0Microprocessor 8085 Notes – Architecture & Organisation

What is a microprocessor?

A microprocessor is a central part of a CPU; it is also known as the brain of

a computer. It is a small electronic chip that performs calculations,
processes the data and controls other components in a computer.

Definition: A microprocessor is a semiconductor, multipurpose,

programmable device which takes binary data as input, processes it
according to the instructions stored in memory and provides an output
result.

 It is a single chip.

 Perform arithmetic, logic and control operations.

 Works on binary signals.

 It is programmable, meaning it can execute multiple instructions.

Unit of Microprocessor
Microprocessors have multiple units and can do multiple works to
process data and execute instructions. There are three main units in a
microprocessor.

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): It performs arithmetic

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It
also does a logical operation like comparison, using ‘and’, ‘or’, and
‘not’.
 Registers: The registers are used to hold the data and instructions
temporarily inside the microprocessor during the execution of the
program.

 Control Unit: The control unit works like a traffic controller inside
the CPU; it ensures every part of the computer works together
smoothly.

Function of the Microprocessor

 It can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

 It can do comparisons like greater than, less than or equal to.

 It can transfer the data between memory, registers and input/output

devices.

 It works like a manager between the processor and external devices.

Evolution of Microprocessor
 There are five generations of microprocessors.

 1. First Generation
 The Intel 4004 was the first commercial microprocessor.
It was a 4-bit microprocessor introduced in 1971. It is
used in a calculator. In 1972, Intel introduced the first
general-purpose 8-bit microprocessor, named the Intel
8008.
 2. Second Generation
 In 1974, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor. It is
an upgraded version of the Intel 8008. In this generation
the microprocessors have a CPU, ROM, RAM, clock, and
I/O ports; all are in a single package which is known as a
microcontroller. In 1976, the Intel 8085, an 8-bit
microprocessor, was introduced.
 3. Third Generation
 In 1978, Intel introduced the 8086, a 16-bit
microprocessor. It was an upgrade version of the 8008.
The 8086 microprocessor has 64 kb of memory space
and full arithmetic execution.
 4. Fourth Generation
 In 1981, Intel introduced the first 32-bit microprocessor,
the 80386. It has a physical memory of 4 GB. In 1982,
the HP-32 microprocessor was introduced late; in 1987,
the Motorola 68020, a 32-bit microprocessor, was
introduced.

 5. Fifth Generation
 In 1993, Intel introduced a 64-bit microprocessor. Intel
improves the speed of the microprocessor, and the
system can run new OS like Unix, Linux, etc. The speeds
of the microprocessors are 66 MHz to 233 MHz. The
fifth-generation microprocessor is called a Pentium
processor.

Microcomputer and Microprocessor

A microcomputer is a complete computer system built
around the microprocessor, which includes a
microprocessor (CPU), memory (RAM/ROM), input/output
ports and storage. A microprocessor is the central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).

The instruction and data are stored in memory. The

instruction stored in memory is called ‘program
 memory’ (PM), and data is stored in another part of
memory known as ‘data memory’ (DM).
The control unit is just like a manager which manages all
the peripheral devices connected to the computer and
also reads the instructions. The processor helps to
execute the instruction using the arithmetic and logic
unit. The result is sent to the output device.

Microprocessor Microcomputer

Single chip (CPU) Complete computer system

Runs programs, manages data,

Executes instructions
interacts with users

Intel 8086 IBM PC (1981)

Needs external
Self-contained system
components

Generic Microprocessor

The modern microprocessor is a generic microprocessor.

A generic microprocessor is a general-purpose CPU chip
designed to perform a wide range of tasks.
It can handle operating systems,
application programs,
games,
AI applications, etc.
Generic Microprocessor Diagram
Generic Microprocessor Units

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

 Several registers, like the instruction register, accumulator, stack
pointer, data/address register, and temporary register

 Program counter

 Instruction Decoder

 Timing and control section

 Bus buffer and latches

 Interrupt control

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): ALUs perform the arithmetic

and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, and the logical operations like AND, OR and NOT, etc. This
result is stored in the accumulator register.

