ADAMA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
WIND LOAD EXAMPLES

Yasin A.

1
Site Altitude (m) r (kg/m3) Terrain
Above sea level
Category Kr Zo(m) Zmin(m)
0 1.20
500 1.12
I 0.17 0.01 1
1000 1.06 II 0.19 0.05 2
1500 1.00 III 0.22 0.3 5
2000 0.94 IV 0.24 1 10

2
3
Wind Load (on flat roofs)

4
Wind Load (on Monopitch roofs)

5
Wind Load (on Monopitch roofs)

6
Wind Load (on Duo pitch roofs)

7
Wind Load (on Duo pitch roofs)

8
Wind Load (on Hipped roofs)

9
Wind Load (internal wind pressure)

10
11
12
 Orographic coefficient
• The orographic location factor “S”:
1) Upwind section for both orography:
𝑋
𝑋 𝑍 (𝐵∗ )
For range: −1.5 ≤ ≤0&0≤ ≤ 2.0, S=A*𝑒 𝐿𝑈
𝐿𝑈 𝐿𝑒
𝑍 4 𝑍 3 𝑍 2
A=0.1552*( ) − 0.8575 ∗ ( ) + 1.8133 ∗ ( ) -
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍
1.9115∗ + 1.0124 ………..A.5
𝐿𝑒
𝑍 2 𝑍
B=0.3542*( ) − 1.0577 ∗ +2.6456
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑋 𝑍
For range: < −1.5 𝑂𝑅 > 2.0, S=0
𝐿𝑈 𝐿𝑒
Yasin A. 13
 Orographic coefficient
• The orographic location factor “S”:
2) Downwind section for Cliffs & Escarpments:
𝑋 𝑍
For range: 0.1 ≤ ≤ 3.5 & 0.1 ≤ ≤ 2.0,
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑋 2 𝑋
S= A*(Log[ ]) + B*(Log[ ]) +𝐶
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
A= -1.3420*(Log[ ])3 − 0.8222 ∗ (Log[ ])2 + 0.4609 ∗ (𝐿𝑜𝑔[ ]) - 0.0791
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
B=-1.0196*(Log[ ])3 − 0.8910 ∗ (Log[ ])2 + 0.5343 ∗ (𝐿𝑜𝑔 ] - 0.1156
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
C= 0.8030*(Log[ ])3 + 0.4236 ∗ (Log[ ])2 − 0.5738 ∗ (𝐿𝑜𝑔 ] +0.1606
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑋
For range: 0 ≤ < 0.1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝐿𝑒
𝑋 𝑋
= 0(𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴. 5 & = 0.1
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍 𝑍
When: < 0.1 use the value for = 0.1
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑋 𝑍
When : > 3.5 𝑂𝑅 > 2.0, take the value S=0
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 Yasin A. 14
 Orographic coefficient
• The orographic location factor “S”:
3) Downwind section for Hills & Ridges:
𝑋
𝑋 𝑍 (𝐵∗ )
𝐿𝑑
For range: 0 ≤ ≤ 2 & 0 ≤ ≤ 2.0,
𝐿𝑑 𝐿𝑒
S=A*𝑒
𝑍 4 𝑍 3 𝑍 2
A=0.1552*( ) − 0.8575 ∗ ( ) − 1.8133 ∗ ( ) -
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑍
1.9115∗ + 1.0124
𝐿𝑒
𝑍 2 𝑍
B= -0.3056*( ) + 1.0212 ∗ ( ) − 1.7637
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
𝑋 𝑍
For range: > 2 𝑂𝑅 > 2.0, S=0
𝐿𝑑 𝐿𝑒
Yasin A. 15
 Wind Load analysis example
1. The figure shown below is an apartment
building with external walls located in urban
area. Determine the External wind pressure
acting on the sides of the building and the roof.
The building is located 500m above sea level
and take ∅<0.05

16
• Basic wind pressure
1
qb = 𝜌vb2
2
Vb = Cdir*Cseason*Vb,0 , Vb,0=22m/s,
Cdir=Cseason = 1
𝑘𝑔
From Table 3.1 for altitude 524m , 𝜌 = 1.12
𝑚3
But According to ES EN 2015, 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1.25
𝑚3
1 1 𝑘𝑔
qb = 𝜌vb2
= ∗ 1.25 ∗(22m/s)2 =302.5N/m2 =
2 2 𝑚3
0.3025kN/m2
17
 Wind load on Sides of the building
Exposure Factor
• Roughness Factor
Reference height , h=24m, b=14m, 2b= 28m
b < h < 2b
The building is divided in to two parts.

