Java for Beginners

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems

One of Java's biggest strengths is:

"Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA)"

This means Java programs can run on any operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).

Why Learn Java?

 Beginner-friendly

 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Platform independent

 Strongly typed language

 Excellent for learning programming fundamentals

 Widely used in industry

Java Architecture

Java Code (.java)

Compiler (javac)

Bytecode (.class)

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Runs on Windows, Linux, macOS

Installing Java
Check if Java is installed:

java -version

javac -version

Compile a program:

javac [Link]

Run it:

java Main

Your First Program

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

[Link]("Hello World!");

Output:

Hello World!

Understanding the Code

public class Main

 public → Accessible from anywhere.

 class → Defines a class.

 Main → Class name (must match the filename).

public static void main(String[] args)

This is the entry point of every Java program.

 public → Can be accessed by the JVM.

 static → Can run without creating an object.

 void → Doesn't return a value.

 main() → The first method executed.

Printing Output

[Link]("Hello");

Prints with a new line.

[Link]("Hello");

Prints without a new line.

[Link]("Age: %d", 20);

Formatted output.

Variables

int age = 20;

double salary = 25000.50;

char grade = 'A';

boolean passed = true;

String name = "Noel";

Primitive Data Types

Type Example

byte 10

short 200

int 1000

long 100000L

float 3.14f

double 3.14159

char 'A'

boolean true
Taking User Input

import [Link];

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner input = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

String name = [Link]();

[Link]("Hello " + name);

[Link]();

Operators

Arithmetic

int a = 10;

int b = 3;

[Link](a + b);

[Link](a - b);

[Link](a * b);

[Link](a / b);

[Link](a % b);

Comparison
a == b

a != b

a>b

a<b

a >= b

a <= b

Logical

&&

||

If Statement

int age = 20;

if (age >= 18) {

[Link]("Adult");

} else {

[Link]("Minor");

Switch Statement

int day = 3;

switch(day){

case 1:

[Link]("Monday");

break;
 case 2:

[Link]("Tuesday");

break;

default:

[Link]("Other Day");

Loops

For Loop

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){

[Link](i);

While Loop

int i = 1;

while(i <= 5){

[Link](i);

i++;

Do-While Loop

int i = 1;

do{

[Link](i);

i++;

}while(i <= 5);

int[] numbers = {10,20,30,40};

[Link](numbers[0]);

Loop through an array:

for(int num : numbers){

[Link](num);

Methods

public static int add(int a, int b){

return a + b;

public static void main(String[] args){

int result = add(5,7);

[Link](result);

Classes and Objects

class Student{

String name;

void display(){

[Link](name);
 }

public class Main{

public static void main(String[] args){

Student s = new Student();

[Link] = "Alice";

[Link]();

Constructor

class Student{

String name;

Student(String n){

name = n;

The Four Pillars of OOP

Encapsulation

Keep data private and provide controlled access using getters and setters.
Inheritance

One class inherits features from another.

class Animal{

void sound(){

[Link]("Animal Sound");

class Dog extends Animal{

Polymorphism

class Animal{

void sound(){

[Link]("Sound");

class Dog extends Animal{

@Override

void sound(){

[Link]("Bark");

}
Abstraction

Hide implementation details while exposing only the necessary functionality.

Exception Handling

try{

int x = 10/0;

catch(Exception e){

[Link]("Error");

finally{

[Link]("Done");

File Input

import [Link];

import [Link];

File file = new File("[Link]");

Scanner input = new Scanner(file);

[Link]([Link]());

Collections

ArrayList

import [Link];

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();

[Link]("Alice");

[Link]("Bob");

[Link](names);

Common Java Packages

Package Purpose

[Link] Collections, Scanner

[Link] File handling

[Link] Date and time

[Link] Large number calculations

Mini Project: Calculator

import [Link];

public class Main {

Scanner input = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("First Number: ");

double a = [Link]();

[Link]("Second Number: ");

double b = [Link]();

[Link]("Addition = " + (a + b));

[Link]("Subtraction = " + (a - b));

[Link]("Multiplication = " + (a * b));

if (b != 0) {

[Link]("Division = " + (a / b));

} else {

[Link]("Cannot divide by zero.");

[Link]();