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FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide

The FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide provides an overview of the software's capabilities for designing wall panels, trusses, and floors, specifically for residential and light commercial buildings. It emphasizes that the software is a design tool and requires additional input from qualified engineers for a complete and compliant design. The document includes detailed sections on design loads, engineering checks, and various design standards, along with disclaimers regarding the accuracy and confidentiality of the information provided.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

3 views116 pages

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide

Uploaded by

hoan.nguyen1.bkcons

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FRAMECAD Steelwise

Engineering Guide
Disclaimer
This document has been published for the purpose of providing information of a general nature
only.

Further, no guarantee, warranty, or any other form of assurance is given as to the accuracy,
currency or completeness of the information provided.

Accordingly, any reliance on, or use, by you of any information contained within this document for
any purpose whatsoever shall be entirely at your own risk, and any liability to you is expressly
disclaimed to the maximum extent permitted by law.

ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

THIS DOCUMENT SUPERSEDES ALL PREVIOUS DOCUMENTS.

Intellectual Property Notice

FRAMECAD® and the FRAMECAD® logo are trademarks of FRAMECAD Limited.

Reproduction of this document and all material included herein is prohibited, except with the prior
written consent of FRAMECAD Limited.

Copyright 2025 FRAMECAD Limited.

Confidentiality
This document and all material included herein is confidential to FRAMECAD Limited and must not
be disclosed to any other party or used to the detriment of or other than as authorised by
FRAMECAD Limited.

This document and all material included herein shall be returned to FRAMECAD Limited
Immediately upon request.

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] ©2025 FRAMECAD Licensing Ltd i

Contents
Disclaimer i

Intellectual Property Notice i

Confidentiality i

Contents ii

1 Preface 1

2 Capabilities and Applications 2

2.1 FRAMECAD Steelwise Capabilities ............................................................ 2
2.2 FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Application .............................................. 2

3 Design Loads 6
3.1 Gravity Loads.................................................................................... 6
3.2 Snow Loads...................................................................................... 6
3.3 Wind Loads ...................................................................................... 6
3.3.1 Wind Definitions ................................................................................ 6

4 Wall Panel Engineering 10

4.1 Design Loads for Walls ....................................................................... 10
4.1.1 Wind Loads Calculation for Walls ........................................................... 11
4.1.2 *For cyclonic and non-shuttered [Link] Loads ................................. 14
4.1.3 Eccentric Axial Loads (North American Standards Only) .................................. 14
4.2 Stud Design.................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 Stud Load Combinations ..................................................................... 16
4.2.2 Stud Capacities and Section Properties ..................................................... 18
4.2.3 Stud Design Checks ........................................................................... 19
4.3 Jamb Stud Design ............................................................................. 22
4.4 Header Design ................................................................................ 22
4.4.1 Header Load Combinations .................................................................. 22
4.4.2 Header Capacities ............................................................................ 25
4.4.3 Header Design Check ......................................................................... 29
4.4.4 Head and Sill Check ........................................................................... 29
4.5 Wall Panel Reaction .......................................................................... 30
4.5.1 IBC 2009 LRFD ................................................................................. 30
4.5.2 IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC 2020
LRFD, and FBC 2023 LRFD .................................................................................... 30
4.5.3 IBC 2009 ASD .................................................................................. 30
4.5.4 IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 ASD,
and FBC 2023 ASD ............................................................................................ 31
4.5.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009 ....................................................................... 31
4.5.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010 ........................................................ 31
4.5.7 NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020 ................................................................. 31

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4.5.8 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019 AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND
AS/NZS 1170:2021 ............................................................................................ 31
4.5.9 SANS 517:2013 ................................................................................ 31
4.5.10 GB 50009-2012 ................................................................................ 31
4.5.11 EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST ............................................. 32
4.5.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011 ......................................................................... 32
4.6 Top Plate Analysis ............................................................................ 32
4.6.1 Load Combinations ........................................................................... 32
4.6.2 Top Plate Design Check ...................................................................... 34
4.7 Bracing Analysis............................................................................... 34
4.7.1 Wind Force .................................................................................... 35
4.7.2 Earthquake Force ............................................................................. 38
4.7.3 brace resistance .............................................................................. 43
4.7.4 Strength Method: Bracing Density .......................................................... 46
4.7.5 Rigid Diaphragm Method (For the IBC, FBC, NBCC, AND CSA loading codes) ............ 49