18
Using Table 3.2 for Urban area ( category IV),
kr =0.24, Z0=1m, Zmin =10m
• Lower part, h=14m, Zmin <Z<200 ,
𝑍
Cr(Z) =Kr ln( ) = 0.24*ln(14/1)= 0.665
𝑍0
• Upper part, h=24m, Zmin <Z<200 ,
𝑍
Cr(Z) =Kr ln( ) = 0.24*ln(24/1)= 0.763
𝑍0
• Orographic Factor, For ∅<0.05 , Co=1
2 2 7𝐾𝑟
𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) = 𝐶𝑜 (z) 𝐶𝑟 (z)[1+ ]
𝐶𝑜 (𝑧)𝐶𝑟 (𝑧)
For lower part,
2 2 7∗0.24
Ce(14) = 0.665 *1 [1+ ] = 1.56
0.665∗1
For Upper part,
2 2 7∗0.24
Ce(24) = 0.763 *1 [1+ ] = 1.864
0.763∗1 19
• External Pressure coefficient
𝑏 = 14𝑚
e =minimum = 14m,
2𝑕 = 2 ∗ 24 = 48𝑚
d=12m ∴ d<e

20
• Area calculation
AD = 14*14 = 196m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AE = 14*14 = 196m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AA = 2.8*14 = 39.2m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AB* = 9.2*14 = 128.8m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
From Table 7.1 for h/d= 24/12 = 2 which is b/n 1&5
Cpe (A) = -1.2,
Cpe (B*) = -0.8
Cpe (D) = +0.8,
Cpe (E) = -0.55, interpolate between -0.5 & -0.7

21
External Wind Pressure
We= qb* Ce(Z)*Cpe = qp*Cpe,
Where the peak velocity pressure, qp = qb* Ce(Z)

• Lower Part
We(D) = 0.303*1.56*0.8=0.338kN/m2
We(E) = 0.303*1.56*(-0.55)=-0.127kN/m2
We(A) = 0.303*1.56*(-1.2)=-0.423kN/m2
We(B*) = 0.303*1.56*(-0.8)=-0.338kN/m2

• Upper Part
We(D) = 0.303*1.864*0.8=0.404kN/m
We(E) = 0.303*1.864*(-0.55)=-0.152kN/m2
We(A) =0.303*(-1.2)=-0.505kN/m2
We(B*) = 0.303*1.864*(-0.8)=-0.404kN/m2
22
23
 Wind Force
• Lower Part
FD = WD*AD= 0.338*14*14=66.248kN act @ 14/2=7m above the
ground.
FE = WE*AE= -0.127*14*14=-24.892kN act @ 7m above the ground.
FA= WA*AA= -0.423*2.8*14=-39.2kN act @ 7m above the ground.
FB = WB*AB= -0.338*9.2*14=-43.538kN act @ 7m above the ground.
• Upper part
FD = WD*AD= 0.404*14*10=56.56kN act @ 14+10/2=19m above the
ground.
FE = WE*AE= -0.152*14*10=-21.28kN act @ 19m above the ground.
FA= WA*AA= -0.505*2.8*10=-14.14kN act @ 19m above the ground.
FB = WB*AB= -0.404*9.2*10=-37.168kN act @ 19m above the ground.
24
• Internal Pressure Coefficients
For buildings with out dominance face use extreme
values.
C pi =0.2 or Cpi =-0.3
• Internal wind pressure, Wi= qb* Ce *Cpi
Lower part, Z=14m
Wi(pressure) = 0.303*1.56*0.2=0.1kN/m2
Wi(pressure) = 0.303*1.56*(-03)=-0.14kN/m2
Per Part, Z=28m
Wi(pressure) = 0.303*1.864 *0.2= 0.113kN/m2
Wi(suction) = 0.303*1.864 *(-0.3)= -0.17kN/m2

25
 Net Wind Pressure
• Wnet = We – Wi ,

Lower Part Upper Part

Part We Wnet1 Wnet,2 We Wnet1 Wnet,2

D 0.338 0.013 0.478 0.404 0.291 0.574

E -0.127 -0.227 0.13 -0.152 -0.265 -0.012
A -0.423 -0.523 -0.283 -0.505 -0.618 -0.365
B -0.338 -0.438 -0.198 -0.404 -0.517 -0.207

