-computer, has been
designed to fulfill the insufficiency of existing epidemic prevention tools. It can passively
prevent quarantined individuals from going out, block the virus tracks, and avoid the spread of
the virus, thereby protecting public health. The system checks the body temperature, heart rate,
and blood oxygen concentration at any time, and both a healthcare provider and the anti-
epidemic watch user can observe the status. While the world gradually lifts the blockade,
quarantine demands have been dramatically reduced. However, this project of a one-to-many
monitor system will continue to be developed and improved to overcome known problems and
difficulties.

Mustufa Haider Abidi et al.[23] this proposal develops a new healthcare monitoring system for
tracking the activities of elderly people, where the Hadoop MapReduce technique for parallel
processing the large-sized data. The data collected as mentioned in the available datasets is
performed by using the numerous wearable sensors fixed on the ‘‘subject’s left ankle, right arm,
and chest’’ that are transformed to the cloud platform and also to the data analytics layer
according to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. The given input undergoes data
splitting to produce tiny chunks. These small chunks of the input files are then considered as
Map tasks. Here, in the map phase, the features are optimally selected by the Hybrid Dingo
Coyote Optimization (HDCO). The combiner phase classifies the physical activities using the
developed Deep Ensemble Learning (DEL) consisting of classifiers such as ‘‘Extreme Learning
Machine (ELM), deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long short-term memory
(LSTM), Deep Belief Network (DBN), and Deep Neural Network (DNN)’’. The parameter
tuning in these classifiers is done by the same HDCO. The reducer phase extracts data from
different chunks by merging the same classes. The developed HDCO-DEL has secured 13.66%,
6
16.01%, 17.33%, 13.6%, and 14.01% better accuracy than ELM, CNN, LSTM, DBN, DNN, and
HealthFog, respectively on second dataset. The comparison with existing methods shows its
better performance and also predicts physical activities with overall high accuracy.

Mustufa Haider Abidi et al. [24] they present a deep learning-based IoT enabled real-time
health monitoring system. The proposed system uses wearable medical devices to measure vital
signs and apply various deep learning algorithms to extract valuable information. For this
purpose, we have taken Sanda athletes as their case study. The deep learning algorithms help
physicians properly analyse these athletes’ conditions and offer the proper medications to them,
even if the doctors are away. The performance of the proposed system is extensively evaluated
using a cross-validation test by considering various statistical-based performance measurement
metrics. The proposed system is considered an effective tool that diagnoses dreadful diseases
among the athletes, such as brain tumours, heart disease, cancer, etc. The performance results of
the proposed system are evaluated in terms of precision, recall, AUC, and F1, respectively.

Table 3 Performance of different phenotypes

Precision% Precision% Recall% Recall% AUC% AUC% F1% F1%

Phenotypes
(A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B)
Temperature 60.55 60.8 65.29 59.52 68.55 58.9 67.74 52.32
Heart beat 73.66 58.04 72.1 57.16 75.41 59.68 72.89 52.43
Pulse rate 74.36 61.67 72.91 63 74.86 65.41 68.79 62.12
Blood
72.55 53.91 71.72 56.24 72.3 55.3 72.31 51.78
pressure
Blood sugar 70.95 60.15 70.53 61.15 71.07 60.96 72.42 60.23
Blood glucose 69.55 59.43 68.23 58.9 71.33 62.78 70.32 59.09
ECG 71.44 56.78 70.23 55.32 71.99 64.12 70.98 59.03
EEG 73.44 59.03 72.67 59.12 74.35 60.21 73.21 58.33
Pain 73.88 56.59 73.34 59.66 74.34 61.69 71.27 58.06