5 Truss Engineering 55
5.1 Principles of Operations...................................................................... 55
5.2 Options to take in account finished geometry and truss exposure....................... 55
5.2.1 Ceiling to Top Chord .......................................................................... 55
5.2.2 Suspended Ceiling ............................................................................ 55
5.2.3 Shuttered Conditions ......................................................................... 55
5.3 Design Loads for Trusses ..................................................................... 55
5.3.1 Design Wind Loads ........................................................................... 56
5.3.2 Point Load ..................................................................................... 63
5.4 Effective Length Factor ....................................................................... 63
5.4.1 In Line Truss ................................................................................... 63
5.4.2 Back-To-Back Truss ........................................................................... 63
5.4.3 Linear Truss ................................................................................... 63
5.4.4 Truncated and User Trusses ................................................................. 64
5.4.5 Serviceability Limits .......................................................................... 64
5.4.6 Truss Load Combinations .................................................................... 64
5.4.7 Truss Capacities and Section Properties .................................................... 68
5.4.8 Truss Design Checks .......................................................................... 71
5.4.9 Girder Truss ................................................................................... 77

6 Floor Engineering 78
6.1 Principles of Operations...................................................................... 78
6.2 Design Loads for Joists ....................................................................... 78
6.2.1 Point Load ..................................................................................... 78
6.3 Joist Design .................................................................................... 79
6.3.1 Serviceability Limits .......................................................................... 79
6.3.2 Joist Load Combinations ..................................................................... 79
6.3.3 Joist Design Checks ........................................................................... 81

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6.3.4 Joist Usage .................................................................................... 84
6.3.5 Joist Beam and Beam Bearer ................................................................ 84

APPENDIX A – Available Sections 85

APPENDIX B –Steelwise Section Capacities Calculation Following the AISI S100/CSA S136 Design Codes 86
B.0 Material downgrade.......................................................................... 86
B.1 LC Section ..................................................................................... 86
B.1.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 86
B.1.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 86
B.1.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 87
B.1.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 87
B.2 OC Section ..................................................................................... 89
B.2.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 89
B.2.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 89
B.2.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 89
B.2.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 89
B.3 LE Section...................................................................................... 90
B.3.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 90
B.3.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 90
B.3.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 90
B.3.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 90
B.4 OE Section ..................................................................................... 92
B.4.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 92
B.4.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 92
B.4.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 92
B.4.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 92
B.5 LD and LB Section ............................................................................. 93
B.6 LCLE Section ................................................................................... 94

APPENDIX C –Steelwise Section Capacities Calculation Following the ASNZS 4600:2005 Design Code 95
C.0 Material downgrade.......................................................................... 95
C.1 LC Section ..................................................................................... 95
C.1.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 95
C.1.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 95
C.1.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 96
C.1.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 96
C.2 OC Section ..................................................................................... 97
C.2.1 Tension Capacity ............................................................................. 97
C.2.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 97
C.2.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 97
C.2.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 97
C.3 LE Section...................................................................................... 98
C.3.1 Tension capacity ............................................................................. 98

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C.3.2 Shear Capacity................................................................................ 98
C.3.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................... 98
C.3.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................. 98
C.4 OE Section ................................................................................... 100
C.4.1 Tension capacity ........................................................................... 100
C.4.2 Shear Capacity.............................................................................. 100
C.4.3 Compression Capacity ..................................................................... 100
C.4.4 Bending Capacity ........................................................................... 100
C.5 LD and LB Section ........................................................................... 101
C.6 LCLE Section ................................................................................. 102