26
 Wind load on the roof: Flat Roof
• Sharp eave condition
𝑏 = 14𝑚
e =minimum = 14m,
2𝑕 = 2 ∗ 24 = 48𝑚

27
 Pressure Coefficients
• Area calculation
AF = 3.5*1.4 = 4.9m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
AG = 7*1.4 = 9.8m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
AH = 7*5.6= 78.4m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AI = 14*5 = 70m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
Zone F, Cpe(F) = Cpe1 (F) +( Cpe10 (F)- Cpe1 (F)) log10 AF ,
Cpe10 =-1.8, Cpe1 =-2.5,
Cpe(F) = -2.5 +( -1.8- (-2.5)) log10 4.9 =-2.016
Zone G, Cpe10 =-1.2, Cpe1 =-2,
Cpe(G) = -2 +( -1.2- (-2)) log10 9.8 =-1.207
Zone H, Cpe10 =-0.7
Zone I, Cpe10 = ±0.2
28
Wind pressure, We= We= qref* Ce(Z)*Cpe
• The basic wind pressure and exposure coefficient are
computed previously.
We(F) = 0.303*1.864*-2.016=-1.016kN/m2
We(G) = 0.303*1.864*-1.207=-0.608kN/m2
We(H) = 0.303*1.864*-0.7=-0.353kN/m2
We(I) = 0.303*1.864*±0.2=±0.1KN/m2

29
 Net Wind Pressure
Wnet = We – Wi ,

Part We Wip Wnet,1= We We Wis Wnet,2= We

– Wip – Wis
F -1.016 0.113 -1.129 -1.016 -0.170 -0.846
G -0.608 0.113 -0.721 -0.608 -0.17 -0.438
H -0.353 0.113 -0.464 -0.353 -0.17 -0.183
I +-0.1 0.113 -0.213,+0.013 +-0.1 -0.17 -0.27,+0.07

30
2. A building with out dominance opening face is
to be constructed in sub urban area. Determine
the wind pressure acting on the roof. The
building is located 800m above sea level.

Mono-pitch Roof

31
• Peak wind pressure

𝑘𝑔
According to ES EN 2015 the recommended , 𝜌 = 1.25
𝑚3
Vb = Cdir*Cseason*Vb,0 , Vb,0=22m/s, Cdir=Cseason = 1
Mean Wind Velocity
Vm(z)=Cr(z)*Co(z)*Vb
Orographic Factor, For ∅<0.05 , Co=1
Roughness Factor

• Using Table 3.2 for Sub-Urban area ( category III),

kt =0.22, Z0=0.3m, Zmin =5m
• Z= h=24m, Zmin <Z<200 ,
𝑍
• Cr(Z) =Kr ln( ) = 0.22*ln(24/0.3)= 0.96
𝑍0 32
Turbulence Intensity

1
Iv(z)= 24 = 0.1858
1𝑥𝑙𝑛(0.3)

Mean Wind Velocity

vm(z) = Cr*Co*Vb= 0.964x1x22=21.208m/s
Peak Wind pressure
1
𝑃𝑝 (𝑧)=[1+7x0.1858]x 𝑥1.25x21.2082 = 0.6518
2

33
• Internal Pressure Coefficients
For buildings with out dominance face use extreme
values.
C pi =0.2 or Cpi =-0.3
• Internal wind pressure
Wi= qp*(Z)Cpi
Wi(pressure) = 0.6518*0.2= 0.13kN/m2
Wi(suction) = 0.6518*(-0.3)= -0.20kN/m2
• External Pressure coefficient: Mono-pitch roof
Wind action acts on the roof in two directions.
• Wind perpendicular to the ridge (𝜃 = 00 , 𝜃 = 1800 )
• Wind parallel to the ridge (𝜃 = 900 )
34
Case 1: Wind pressure perpendicular to the ridge (𝜽 = 𝟎𝟎 )