 Register: The microprocessor contains various registers. This

register helps to store data temporarily during a program execution.

 Accumulator: It is an 8-bit register used to store 8-bit data. The

ALU result is stored in the accumulator.

 Instruction register: It is also an 8-bit register and helps to store

the first bytes of an instruction in the register.

 Status register: The status register is called ‘flags’; the status

register has two flags, zero and one. These flags are made of flip-
flops which have a set or reset according to data conditions in the
accumulator.

 Program counter: It is a 16-bit register which contains the address

of the next executable instruction.

 Stack Pointer: It is also a 16-bit register consisting of the address

of a memory location called the stack.

 Data/Address Register: It is two 8-bit registers which are used

separately or as a combined pair. The data are stored in this register
when there is use of a pair.

 Instruction Decoder: The instruction decoder reads instructions

from program memory. This instruction is a binary number. It helps
to translate the binary codes into signals and tell other parts of the
CPU what to do.

 Timing & Control Unit: The Timing & Control Unit is like the traffic
manager inside a microprocessor. It makes sure every part of the
CPU works in proper sequence and at the right time.
  Address Bus: The microprocessor uses the address bus to tell
memory or input/output devices where to find or store data.

 Data Bus: The data bus is a group of 8 bits and is used for data
flow between the MPU and memory and peripherals.

 Bus buffer and latches: a latch is also made up of flip-flops and

stores one bit of information.

Microcomputer

A microcomputer is a complete computer system built around the

microprocessor, which includes a microprocessor (CPU), memory
(RAM/ROM), input/output ports and storage.

The microcomputer contain 4 blocks.

 Input Device

 Arthmetic and control unit

 Program Memory and Data memory

 Output Device
Block diagram of Microcomputer

The microcomputer is built around a microprocessor and include memory,

input/output devices and storage. The block diagram shows how these
components intreract.
The main blocks of microprocessors are the following:

 Microprocessor (CPU): It is known as the central processing unit

that executes instructions and contains the ALU, registers and
control unit.

 Memory:

 RAM stands for random access memory; it is a temporary

storage for data and instructions.

 ROM stands for Read-only memory; it stores permanent data

for system programs.

 Input device: Takes data and instruction from the user or device,
like a keyword, mouse, or scanner.

 Output device: It displays the result or processing, like a monitor,

printer, or speaker.

 Storage device: It stores the data and program permanently, like a

hard disc, SSD, USB drive, etc.

 System bus: There are three types of buses.

 Data Bus: It transfers data between the CPU, memory and

I/O.

 Address Bus: It carries memory addresses.

 Control Bus: It helps to send control signals like read/write,

clock, etc.
Block diagram of 8085
  Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): It performs arithmetic and
logical operations.

 Register: It is a high-speed storage location inside the CPU, like the

accumulator, general-purpose registers (B, C, D, E, H, L), program
counter, stack pointer, and flag register.

 Control Unit: It directly flows the data and instruction; it also

controls signals for memory and I/O devices.

 Instruction Register & Decoder: It decodes the signals and tells

the ALU and other units what to do.

 Timing & Control Circuitry: It manages read/write operations with

memory and I/O.

 Interrupt Control: It handles external requests to pause the

current program and execute urgent tasks.

 Serial I/O control: It is used for communication through SID (Serial

Input Data) and SOD (Serial Output Data).

 System Bus: There are three types of buses used in the 8085.

 Address Bus: Carries memory address of 16 bit.

 Data Bus: It carries data between the CPU, memory, and I/O.

 Control Bus: It carries control signals like read, write, etc.

Features of the 8085 Microprocessor

 It is an 8-bit microprocessor, meaning it can process 8 bits of data at

a time.

 It has a 16-bit address bus.

 It has an 8-bit data bus which is used to transfer data between the
microprocessor and memory and I/O devices.

 It has a 3 MHz clock speed.

