SCIENCE PRACTICAL RECORD
Name: Subhadeep Das
Subject: Science
Academic Year: 2025-2026
Page 1 of 9
EXPERIMENT 1.A: pH of Samples
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Aim
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator: Dilute HCl, Dilute NaOH,
Dilute Ethanoic Acid, Lemon juice, Water, and Dilute NaHCO3.
Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, dropper, universal indicator / pH paper, standard pH colour chart, and given
samples.
Procedure
1. Take 2 mL of each sample in separate, clean test tubes.
2. Using a clean dropper, place 1-2 drops of the sample on a strip of pH paper on a white tile.
3. Observe the colour change of the pH paper.
4. Compare the obtained colour with the standard pH colour chart to find the approximate pH value.
Conclusion
The pH of various given samples was successfully determined and their acidic/basic nature was classified.
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Draw Observation Table:
[Link]. Sample Colour on pH Paper Approx. pH Value Nature of Substance
1 Dil. HCl Red ~1 Strong Acid
2 Dil. NaOH Dark Blue / Violet ~ 13-14 Strong Base
3 Dil. Ethanoic Acid Orange / Light Red ~ 3-4 Weak Acid
4 Lemon Juice Orange ~ 2-3 Acidic
5 Water Green 7 Neutral
6 Dil. NaHCO3 Blue / Greenish Blue ~ 8-9 Weak Base
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EXPERIMENT 1.B: Properties of Acids and Bases
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Aim
To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis of their reaction with: a) Litmus
solution b) Zinc metal c) Solid sodium carbonate.
Materials Required
Dil. HCl, Dil. NaOH, Blue & Red litmus solutions, Zinc granules, Solid Na2CO3, test tubes, matchbox,
delivery tube.
Procedure & Observation
1. Litmus Test: Add drops of blue and red litmus to HCl and NaOH separately. HCl turns blue litmus red;
NaOH turns red litmus blue.
2. Reaction with Zinc: Add Zn granules to HCl and NaOH in separate test tubes. Warm if necessary. A
colourless, odourless gas evolves in both which burns with a 'pop' sound (Hydrogen gas).
3. Reaction with Na2CO3: Add solid Na2CO3 to HCl and NaOH. HCl produces brisk effervescence of a gas
that turns lime water milky (CO2). NaOH shows no reaction.
Conclusion
Acids turn blue litmus red, liberate H2 gas with active metals, and liberate CO2 gas with metal carbonates.
Bases turn red litmus blue, liberate H2 with amphoteric metals (Zn), and do not react with metal carbonates.
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Chemical Equations to write:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2↑
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
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EXPERIMENT 2: Types of Chemical Reactions
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Aim
To perform and observe actions of water on quicklime, heat on ferrous sulphate, iron nails in copper sulphate,
and sodium sulphate with barium chloride, and classify the reactions.
Materials Required
Quicklime (CaO), FeSO4 crystals, Iron nails, CuSO4 solution, Na2SO4 solution, BaCl2 solution, boiling
tubes, beaker, burner.
Procedure & Observation
1. Quicklime + Water: Add water to CaO in a beaker. Beaker becomes very hot. Hissing sound is heard.
(Combination Reaction)
2. Heating FeSO4: Heat green FeSO4 crystals in a dry boiling tube. Colour changes from green to white,
then brown. Smelling gas of burning sulphur is released. (Decomposition Reaction)
3. Fe + CuSO4: Drop a clean iron nail into blue CuSO4 solution. After 20 mins, blue colour fades to light
green, and a reddish-brown coating forms on the nail. (Displacement Reaction)
4. Na2SO4 + BaCl2: Mix both clear solutions. A white insoluble precipitate forms immediately. (Double
Displacement Reaction)
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Chemical Equations to write:
1. CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
2. 2FeSO4 (heat) → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
3. Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
4. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl
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EXPERIMENT 3: Action of Metals on Salt Solutions
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Aim
To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Al metals on salt solutions of ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4, and Al2(SO4)3
and arrange them in decreasing order of reactivity.
Materials Required
Strips of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Al. Aqueous solutions of ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4, and Al2(SO4)3, test tubes,
sandpaper.
Procedure
1. Clean all metal strips with sandpaper.
2. Place strips of each metal separately into test tubes containing the 4 different salt solutions.
3. Leave undisturbed for 20 minutes and observe for any coating on the metals or colour change in the
solution.
Conclusion
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution. The decreasing order of reactivity
is: Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.
