BMAT102L – Differential Equations and Transforms Dr. T.
Phaneendra
Module 7: The Z-transform (Some Examples) Professor of Mathematics
Example 1. Define the Z-transform of the sequence * +.
Solution. Let 〈 〉 be a causal sequence, defined for n = 0, 1, 2, …. Its Z-transform is defined as
, - ( ) ∑ where z is an arbitrary complex number.
Example 2. Prove that , - | | | |.
Solution. We know that , - ( ) ∑ where . Therefore,
* + ∑ ∑. / . /
since ( )
Example 3. State and prove the initial value theorem of the Z-transform.
Solution.
Statement. If , - ( ) , then ( ).
Proof. We know that
( ) ∑
Applying the limit as , this gives ( ) .
Example 4. Find , -.
Solution.
We know that , ( )- 0 1 Let f(n) = n. Therefore,
, - [ , -] | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Example 5. State the Differentiation rule in the Z-Domain.
Solution. We have , ( )- * ( )+
Example 6. Find [ ].
Solution. We know that , ( )- ( ) Therefore,
, - , - , - [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) , ( )-
{ } { }
( ) ( ) ( )
Example 7. Find the Z-transform of (n + 1)(n + 2).
Solution. We have
,( )( )- , - , -
1
BMAT102L – Differential Equations and Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 7: The Z-transform (Some Examples) Professor of Mathematics
, - , - , -
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Example 8. State and prove Second Shifting theorem.
Solution.
Statement: If * ( )+ ( ) , then , ( )- ( ) ( )
Proof. We know that * ( )+ ∑ ( ) Therefore,
, ( )- ∑ ( ) ∑ (( ) )
∑ (( ) ) ∑ ( )
{∑ ( ) ( )} ( ) ( )
Example 9. Prove that , ( )- ( ) ( )
Proof. We know that * ( )+ ∑ ( ) Therefore,
* ( )+ ∑ ( )
( )
∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
{∑ ( ) ( )} ( ) ( )
Example 10. Find the Z-transform of unit sample sequence.
Solution. We know that * ( )+ ∑ ( ) Consider ( ) is the unit sample sequence, that
is ( ) {
* ( )+ ∑ ( )
Example 11. Find the Z-transform of unit step sequence.
Solution. We know that * ( )+ ∑ ( ) Consider ( ) is the unit step sequence, that is
( ) for Therefore,
, ( )- ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
2
BMAT102L – Differential Equations and Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 7: The Z-transform (Some Examples) Professor of Mathematics
Example 12. State the Final-value theorem.
Statement. If ( )+
* ( ) , then ( ) ( ) ( )
Example 13. State Convolution theorem on Z-transform.
Statement. If * ( )+ ( ) and * ( )+ ( ), then * ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( ), where
( ) ( ) ∑ ( ) ( )
Example 14. Find 2( )(
3
)
Solution. We have
2( )( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
∑ ∑. /
{ . / . / . / }
. /
{ } . / ( )
. /
Example 15. Find 2 3.
Solution. We have
( ) ( )
{ } ∑4 5 ∑
Example 16. Find { } by the shifting property.
Solution. We have
{ } { } | * +| | |
Example 17. Find the Z-Transform of ( ) .
Solution. We have
, - ∑ ∑
( ) ( )
( )
Example 18. Find the Z-Transform of cosn and sinn .
Solution. We have 2( ) 3 Therefore,
* +
, -
3
BMAT102L – Differential Equations and Transforms Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 7: The Z-transform (Some Examples) Professor of Mathematics
*( ) + *( ) +
( )
( )
{ } { }
( )
* + * +
Example 19. Find Z2 3
Solution. We have
{ } ∑
( ) ( )
( ) . /
Example 20. Find the inverse Z-transform of ( )
using the convolution theorem.
Solution. We have
2( )( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
∑ ∑
* ( ) + ( )
Example 21. Evaluate 0 1.
Solution. Let
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) … (1)
Substitute in (1). Then ( ) ( ) or While, substituting
in (1), ( ) ( ) or Therefore,
( )
Applying the inverse Z-transform,
( ) ( )
( ) 2 3 2 3