 It can support 74 basic instructions and 246 opcodes.

 It includes an accumulator, six general-purpose registers (B, C, D, E,

H, L), a program counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP) and a flag
register.
  It provides five hardware interrupts like TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST
5.5, and INTR.

 It has an SID (Serial Input Data) and SOD (Serial Output Data) for
communication.

8085 Pin Diagram and Functions

The Intel 8085 is a 40-pin microprocessor. The pins are grouped into
categories based on their function.

Address and Data Bus

 A8–A15 (Pins 21–28): Higher-order address bus (only address).

 AD0–AD7 (Pins 12–19): Multiplexed lower-order address and data

bus.

Control and Status Signals

 ALE (Pin 30): Address Latch Enable – separates address from data
on AD0–AD7.

 RD (Pin 32): Read signal – indicates data is to be read from

memory/I/O.

 WR (Pin 31): Write signal – indicates data is to be written to

memory/I/O.

 IO/M (Pin 34): Distinguishes between memory and I/O operation.

 S0, S1 (Pins 33, 35): Status signals – indicate the type of

operation.

Power and Clock

 Vcc (Pin 40): a +5V power supply.

 Vss (Pin 20): Ground.

 X1, X2 (Pins 1, 2): Connected to a crystal oscillator for clock

generation.

 CLK (Pin 37): Clock output for synchronising peripherals.

Interrupts and Control

 INTR (Pin 10): Interrupt request.

 INTA (Pin 11): Interrupt acknowledge.

 RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 (Pins 7, 8, 9): Restart interrupts.
  TRAP (Pin 6): Non-maskable interrupt.

 RST IN (Pin 36): Reset input – initialises the microprocessor.

 RST OUT (Pin 3): Reset output – indicates processor reset.

DMA (Direct Memory Access) Signals

 HOLD (Pin 39): Requests control of buses.

 HLDA (Pin 38): Hold acknowledge.

Serial I/O Ports

 SID (Pin 5): Serial input data.

 SOD (Pin 4): Serial output data.

Instruction Cycle (8085)

The instruction cycle is the sequence of operations that the 8085 performs
to execute a single instruction. It consists of three main steps –

1. Fetch: The microprocessor takes the instruction from memory. The

program counter provides the address of the instruction, and this
instruction loads on the instruction register (IR).

2. Decode: The instruction decoder interprets the binary code of the

instruction. It helps to identify the operation, like ‘Add’ or ‘Mov’, and
the operands, registers, memory or immediate data.

3. Execute: The ALU and Control Unit help to calculate the operation,
and the results are stored in registers or memory; the status flags
may be updated depending on the result.

Supporting Concepts

 Machine Cycle: The machine cycle is the smallest unit of the work
a microprocessor does. For example, reading data from memory,
writing data to memory, or reading from an input device. Each
instruction is made up of one or more machine cycles.

 T-states: A T-state is just one clock pulse of the microprocessor.

Every machine cycle takes a few T-states to complete.

 Instruction Cycle: An instruction cycle = Fetch + Decode +

Execute. Each instruction cycle is made up of several machine
cycles. Each machine cycle is further made up of several T-states.

Addressing Modes (8085)

The addressing modes tell the microprocessor how to help to find the data
needed for an instruction.

 Immediate Addressing Mode – Data is given directly to the

instruction, like MV1 A, 25H -> Put 25H directly into register A.

 Direct Addressing Mode – The instruction gives the memory

address where the data is stored, like LDA 2050H -> Load the
contents of memory location 2050H into register A.

 Register Addressing Mode – Data is inside a register. The

instruction tells which register, like MOV A, B -> Copy contents of
register B into A.

 Register Indirect Addressing Mode – The instruction points to a

register pair (HL, BC, DE) that contains the memory address.
Example: MOV A, M -> Copy data from memory location pointed to
by the HL pair into A.

 Implicit (Implied) Addressing Mode – The operand is not written

in the instruction; it is understood. Example: CMA. Complement the
contents of the accumulator.