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Observation Table:
Metal Al2(SO4)3 ZnSO4 FeSO4 CuSO4
Al No reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction
Zn No reaction No reaction Reaction Reaction
Fe No reaction No reaction No reaction Reaction
Cu No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
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EXPERIMENT 4: Ohm's Law
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Aim
To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and
determine its resistance. Also, plot a graph between V and I.
Materials Required
A resistor of unknown resistance, ammeter, voltmeter, battery eliminator, rheostat, plug key, connecting wires.
Procedure
1. Set up the circuit connecting the battery, key, ammeter, resistor, and rheostat in series, and the voltmeter in
parallel across the resistor.
2. Insert the key and adjust the rheostat to get a small reading on the ammeter and voltmeter. Note the
readings.
3. Gradually change the rheostat slider to take 4-5 different readings of V and I.
4. Calculate the ratio V/I for each set. Plot a graph of V on the y-axis and I on the x-axis.
Conclusion
The ratio of V/I is approximately constant, verifying Ohm's Law. The V-I graph is a straight line passing
through the origin. The resistance R of the given resistor is determined to be ___ Ω.
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1. Circuit Diagram: Draw standard Ohm's law circuit (battery, key, rheostat, ammeter in series; resistor
with voltmeter in parallel).
2. Observation Table (Keep columns empty to fill in class): [Link] | Voltmeter Reading (V) | Ammeter
Reading (I) | R = V/I (Ω)
3. Graph: Draw a basic straight-line graph starting from origin (0,0) with V on Y-axis and I on X-axis.
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EXPERIMENT 5: Equivalent Resistance in Series and Parallel
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Aim
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel.
Materials Required
Two resistors, ammeter, voltmeter, battery, rheostat, plug key, and wires.
Procedure
1. For Series: Connect the two resistors end-to-end. Connect the voltmeter across the combination. Record V
and I for different rheostat positions. Calculate Rs = V/I.
2. For Parallel: Connect the two resistors between two common points. Connect the voltmeter across these
points. Record V and I. Calculate Rp = V/I.
Conclusion
The experimental values of equivalent resistance match the theoretical values:
Series: Rs = R1 + R2
Parallel: 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2.
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1. Series Circuit Diagram: Two resistors end-to-end.
2. Parallel Circuit Diagram: Two resistors connected across common terminals.
3. Observation Tables: One table for series readings (V, I, R) and one for parallel readings.
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EXPERIMENT 6: Temporary Mount of Leaf Peel
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Aim
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
Materials Required
Fresh leaf (e.g., Tradescantia or Bryophyllum), forceps, needles, watch glass, glass slides, coverslips, safranin
stain, glycerine, and compound microscope.
Procedure
1. Tear a fresh leaf obliquely to expose the lower epidermis (a thin, transparent film).
2. Peel off a small piece using forceps and place it in a watch glass containing water.
3. Transfer the peel to a watch glass containing dilute safranin stain for 2-3 minutes.
4. Wash the peel with water and transfer it to a clean glass slide.
5. Put a drop of glycerine on the peel and gently cover it with a coverslip using a needle to avoid air bubbles.
6. Observe the slide under the low power and then high power of a compound microscope.
Conclusion
Epidermal cells with distinct cell walls are seen. Scattered amongst them are minute pores called stomata,
each guarded by two kidney-shaped guard cells containing chloroplasts.
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Draw a neat, labeled diagram of stomata showing: Epidermal cells, Guard cells, Stomatal pore,
Chloroplasts, and Nucleus.
Page 8 of 9
EXPERIMENT 7: CO2 is Given Out During Respiration
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Aim
To experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
Materials Required
Germinating seeds (gram or moong), conical flask, cork with a hole, bent glass delivery tube, small test tube,
thread, freshly prepared KOH solution, beaker, and water.
Procedure
1. Place a handful of moist germinating seeds in the conical flask.
2. Suspend a small test tube containing freshly prepared KOH solution inside the flask using a thread.
3. Close the mouth of the flask tightly with a cork.
4. Insert the shorter end of a bent glass delivery tube through the cork. Dip the longer end into a beaker
containing water.
5. Mark the initial water level in the delivery tube. Leave the setup undisturbed for 2 hours.
6. Observe the water level in the delivery tube.
Observation & Conclusion
Observation: The water level in the bent delivery tube rises.
Conclusion: Germinating seeds respire and release CO2 gas. The KOH solution absorbs this CO2, creating a
partial vacuum in the flask. This vacuum causes the water level in the delivery tube to rise, proving that CO2
is produced during respiration.
DRAW ON BLANK PAGE (Left Side):
Draw the Experimental Setup Diagram: Label the conical flask, germinating seeds, small tube with KOH,
bent delivery tube, beaker with water, and the raised water level.
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