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Prasath5
jpdharsan@[Link] and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of
Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
kabinsanjay7997@[Link] and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi
Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Coimbatore, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
skathirece2@[Link] and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of
Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
kirankarthik7071@[Link] Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Shakthi
Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Coimbatore, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
ksivaprasath@[Link] Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri
Shakthi Institute of
Engineering and Technology,Coimbatore,Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, , India.
[10] A. El Amraoui and K. Sethom, “Cloudlet softwarization for pervasive
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[11] D. Tantrigoda, S. Boralugoda, and S. Perera, “An approach for visualizing
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time series using discrete haar wavelet,” Journal of Wavelet Theory and
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[12]IoT-Cloud based framework for patient’s data collection in smart healthcare system using
Raspberry-pi
Kavita Jaiswal,IIIT Bhubaneswar ,Odisha,India 751003
Email: a116010@[Link]
Srichandan Sobhanayak ,IIIT Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India 751003
Email: srichandan@[Link]
Bhabendu Kumar Mohanta,IIIT Bhubaneswar, Odisha,India 751003
8
 Email: c116004@[Link]
Debasish Jena ,IIIT Bhubaneswar, Odisha,India 751003
Email: [Link]@[Link]
[13]Reddy, P.C.S., Suryanarayana, G. and Yadala, S., 2022, November. Data analytics in
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[15] Health Monitoring System using Machine Learning and IoT
Laljee Manjhi1*& Amar Prakash Sinha2,1Research scholar, 2Associate Professor
Department of ECE, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
[16]IoT-enabled healthcare transformation leveraging deep learning for advanced patient
monitoring and diagnosis ,Nawaf Alharbe1 · Manal Almalki2
Received: 25 August 2023 / Revised: 30 June 2024 / Accepted: 16 July 2024 /
Published online: 30 July 2024
© The Author(s) 2024
[17] V. Veeraiah, A. Pankajam, E. Vashishtha, D. Dhabliya, P. Karthikeyan and R. R.
Chandan, "Efficient
COVID-19 Identification Using Deep Learning for IoT," 2022 5th International Conference
on Contemporary
Computing and Informatics (IC3I), Uttar Pradesh, India, 2022, pp. 128–133, https:// doi. org/
10. 1109/ IC3I5 6241. 2022. 10073 443.
[18]E-Healthcare Monitoring System using IoT with Machine Learning Approaches
1 Brahmaji Godi Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Institute of Technology
Visakhapatnam, India ,brahmajigodi@[Link]
4 Om Prakash Samantray Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Institute of
Technology Visakhapatnam, India ,om.prakash02420@[Link]
2 Sangeeta Viswanadham Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Institute of
Technology Visakhapatnam, India ,sangeetaviswanadam@[Link]
5 Sasi Rekha Gadiraju student Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Institute of
Technology Visakhapatnam, India ,gadirajusasirekha@[Link]
3 Appala Srinuvasu Muttipati Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Institute of
Technology , Visakhapatnam, India ,[Link]
[19] Mobile Health in Remote Patient Monitoring for Chronic
Diseases: Principles, Trends, and Challenges
Nora El-Rashidy 1 , Shaker El-Sappagh 2,3,*, S. M. Riazul Islam 4,* , Hazem M. El-Bakry 5
and Samir Abdelrazek 5 Citation: El-Rashidy, N.; El-Sappagh,S.; Islam, S.M.R.; M. El-Bakry,
H.; Abdelrazek, S. Mobile Health in Remote Patient Monitoring for Chronic Diseases:
Principles, Trends, and Challenges. Diagnostics 2021, 11,
607. [Link]
Academic Editor: Sandeep K. Vashist
Received: 15 December 2020
Accepted: 5 March 2021
Published: 29 March 2021
[20] IoT based System for Heart Rate Monitoring
Sahana S Khamitkar [Link] (CSE) ,Department of Studies in Computer Science and
Engineering ,University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davanagere -577004, Karnataka, India
( A Constituent College of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi )
9
Prof. Mohammed Rafi ,Department of Studies in Computer Science and Engineering University
B.D.T College of Engineering, Davanagere -577004, Karnataka, India
( A Constituent College of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi )
[21] An Intelligent IOT Based Smart Healthcare Monitoring System using Machine Learning
R.Krishnamoorthy1, Meenakshi Gupta2, Gundala Swathi3, Kazuaki Tanaka4, Ch. Raja5,
Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh6 ,Centre for Advanced Wireless Integrated Technology,
Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India1
School of Engineering and Technology, Sushant University, Gurugram2
School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
Campus, India3,Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan4,Department of ECE, Mahatma Gandhi
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India5 ,[Link] Computer Science and
Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist., Andhra
Pradesh India6
1 krishnamoorthyr@[Link] 2Meenakshi78gupta@[Link], 3gundalaswathi@[Link],
kazuaki@[Link] 4 5chraja@[Link], 6jvnramesh@[Link]
[22] IoT-based wearable health monitoring device and its validation for potential critical and
emergency applications
Ju-Yu Wu 1,2, Yuhling Wang 1, Congo Tak Shing Ching 3,4,
Hui-Min David Wang 2,3 and Lun-De Liao 1,2* 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering and
Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, 2 Program in Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University,
Taichung, Taiwan, 3 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing
University, Taichung, Taiwan, 4 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan
University, Puli, Taiwan
[23] Big Data-Based Smart Health Monitoring System: Using Deep Ensemble Learning
MUSTUFA HAIDER ABIDI , USAMA UMER , SYED HAMMAD MIAN , AND
ABDULRAHMAN AL-AHMARI , (Member, IEEE)
[24] Internet of things-enabled real-time health monitoring system using deep learning
Xingdong Wu1 Chao Liu2 Lijun Wang3,4 Muhammad Bilal5

10