APPENDIX D –Steelwise Section Capacities Calculation Following the EN 1993-1-3:2006 Design Code 103
D.1 LC Section ................................................................................... 103
D.1.1 Tension Capacity ........................................................................... 103
D.1.2 Shear Capacity.............................................................................. 103
D.1.3 Compression Capacity ..................................................................... 103
D.1.4 Bending Capacity ........................................................................... 104
D.2 OC Section ................................................................................... 105
D.2.1 Tension Capacity ........................................................................... 105
D.2.2 Shear Capacity.............................................................................. 105
D.2.3 Compression Capacity ..................................................................... 105
D.2.4 Bending Capacity ........................................................................... 105
D.3 LE Section.................................................................................... 106
D.3.1 Tension Capacity ........................................................................... 106
D.3.2 Shear Capacity.............................................................................. 106
D.3.3 Compression Capacity ..................................................................... 106
D.3.4 Bending Capacity ........................................................................... 106
D.4 OE Section ................................................................................... 107
D.4.1 Tension Capacity ........................................................................... 107
D.4.2 Shear Capacity.............................................................................. 107
D.4.3 Compression Capacity ..................................................................... 107
D.4.4 Bending Capacity ........................................................................... 107
D.5 LD and LB Section ........................................................................... 108
D.6 LCLE Section ................................................................................. 109
D.7 LF Section.................................................................................... 110

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1 Preface
This document applies to version 1.0 of the FRAMECAD Steelwise Software. The software’s engineering
modules implement detailed calculations for selected loading and material design standards, with load
actions, and section properties and capacities calculated for each component in real time. This document
gives a basic outline of the calculations performed and methods used.
A list of sections that are covered by this software is provided in Appendix A.

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2 Capabilities and Applications
2.1 FRAMECAD Steelwise Capabilities
FRAMECAD Steelwise has three design modules. The design capabilities of these modules are:

Walls
- Wall layout tools
- Automated frame panel detailer for specified framing system
- Stud member engineering design for uniform roof, floor, and face wind loading
- Opening jamb stud and brace collector stud take downloads
- Top plate member engineering design for truss and floor joist loading
- Wall header beam engineering design for uniform roof and floor loading
- Wall bracing capacity calculator
- Wind and seismic lateral load calculator

Trusses
- Roof layout generator and tools
- Automated truss frame detailer for specified framing system
- Truss engineering design for uniform loading
- Truss hold-down load calculator

Floors
- Floor layout generator and tools
- Automated floor joist detailer for specified framing system
- Floor Joist engineering design for uniform loading
- Engineering for concentrated loads on floor beams

2.2 FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Application

The FRAMECAD Steelwise Software provides Engineering for framing components as specified in section
2.1. The general application for the software is residential and light commercial/industrial low-rise
buildings with a load bearing wall system.
It is important to note that FRAMECAD Steelwise Software is a design tool only. Additional Engineering
and Detailing inputs are required from suitably skilled professionals to generate a complete, fully
engineered, and code compliant design certified by an engineer.
A qualified engineer may override the software at any time and use details not available in the software.
They may do this by providing supporting calculations/details/notes etc. in their signed design package.
In all cases, whether a FRAMECAD suggested design/detail is used or not, please note that all
responsibility shall be carried by the qualified engineer signing the design package.
The following table provides some guidance on additional Engineering considerations.
Building Engineering Consideration
Parameter
Building size Design codes typically limit non-specific design to light structures of two to
three levels (Up to 10m in height). For building exceeding these limits specific
design input by Engineering professionals is generally required; particularly
regarding bracing, loads paths, and concentrated loads.
Construction load Construction load cases and temporary bracing design are not considered in
cases FRAMECAD Steelwise. These to be done by others as required.
Structural System Structural systems incorporating concentrated loads or structure, such as
beam/column frames and portal frames require specific Engineered design

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Building Engineering Consideration
Parameter
Truss and Joist The software designs most items with distributed loads. Therefore, where
spacing spacing exceeds industry norms (1200mm for light trusses, 600mm for heavy
trusses and floor joists), the design assumptions may not be valid.
Snow loading The software designs for uniform snow load. For locations where the snow loads
are high, additional design may be required for areas where snow may build up
to non-uniform depth.
Earthquake loading The software uses simplified design methods only as applicable for low seismic
hazard cases (light to moderate events for lightweight buildings). For other
applications such as high seismicity regions, mid-rise buildings, heavy buildings
(where material such as brick cladding or concrete floors are used), specific
design will be required by others. For further guidance please refer to the
seismic design code and/or to the project's engineer.
Wall Bracing Wall design assumes that suitable floor and roof diaphragms are provided and
that the bracing placement and distribution meet code requirements. The
validity of these assumptions should be verified, particularly for buildings with
large open rooms and extensive or irregular wall openings. Studs to which
lateral bracing is attached, shall be verified for compression capacity by a
qualified engineer.
Site Connections Site connections between each framing component are required to ensure
structural integrity. These connections (such as truss to truss, truss to wall,
wall to wall, wall to slab, joist to joist, joist to wall etc.) need to be specified by
the designer
Material downgrade Material properties for G550 [80 ksi] steel can be downgraded in the software
following AISI S100-20 §A3.1.2 or AS/NZS4600 §[Link] / SANS 10162-2
§[Link].(b) (see Appendix B or C respectively for further details). A qualified
engineer shall review if the clause is applicable to the project and determine if
the downgrade should be applied.

