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Chapter No - 7

The document discusses the application of complex analysis, specifically focusing on Laurent series and residue theory for evaluating complex integrals. It outlines theorems related to residues at poles, including methods for calculating residues and applying the Cauchy residue theorem. Several illustrations are provided to demonstrate the evaluation of integrals using these concepts.

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Vedant Sonar
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2 views25 pages

Chapter No - 7

The document discusses the application of complex analysis, specifically focusing on Laurent series and residue theory for evaluating complex integrals. It outlines theorems related to residues at poles, including methods for calculating residues and applying the Cauchy residue theorem. Several illustrations are provided to demonstrate the evaluation of integrals using these concepts.

Uploaded by

Vedant Sonar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
A INTRODUCTION : : We now have the necessary machinery to see ! ane amazing applications of the tools we developed! Se last few chapters. You leat how Laurent! ‘nsion can give useful information concerning | (Nov. 2010) = Res (f(z), 20) oxnaly unrelated properties of complex funetions, + Remark : vou also learnt how the ideas of complex analysis’ The Laurent series coefficient rake the solution of very complicated integrals of real | 1 vijued functions as easy literally as the computation} tay. § f(z) de ofresidues we begin with a theorem relating residues | evaluation of complex integrals. or $f(2) de = 2nia_, ‘The Cauchy integral formula are useful in! ss evaluating contour integrals over a simple closed } Illustration ; Intgrate the function f(z) = z+ sin z | counter clockwise around the unit circle C. contour C, Where the integrand has the from Solution : We know that, ndfisan analytic AxnoloneIaiiiaeamcttbesing Hn g = Sy" <= of the integrand is at worst a pole of order n at zo. We ' 2 GntD! begin this section by extending this result to integrals + that have a finite number of isolated singularities | 2. fe) = z4sin z = siz inside the contour C. This new method can be used z incases where the integrand has an essential singularity ay and is an important extension of the previous ; method. 12 RESIDUES AND RESIDUE THEOREM (Without Proof) = Which converges for all z # 0 and series f(z) has a pole of third order at z = 0 and the residue We saw in the previous section that ifthe complex f ‘ int z = zo inside function f(z) has a singularity at 2 point z = zo inst C, bu is otherwise analytic on C and inside C, then f(@) has a Laurent series. ni a 1 f= S q@-a) =2ni (a) ani(- 4)-$ i ' qheorem 7.2.1 : (Residue at a simple pole) = She ag ta FOF If f has a simple pole at z = zo then Res ea: sat (leh 29) = Him (2 20) 0) (Dee. 2014) 2 = 29 which is i my some deleted neighbot 0< [2-701 ~* + proof : Since # = 29 is a simple pole, the Laurent The costed teat namie! Fat Expansion of f about the point has the form *0 and is denoted by : ‘hat converges for all point neat — 180 Complex Varlables and Partial Differential Equations For 8 1-2" f= ay + we Ae) = > + ay + a, (@ - 29) H +04 (- +a e~s 4 1 +) @ zal, differentiate (n ~ 1) times, Multiplying both sides by (z - za) and then taking the limit as z 29 we have, & (-»y' fe) time ~) fie) = (n= 1) bay + mlag (2 ~ 29) 4 Since all the terms on the RS after the fny involve positive integer powers of (= ~ zo), lim [a., + (2-29) +4 2-2) +] =ay = Res (f(z), 29) Mlustration : Obtain residue at a simple pole Taking lim both the sides. iy