b=14m, d=10m
𝑏 = 14𝑚
e =minimum = 14m,
2𝑕 = 2 ∗ 24 = 48𝑚

35
 Area calculation
• AF = 3.5*1.4 = 4.9m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
• AG = 7*1.4 = 9.8m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
• AH = 14*8.6= 120.4m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10,
• Zone F, Cpe(F) = Cpe1 (F) +( Cpe10 (F)- Cpe1 (F)) log10 AF ,
Cpe10 =-1.7, Cpe1 =-2.5,
Cpe(F) = -2.5 +( -1.7- (-2.5)) log10 4.9 =-1.95
• Zone G, Cpe10 =-1.2, Cpe1 =-2,
Cpe(F) = -2 +( -1.2- (-2)) log10 9.8 =-1.207
• Zone H, Cpe10 =-0.6
External Wind pressure,
We= We= qp(Z)*Cpe
We(F) = 0.6518*-1.95=-1.29kN/m2
We(G) = 0.6518*-1.207=-0.79kN/m2
We(H) = 0.6518*-0.6=-0.393kN/m2
36
Case 2: Wind pressure parallel to the ridge (𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 ),

b=10m, d=14m
𝑏 = 10𝑚
e =minimum = 10m,
2𝑕 = 2 ∗ 24 = 48𝑚

37
 Area calculation
• AF,UP = 2.5*1.0 = 2.5m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
• AF,LOW = 2.5*1.0 = 2.5m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
• AG = 5*1.0 = 5m2 <10m2, CPe1< Cpe <Cpe10
• AH = 10*4= 40m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
• AI = 10*9= 90m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
• Zone F,up, Cpe(F) = Cpe1 (F) +( Cpe10 (F)- Cpe1 (F)) log10 AF , Cpe10 =-2.1,
Cpe1 =-2.6,
Cpe(,Fup) = -2.6 +( -2.1- (-2.6)) log10 2.5 =-2.4, Cpe(F,low)=2.28
• Zone G, Cpe10 =-1.8, Cpe1 =-2,
Cpe(F) = -2 +( -1.8- (-2)) log10 5 =-1.86
• Zone H, Cpe10 =-0.6
• Zone I, Cpe10 = -0.5
External Wind pressure,
We= We= qref* Ce(Z)*Cpe
• We(F) = 0.6518 x-2.4=-1.57kN/m2
• We(G) = 0.6518 x-1.86=-1.217kN/m2
• We(H) = 0.6518 x-0.6=-0.393kN/m2
• We(I) = 0.6518 x-0.5=-0.327kN/m2 38
 Net wind Pressure

Wnet = We – Wi , Wip = 0.13kN/m2, Wis = -0.20kN/m2

𝜃 = 00 𝜃 = 900
Part We Wnet,1= Wnet,2= We Wnet,1= Wnet,2=
We – Wip We – Wis We – Wip We – Wis
F -1.29 -1.42 -1.10 -1.57 -1.70 -1.37
G -0.79 -0.92 -0.59 -1.217 -1.347 -1.017
H -0.393 -0.523 -0.193 -0.393 -0.523 -0.193
I -0.327 -0.457 -0.127

The final design is using the maximum wind pressure and

maximum suction of all the above values.
W(pressure) = 0.20kN/m2
W(suction) = 1.7kN/m2 39
Example 3
The building shown in the fig is used for industrial
purpose and located in industrial zone. Determine the
wind load acting on the roof. The building is located on
1500m altitude.
• The building has openings 1m2, 2m2, and 1m2 in
leeward, wind parallel and windward sides respectively.

40
 Basic wind pressure
1
qb = 𝜌vref2
2
𝑘𝑔
The recommended , 𝜌 = 1.25
𝑚3
Vref = Cdir*Cseason*Vb,0 , Vb,0=22m/s, Cdir=Cseason = 1
1 1 𝑘𝑔
qb = 𝜌vb2
= ∗ 1.25 ∗(22m/s)2 = 242 N/m2 =
2 2 𝑚3
0.242kN/m2
Exposure Factor
2 2 7𝐾𝑟
𝐶𝑒 (𝑧) = 𝐶𝑜 (z) 𝐶𝑟 (z)[1+ ]
𝐶𝑜 (𝑧)𝐶𝑟 (𝑧)

41
 Roughness Factor

For Sub-Urban area ( category III), kr =0.22,

Z0=0.3m, Zmin =5m
Z= h=10m, Zmin <Z<200 ,
𝑍
Cr(Z) =Kr ln( ) = 0.22*ln(10/0.3)= 0.7714
𝑍0