FRAMECAD Steelwise considers the following two types of screw connections:

- SJ – Screw Connection capacity calculation includes a combination of bearing and screw tilting
check, but for the tilt equation use resistance factor from testing. Generally applicable for
members that are connected though their flanges using screws.
- SC – Screw Connection capacity calculation does include bearing and screw tilting check in
accordance with building Standards. Generally applicable for members that are connected though
their webs using screws.

With default system setting:

- SJ connections are used for inline framing system member connections: Wall frame webbed
headers and K-braces, inline (LE) system trusses, webbed joists.
- SC connections are used for non-inline framing system member connections: Wall strap braces,
Back-to-Back (LC) and Linear system trusses.

The default setting can be modified in the system datafile by FRAMECAD on request.

A qualified Engineer should specify the appropriate connection type; or provide supporting calculations
and details using alternative connection checks that they consider to be appropriate.

Additionally, the following Limitations are highlighted for specific component design.
Wall Framing Engineering:
- Studs in wall panels are designed considering uniform loads (averaged over panel) unless wall
type set as ‘Load Bearing’

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- Studs are designed assuming that studs on upper levels are aligned with those on lower levels, or
that a suitable load transfer system is provided where studs are not aligned.
- Stud Engineering does not take account of any lip, web, or flange notches.
- Hold-down quantities and their locations are prescriptive only and not calculated.
- Brace overturning actions are not transferred to wall panels below unless rigid diaphragm design
option is selected.
- Headers are not designed for brace overturning actions.
- Header Engineering does not take account of any web or flange notches.
- Diaphragm action is not analysed or designed (Warnings issued for brace line spacing).
- Parapets loads and design are not considered by the Software, so specific parapet design shall be
provided by others.

Trusses Engineering:
- Software does not make sure the indicated quantity of screws actually fits at a joint.
- Girder trusses are being designed for the effective distributed load and not the actual point loads.
- Engineering does not take any account of web or flange notches except where explicitly specified
in this manual. Web & flange notches must not be detailed in structural members unless they are
reinforced in accordance with an engineers’ specification.
- Software only considers deflection check for the whole truss rather than individual chord
segments.
- For rafters, the net Pressure coefficient considered is the roof external pressure coefficient in all
cases.
- To enable lateral load transfer, a rigid diaphragm system such as blocking or similar, to be
designed by others.
- Temporary and permanent truss bracing to common industry standards to be designed by others.

Floor Engineering:
- Software does not make sure the indicated quantity of screws actually fits at a joint.
- Joists designed for uniform loads unless user sets member type to Joist Beam or Beam Bearer.
- Software does not design Joists for any wall loads from above (whether at support for load
bearing transfer, or within span).
- Engineering does not take any account of web or flange notches except where explicitly specified
in this manual. Web & flange notches must not be detailed in structural members unless they are
reinforced in accordance with an engineers’ specification.
- Wind loads are not considered on floor joists, as such these shall be designed by others as and
when required.

Structural steel profiles / Hot Rolled Steel (HRS) Beams:

- Structural steel profiles / Hot Rolled Steel (HRS) Beams are added for visual purposes only - the
software does not consider these beams in the design in any way whatsoever.
- The loads carried by these structures, including the self-weight of these beams themselves are
not considered by the software at all, as noted above. Individual calculations shall be performed
by others for each hot rolled profile used, if applicable.
- In addition, adequate structural support shall be provided for these elements by the designer.

Smart Panels (i.e. Roof Panels, Ceiling Panels and Floor Panels):
- Smart Panels are detailed for fabrication purposes only. The Software does not consider these
panels in the design in any way whatsoever.

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- The loads carried by these structures, including the self-weight of these panels themselves are
not getting considered by the Software. Individual calculations shall be performed by others for
each Smart Panel used, if applicable.
- In addition, adequate structural support shall be provided for these elements by the designer.