tim “Se -4)" S)=(- Dla, 24% ear ’ 0 LO sacar ot; ' * ‘ a4= ind estate Oars Solution : Here /(z) = Pre are Ta | 2= is a simple pole ‘ Tilustrati & = pie ~ 3y)"fle) + For the function f(z) = “ss find ' geet yk Res (fe) ) = lim (2-1) f(z) = lim — ee 7 residue, (May, 2012) Ithas a pole z = 0 of order 3. At z = 0 the residue 10% is: = esi ‘ Theorem 7.2.2 : Residue at a pole of order n | tevin} ms Sf) If fhas a pole of order m at z = z then, 1 & =< lim Sa-2) Res (f(2), 29) = 2 20 de a Bee! oo 72 GO nag dim Got (aS) Alternative method for computing a residue at 2 simple pole : ince fis assumed to have a pole of order , cian A Pa a wit. When fis not a rational function, ealeaaig “Its Laurent expansion for 0 <|z—z| m + 2, the Cauchy | Principal Value (P.V.) of the integral is 2h 7 PQ) Ee py, { -® ae =2ni Y Res! 2, z | ay ZRslQ 4 2 Where z; are the poles of + that lie in the 1 Agz pee panes Z has simple poles at the poins and that the points 2) = i ang 24 =2i, are the only singularities of /(2) in the upper half plane. Computing the residues we obtain Fig. 7.10 “ @GIED 6 Res [f(2), 2i] = lim (2-24) f(2) PCS) that le in the The poles 2}, 29, ... zp of ' re (x) ' upper half play WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 1 : Evaluate = —— ne rou (2-f) (2+) E42) e 1 Te@anesn* Solution : Here integrand function {@)=a a 2 +ne +4) l (+) G-)E+ = a eee @ GA) 4) ~ 12 By theorem contour integration for rational function r 1 See = 2ni {Res [f(2), i] + Res [flz), 2i]} = ni asl = = & al “6 Illustration 2 : Evaluate : j ard 2 (@F+9F (@-2i) Solution : The integrand function f(z) = oar Factor the denominator (22 + 9)? =@+3iP @- 392 a ue Theo! resid ny 475 where 2}, 22, 23 and 24 are the four distinct roots 3i lies in the upper half-plane, has | of the equation z* + 1 = 0. at 2 + 9), has simple zeros at 2) = 3i,1 4 3i, 2) = — 34 and the pole! / lies in the upper half plane. | F@)= qq has for simple poles. 4i 1 7=Glq = eQn + mild, = 0, 1, 2, & 3 Simple poles at z = etl4, e3nil4, eSmi/A, ¢7nil4 ' of these z = eF!/4 and z = e3%i/4 Jies above the upper ‘ half of z-plane. i Fig. 7.12 Res [f(2), 34) tim, 4 [e-a¥ fo] Sn de > oh a (337 -z+3i _ 31434 in Gay Giear? == = a de i @ay* ard e+e = 2ni Res [f(2), 3!] = 2ni (0) = 0 Mlustration 3 : Using contour integration show that (ae (June 2010) al+x 22 ‘ 4 ‘ Res (f (2), 29) ey = Bua a5 : or Sait 4 Solution : Let (<4 + 1) = - 44) @ - 2) @- 33) | iS @-24)1 176 2ni (sum of residues) Jae 1 =f WE aE Beit g ATE * NF Ilustration 4: Compute : 2 e x cl ney (@) The integrand has a zero of fourth order at 0, and since (1 + x2? + 0 for every x R, the i itegral is convergent. The integrand has two double Poles + i of which only + / lies in the “upper hall plane, so I d 1 Res [z), i] = — lim 4 wo aries ae SP .1h rn $ ete 3 Sear = 2ni Res [/(2), i] [al (b) Same as in (a) the integrand has the two double poles of which — i do not lies on R Res [f (2), i] = alm |_27 1G+0 Gre 2s aie ee if =e Complex Variables and Partial Differential Equations For BE (Sem. 2 2 The integrand 3; has a zero of second order ; —* gy de = 2ni Res [/(2); i] 1 lea : =2ni-l Lx i 412 i 2 H 7 _* ad { Illustration 5 : Prove that { —-— dx = 7¥? | ‘ Bors ' Solution = at <2, and so singularity on the X-axis. The poles in {the upper half-plane ' i -14i ' yr 8 Paw. are both simple with z) - z) = 1, so Res) a1= am oe im ea 43 lim 8G) 2 H(a) Res [Az), 29] = stration 6 : Compute : J yw ; aie tet ude 1 solution : The integrand 7—— as a zero of g+z+l second order at 20 and the poles. siBer 2 Tega oer Here 2) =~ 5 + 17>, which ies above the upper half of z~plane. x) = lim 8@) Res fe) a] = i Jim, 1 * etn Bel eae ae =l+iv3 +1 WS - dk a i eae [Res (F@), 20] 1 Qn =2ni| =| == «laa 8 Illustration 7. Use Residues to evaluate «xt ee owt 2017, June 2011) lene ser ater 2 ? Solution : The integrand f ©) = GE +4) (2+ 1) (C2 + 4) has simple zero at 2) = 1, 22= ty =~ fend zy =~ 2i and 2y = (and 22 = 2 Ties in the upper half plane. 2 » f= Bane has simple pole at 2, =i,2y = Diy ty = 24 = Zi andthe poles 21, 2 lies in the upper half plane. (OVPDE for B- (Sem) / 23/2088 i Res (Az), 2)] = Res (Ae) fl = Im e-a)/@) = lim z Si mi Genera) 2) i} a) fe) = lim sou ee +2) A 3 vide Gaye [oni (Res (/(), 4) + Res (fl) 2) tii) at 6 3) 6 ib 2 Here the integrand is a era) EC) “GipG De MEM Evaluate the Cauchy's principal Teale) (Nov. 2016) a = Complex Variablos and Partial Diforentia Equations For BLE. ([Link] Where a is a positive real number. i, * 34 are the simple poles and only within the semi - circle. | Theorem (Contour Integration for Improper | Trigonometry Integrals) 7. Let P(x) and Q(x) be polynomials with reg) coefficients of degree m and n, respectively. Where n 2 M + 1 and Q(x) # 0 for all real x. 1p a> Oand & “Ce then @) fe Res (fz). 1 = 2"" 2 -i) f@) s py, | 222 cos (ax) de 2 Ax) = lim ' 2x ¥ 1, (Res, 5) il ® P(x) Gi) PV. Qay = 1 = Qi) 4) C21), sin (ax) de Res [flz), 3i] = fm, (2-38 f(2) lim. 1 & 1G+)E-DE+3 =2n Y Re (Res [f, =) ia where z; are the poles of f(z) that lies in the upper half plane and Re (Res [f, z)]) and l,, (Res [f =) are the real and imaginary parts of Res [f, )] respectively ee ~ Gi) 2) Gi)” 48 «By Contour integration theorem for rational improper integrals. eee Pole at the point 2) = 2i in the We know that cos (ax) = Re[e!@*] and 7 sin(ax) = Im [ex] functions, : I = 2ni {Res [Az), i] + Res [Az), 3i]} ' } s = 2xi [aoe + 1] = 2ni| +t § a5 [ 16* #)- 2 [ rf ot 7.6 IMPROPER INTEGRALS INVOLVING | on a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS : ' ‘ > Let P(x) and Q(x) be polynomials of degree mand || ® Fig. 7.18 ® 1n, respectively, where n > m + 1, _————— eee + clashataicate a 4 WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS % P(x) cos(ax) ' Tlustration 1 : j zune 2V, AS a and t ion 1 : Evaluate P.V. ew Low) : toe ® P(x) sin(ax) ‘Solution : Here f(z) = —2¢°__ __2e* py, f PE2SRD ae are convergent! 1 2 ae 179 ‘ 34 ‘ a8 e * Fig. 7.16 ' Fig. 7.17. ig. 7- ‘ : R . 2] = lim (2-4) f@) Res [f(@), 2i] = lim (2-21) fe) ' es [f(2), 21] & i 7 {Gem : = 136-3 aay 3D Gia rt ieee = lim ee Pea, tle ae. son G43) 6F e ' % _cosx py. J AP dk = 2n Re [Res [/(@),4l] | Bas Nera ge Qn Re(, u ‘ = 2F : = i) : In by 27a ' err ee ' -*(3)-3 Illustration 2 : Evaluate : (a) P.V. dx nas ae J eer rn or. as, Bae ‘ () RY. j25« (© BY. eee Solution : iz cos: (@) Integrand function f(2) = Dans. Factor of the denominator is 24+9=(@+3)E-3) The zeros are 2) = 3i, #2 = ~3i and 2) = lies in the upper-half plane. f(@) has simple poles at 2 Fe se hc upper alle | san Re [Res /€2), 30] = 5, | = 2x (0) = (0) 2s Re| =| in (0) = ( (©) _ integrand function f (2) = 357 2+1=(+)G-) ‘The zeros are z= i and - i. 180 Complex Vi = i lies in the upper-half plane. is a simple pole. Jim Res [f (2), i 72) S®@ = lim z cence) lim “2 ti rei é cos x aor Pv. it ~2n In [Res (f(2), )] (May 2016) xsinx 49 and (i) BV. f (Dee. 2013) et Solution : Here integrand function IO= Fy Factor of the denominator is (z? + 9) = (z + 31) @-3) *. The zeroes are 21 = 3i, 29 = -3i and zy = 3/ lies in the upper half-plane, . f(z) has simple poles at z = 3i and z) = -3) and the pole z = 3/lies in the upper half-plane. I nd Partial Differential Equations For B.E, (Sem) Res [f(2), 2] = I a) J@) xeosx de +9 @ PY, a = 2 In [Res (ft ' =-2n (0) =0 ? xsinx Beery 1 = 2x Re [Res (f(z), z1)] = 2x Re (3) 1eetee! Bde =2n Mlustration 4, Evaluate PV. f cox iy 2 (+4) (P59) (May, 2012, a = 3, 6 = 2) Solution : Here integrand function cosz +4) (a9 Factor of the denominator is (<2 + 4) (2 +9) =€+ 2 @- 9 @+3)@- 3 +The zeros are 2 = 2i, 24 = -3i and z; = 2i- 23 =3ilies in the upper half - plane. 7G) has simple poles at #1 = 2i, 2) =-2i, 24 = 34, oy = 33 and the pole 2; = 2i and 23 = 3/ lies in the upper half plane, f= 2) = -2i, 2 = Bi, 181 x or atr a Fig, 7.21 Illustration 5: Obtain the principal value Res [f(2), 21] = Res [/@), 21) ‘ e = lim (2-3) £@) VP. ray é | Solution : Since x4 - 1 = (x? + 1) @-D@+ 1) = jim, (z~2i), Gah Gone ‘ integrand function f(x), considering as complex, it has ‘ a simple pole at Fe fad cig ; so (242i) (+9) Gi) C449) z= 1, Res so-|aatan| oi ii grt © 4i(5) — 20€* 1 z=—1, Res f2) las C= il Similarly, Res (/(2), 23] = Res [/(@), 31] pees 2 D+) ( = -i in the lower half-plane) oe : pv. | es -2ni(-3) z= i, Res f(2) = lim (2-31) nee 2h 3) G43) @ +4) ; é oo = BN G43) +4) 61944) “GES” 300 = cosx ev | yey = -2n ly [Res (/(2), 4) + Res (/(2).4)] Illustration 6 : Obtain the principal value ° dx LA rear =-2n |, [- aan es | = 72m bn 208 ” 308 1 ry {Ssttion + Here integrand function is ? Si. yi ey ae ofae+ wal $e ¥) where p= 1 and q(x) =x4 + 3x24 Simple poles on the Real Axis : fo gaat + ast 4 If f(z) has a simple pole at z= a on the real axis qe) = 423 + 62 then Simple poles are at 2i, 1 and 1 (z = ~2i, in the lower half-plane) Hae [ foram s tLe) ; 182 Definition 7.6.1 : A function f(z) is said to be ‘meromorphic in a domain D provided that the only ! singularities of f(=) are isolated poles (and removable | singularities). A meromorphic function does not have essential singularities | Theorem (Argument Principle) 7.6.2 : Let /(@) be meromorphic in the simply connected domain D. Let C be a simple closed positively oriented contour in D along with f(z) #0 and f(z) # «. Then oie eee (1) 2ni 6S) Where N is the number of zeros of (2) that lie inside C and P is the number of poles that lie inside C. COROLLARY [Link] : Let f (2) be analytic in the simply connected | domain D. Let C be a simple closed positively oriented | z3 contour in D along which f (z) + 0. Thet j fi @) ch ay * Where N is the number of zeros of f(z) that lies inside C. Theorem (Rouche's Theorem) 7.6.3 : Let f(z) and g(2) be analytic functions defined in the simply connected domain D. Let C be a simply + 2ni Complex Variables and Partial Differential Equations For B.E.(Semyy { closed contour in D. If the strict inequality If) - and g <| f (2)| holds for all = on C then (2) have the same number of zeros inside {C, (Counting multiplicity), how that all four zeros of the A —72—1 lies in the disk |z) <2, e+) Mlustration 1: S polynomial g(z) Solution : Let f(z) = 24, then f(z) ~ g@ At points on the cirele | [f@-g@)| = [72+ 11 $72] 41 <7) +1 =15< 16=|f@| The function f() has a zero of order 4 at the origin, and the hypothesis of Rouche's Theorem hold true for the circle |z| = 2. 2 g(c) has four zeros inside |z Ilustration 2 : Show that the polynomial g(z) ~ Tz = 1 has one zero in the disk |z| <1. Solution : Let f (2) = —72 ~ I then 7@)- 8) At points on the circle 2] = 1 We have If@-g@|=|-A*1=1<6 =(7-1 = (T2|-|-1] s|7z+ =|f@) ‘The function f(z) has one zero at z = the disk |z|< I and the hypothesis of Rouche’s. Theorem holds true on the circle |z| = | (2) has one zero in: Illustration 3 : Use Rouche's theorem to determine the number of zeros of the polynomial 2° — Sz4 + ~ 22 inside the circle |z|=? (Dec. 2012) jolution : Let f(z) = 5z4 then BG) = 26 ~ 5244 23 _ 22 (2) ~ g@ =-26 - 3 +22 At points on the circle | z | = 1 If@-g@)| =} 2-3 +22} S [25] + 23] + 2) 2] <4

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