42
 Orographic Factor

𝐻 35
∅ = = = 0.4375 > 0.3
𝐿𝑢 80
Co=1+0.6S
For ∅ > 0.3, Le=H/0.3 =35/0.3 = 116.667m
X=60 (the horizontal distance of the building from the crest)
X/Le=60/116.667= 0.514
Since the downwind of the cliff side is flat:
Z=10 (the vertical distance from the ground level of the site)
Z/Le=10/116.667 =0.086
43
• For down wind side of a cliff
• At X/Le=0.514 & z/Le=0.086, using the graph S= 0.51
• Using the formula with X/Le=0.514 & z/Le=0.1, S=0.504
∴ Co=1+0.6S = 1+0.6x0.51 = 1.3
• Exposure coefficient
7∗0.22
Ce(10) = 0.77142x1.32[1+ ]= 2.812
0.7714∗1.3
44
• Internal Pressure Coefficients
For buildings without dominance opening face can be
determined based on the opening ratio.

(1 + 2)
𝜇= = 0.75
(1 + 2 + 1)
h/d=10/10=1
h
From Figure A.11, for 𝜇 = 0.75 with =1
d
Cpi = -0.23
Internal wind pressure
Wi= qb* Ce(Z)*Cpi
Wi= 0.27*2.812*-0.23= -0.19kN/m2 45
• External Pressure coefficient:
for due-pitch roof
For the given wind direction 𝜃 = 00 , b=20m, d=10m
𝑏 = 20𝑚
e =minimum = 20m,
2𝑕 = 2 ∗ 10 = 20𝑚

46
 Area calculation
• AF = 5*10 = 10m2 , Cpe =Cpe10
• AG = 10*2 = 20m2 >10m2, Cpe =Cpe10
• AH = 20*3= 60m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10,
• AI = 20*3= 60m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10,
• AJ = 20*2= 40m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10,

External pressure coefficients

• Zone F, Cpe10 =0.7
• Zone G, Cpe10 =0.7
• Zone H, Cpe10 =0.6
• Zone I, Cpe10 =-0.2
• Zone J, Cpe10 =-0.3
47
External Wind pressure, We= We= qref* Ce(Z)*Cpe
• We(F) = 0.242*2.812*0.7=0.476kN/m2
• We(G) = 0.242*2.812*0.7=0.476kN/m2
• We(H) = 0.242*2.812*0.6=0.408kN/m2
• We(I) = 0.242*2.812*(-0.2)=-0.1361kN/m2
• We(J) = 0.242*2.812*(-0.3)=-0.204kN/m2
Net wind Pressure
• Wnet = We – Wi , Wip = -0.19kN/m2
𝜃 = 00
Part We Wi Wnet= We – Wi
F 0.476 -0.19 0.666
G 0.476 -0.19 0.666
H 0.408 -0.19 0.598
I -0.136 -0.19 0.054
J -0.204 -0.19 -0.014 48
Example, 4
• The building shown in below is to be built in a
sloped terrain in Modjo. The details of the
terrain and the position of the building are
shown in the figure. Six windows of 2.5m x
2.75m size are provided in each of the longer
sides. Two windows of 2.0m x 2.75m size and
one door of 2.5m x 3m are provided in each of
the shorter sides of the building. Elevation of
the existing ground level at the building site is
1720m.

49
 1.6 m

4.5 m
30 m

Calculate the wind

load acting on the 12 m
Elevation
middle truss in the
12 m
roof truss assembly. Plan

The trusses are

spanning in the short
direction of the 30 m
Side elevation
building at 3m 1.6 m
centers.
12 m
Truss

Wind
30 m
200 m

500 m
Terrain detail with position of the building
50
The fundamental value of wind velocity vb,o = 22
m/sec
Basic wind velocity vb = CDIR Cseason vb,o = 1 * 1 * 1 *
22 = 22 m/sec
CDIR = CSeason = 1 → shall be taken
Basic wind pressure qb
• To calculate the air density, the altitude is can be
considered.
But according to Es EN 2015 the recommended
𝑘𝑔
value is , 𝜌 = 1.25 3
𝑚
Basic wind pressure
qb = ½ ρ vb2 = ½ * 1.25 * 222 = 235.5 N/m2
51
• wind pressure W = qbCe(z) Cp
Exposure Factor Ce(ze):
Ce(ze) =