Panel Beam:
- Software does not perform any engineering analysis for panel beams.
- The loads on panel beam are not carried by any structure.
- Structural support for the panel beam needs to be specified.

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3 Design Loads
3.1 Gravity Loads
Building weight (dead) and imposed (live) user specified area loads are applied to the structural
components. Default values are set for each loading code. An additional allowance is made the self-
weight of the framing components.
Gtruss Truss self-weight (kPa) Gtruss = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)
Gwall Wall self-weight (kPa) Gwall = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)
Gjoist Joist self-weight (kPa) Gjoist = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)

3.2 Snow Loads

The ultimate snow load Sg is entered by the user in TSET, it is the basic ground snow pressure in kPa
(psf).
The design snow pressure S is then calculated according to the following equation:
S = Sa . Ss . Sg
With
Ss Snow slope factor
Sa Snow adjustment factor

Note: Most code will have adjustment factor to calculate snow roof pressure. Make sure your snow
adjustment factor takes those into consideration.

3.3 Wind Loads

The wind speed expressed is the basic design wind speed expressed in metres per second for metric
users and miles per hour for imperial users. From this wind speed, the free stream gust wind pressures
are derived unless specified otherwise. If the wind speed has a trailing ‘C’ then cyclonic conditions are
assumed.
The basic design wind speed (in m/s, or mph for imperial) can be manually entered by the user preceded
by “W”.

3.3.1 Wind Definitions

[Link] IBC 2012, IBC 2015, IBC 2018, IBC 2021, IBC 2024, FBC 2020, AND FBC 2023
The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 700
years (7% probability of exceedance in 50 years).

[Link] IBC 2009

The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 50
years.

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020

The reference wind speeds are one-hour average wind speeds corresponding to a return period of 50
years.

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 50
years.

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[Link] NASH AS 2010 AND AS 3623-1993
Vu = basic design wind speed

Normal Cyclonic

Wind Category Design wind speed Vu Wind Category Design wind speed Vu
N1 34 m/s C1 50 m/s
N1.5 37 m/s C1.5 55 m/s
N2 40 m/s C2 61 m/s
N2.5 45 m/s C2.5 68 m/s
N3 50 m/s C3 74 m/s
N3.5 55 m/s C3.5 80 m/s
N4 61 m/s C4 86 m/s
N4.5 68 m/s
N5 74 m/s
N5.5 80 m/s
N6 86 m/s

[Link] NASH NZ 2010 AND NASH NZ 2019

Vu = basic design wind speed

Design wind speed Vu

LOW 32 m/s
MEDIUM 37 m/s
HIGH 44 m/s
VERY HIGH 50 m/s
EXTRA HIGH 55 m/s

[Link] AS/NZS 1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021, GB 50009-2012 and SANS 517:2013

Vu is a 3-seconds gust wind speed for ultimate limit state return period.

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN
The basic design wind speed Vb is the 10 minutes mean wind speed at 10m above ground level.

[Link] EN 1990:2002-GUST

The basic design wind V speed is the gust wind speed (such as recommended in the NV65 for instance)

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

The basic design wind speed V50 is the mean wind speed corresponding to 10 min intervals and a return
period of 50 years.

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[Link] Wind Pressure Calculations

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LFRD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, and FBC 2023
ASD
qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.000613(Vu)2
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.85 [Link].I. qu
where,
Kz = Terrain Factor
Kzt = Topographic Factor
I = Importance Factor (as defined by IBC 2009)

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020 (Canadian code)
qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.000613(Vu)2
Pw = Design Wind Pressure = [Link] qu
where,
Cg = Gust Factor = 2
Ce = Exposure Factor
Iw = Importance Factor
Ct = Topography Factor

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009 (Brazilian code)

qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.000613(Vu)2
Pw = Design Wind Pressure = (S1 . S2 . S3)2 . qu
where,
S1 = Topographic Factor
S2 = Terrain Factor
S3 = Factor based on probability

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 and NASH NZ 2019

Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2

[Link] AS/NZS 1170:2002

qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = (Mz,cat . Ms . Mt) 2. qu
where,
Mz,cat = Terrain/height multiplier
Ms = Shielding multiplier
Mt = Topographic multiplier

[Link] AS/NZS 1170:2021

qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2

Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = (Mc. