©© Programming Process & Python Programming
---
© Chapter 1: Programming Process
©© What is Programming?
Programming is the process of writing instructions (called a **program**) that tell a computer
how to perform a specific task.
©© Steps in the Programming Process
©©© 1. Problem Identification
* Understand the problem clearly.
* Identify the required input and expected output.
©©© 2. Problem Analysis
* Study the problem carefully.
* Break it into smaller parts.
©©© 3. Algorithm Design
An **algorithm** is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
**Characteristics of a Good Algorithm**
* Simple
* Clear
* Finite
* Efficient
©©© 4. Flowchart
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.
**Common Symbols**
* Oval → Start/End
* Rectangle → Process
* Parallelogram → Input/Output
* Diamond → Decision
* Arrow → Flow of control
©©© 5. Coding
Write the program using a programming language such as Python.
©©© 6. Testing and Debugging
* Run the program.
* Find and remove errors (bugs).
©©© 7. Documentation
Prepare notes explaining how the program works.
©©© 8. Maintenance
Update and improve the program whenever required.
---
© Chapter 2: Introduction to Python
©© What is Python?
Python is a **high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language** developed by
**Guido van Rossum** in **1991**.
©©© Features of Python
* Easy to learn
* Free and open source
* Portable
* Object-oriented
* Large standard library
* Cross-platform
* Supports GUI programming
©©© Applications of Python
* Artificial Intelligence
* Machine Learning
* Data Science
* Web Development
* Automation
* Game Development
* Cyber Security
---
© Chapter 3: Basics of Python
©© Variables
Variables store data.
**Example**
```python
name = "Rahul"
age = 17
```
©© Rules for Naming Variables
* Must begin with a letter or underscore (_)
* Cannot begin with a number
* No spaces
* Case-sensitive
---
©© Data Types
* int → Integer
* float → Decimal number
* str → Text
* bool → True or False
* list → Collection of items
* tuple → Ordered collection (cannot be changed)
* dictionary → Key-value pairs
---
©© Input Function
```python
name = input("Enter your name: ")
```
---
©© Output Function
```python
print("Welcome")
```
---
©© Operators
©©© Arithmetic Operators
+, -, *, /, //, %, **
©©© Comparison Operators
==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
©©© Logical Operators
and, or, not
©©© Assignment Operators
=, +=, -=, *=
---
© Chapter 4: Control Structures and Loops
©© Decision Making
©©© if Statement
```python
age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible")
```
---
©©© if-else
```python
marks = 45
if marks >= 33:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")
```
---
©©© if-elif-else
```python
marks = 82
if marks >= 90:
print("A+")
elif marks >= 75:
print("A")
else:
print("B")
```
---
©© Loops
©©© for Loop
Used when the number of repetitions is known.
```python
for i in range(5):
print(i)
```
Output
0
1
2
3
4
---
©©© while Loop
Used when repetitions depend on a condition.
```python
i=1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
```
---
©© Loop Control Statements
©©© break
Terminates the loop.
©©© continue
Skips the current iteration.
©©© pass
Acts as a placeholder.
---
© Chapter 5: Functions
©© What is a Function?
A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.
---
©© Advantages
* Code reusability
* Easy debugging
* Better readability
* Reduces repetition
---
©© Creating a Function
```python
def greet():
print("Good Morning")
```
Calling the Function
```python
greet()
```
---
©© Function with Parameters
```python
def add(a, b):
print(a + b)
add(10, 20)
```
---
©© Function with Return Value
```python
def square(n):
return n * n
result = square(5)
print(result)
```
---
©© Types of Functions
©©© Built-in Functions
* print()
* input()
* len()
* max()
* min()
©©© User-defined Functions
Functions created by the programmer.
---
© Summary
* Programming follows a systematic process from problem identification to maintenance.
* Python is simple, powerful, and widely used.
* Variables store data of different types.
* Control structures help make decisions.
* Loops repeat tasks efficiently.
* Functions improve code organization and reusability.
---
© Homework
©© A. Very Short Answer Questions
1. Define programming.
2. What is Python?
3. Name four features of Python.
4. What is a variable?
5. Name any four Python data types.
©© B. Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the steps in the programming process.
2. Differentiate between an algorithm and a flowchart.
3. Explain the difference between a for loop and a while loop.
4. Write the syntax of an if-else statement.
5. What are the advantages of functions?
©© C. Programming Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 20 using a for loop.
2. Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd.
3. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.
4. Write a program to find the largest of three numbers.
5. Write a function to calculate the sum of two numbers.
©© D. Activity
Draw the flowchart and write the algorithm for finding the largest of two numbers.
©© E. Project Work
Create a simple Python program that:
* Takes the student's name and marks as input.
* Calculates the percentage.
* Displays the grade using if-elif-else statements.
* Uses a user-defined function to display the result.