𝑍
Roughness Factor= Cr(z) = Cr(Z) =Kr ln( ) for Z > Zmin
𝑍0

= Cr(Zmin), for Z < Zmin

Modjo can be considered as a sub urban area and therefore
the terrain category falls as category III
For terrain category III, Zmin = 5 m, Z0 = 0.3
Kr = Terrain Factor = 0.22
Z = Reference height = 6.1 m
Therefore, Z > Zmin ; Cr(z) =0.22*ln(6.1/0.3) =0.72
52
Orographic Factor: Co(z)

Φ = Upwind slope H/Lu in the wind direction = 30/500 = 0.06

Le = Effective length of upwind slope = Lu, for 0.05 < Φ < 0.3

up-wind side of a Cliff

53
Up-wind side of a Cliff with 0.05 < Φ < 0.3
Le=Lu=500m
X=-200m, X/Lu=-200/500 = -0.4
Z=6.1m, Z/Le=6.1//500=0.0122
Here s = 0.3
Therefore, Co = 1 + 2s Φ = 1 + 2(0.3)(0.06) = 1.056

Exposure Factor

54
 External pressure coefficient Cpe:

e = b or 2h which e/4 = 3.05m F

ever is smaller.
b = 30 m;
2h = 2*6.1 = 12.2m
Hence e = 12.2 m
α = Tan-1(1.6/6) 23.9 m
G H J I 30 m
= 15°
Area F = 3.721 m2
Area G = 29.158 m2
Area H = 143.4 m2 e/4 = 3.05m
F
2
Area I = 143.4 m
Area J = 36.6 m2

e/10 = 1.22 m 4.78m 4.78m

1.22m
55
For area F
Cpe , F = Cpe1 + (Cpe10 - Cpe1) log10A;
Cpe1 = -2.0 & Cpe10 = -0.9
Cpe ,F = -2.0 + (-0.9 – (-2.0)) log103.721 = -1.3722
&+0.2
All the other areas are more than 10 m2, therefore, Cpe
for all other areas = Cpe10
• Cpe , G =-0.8 & +0.2
• Cpe , H =-0.3 & +0.2
• Cpe , I =-0.4
• Cpe , J =-1.0
56
Internal pressure coefficient Cpi:
• Internal pressure coefficient Cpi for buildings without
dominant face is based on the value

ΣArea of openings at the leeward and wind parallel side

= (6*2.5*2.75) + (4*2.0*2.75) + (2*2.5*3.0) = 78.25m2
ΣArea of openings at the windward, leeward and wind parallel
side = 78.25 + (6*2.5*2.75) =119.5m2

h/d= 6.1/30=0.2
From figure, for μ = 0.6548 & h/d<=0.25
Cpi = -0.025
57
Wnet = We – Wi = qb Ce(z) [Cpe – Cpi]

Cpe Cpi Wnet(suc) Wnet (pre)

F -1.372,+0.2 -0.025 -0.514 +0.134
G -0.8,+0.2 “ -0.484 +0.134
H -0.3, +0.2 ‘’ -0.072 +0.134
I -0.4 “ -0.113 -
J -1.0 “ -0.463 -

58
• To calculate the wind load on the roof truss which is
at the middle of the roof truss assembly. The middle
truss is spanned across the zones G,H,I and J. Out of the
zones, coefficient for G is critical(-ve) ; hence the load on
roof truss is considered based on the critical value.
Maximum suction, Wn, suc = -0.484 kN/m2
Maximum pressure, Wn, pre = +0.134 kN/m2

• This Wnet acts on the roof covering, which is supported by

purlins. Purlins are supported by the truss. Consider
purlins to be supported at each and every joint of the
principal rafter of the truss.

59
 Purlins

Roof truss

Roof covering

Center to center distance between

6.21 m the purlins = 6.21/4 = 1.5524 m

Center to center distance between the truss = 3m

Load transferred to the purlin from the roof covering
= - 0.484 * 1.5524 = -0.7514 kN/m
Load transferred over the intermediate joints of principal rafter of
truss = -0.7514*3 = -2.254 kN
Load transferred over the end joints of principal rafter of truss
= -2.254/2 = -1.127 kN 60
• These loads are perpendicular to the principal rafter of the
truss.

Homework:
1. Similarly determine the pressure (+ve) joint loads on the
Middle truss.
2. Determine both (-ve) & (+ve) joint loads on the end truss.
3. Analyze & determine the forces in the truss members.
61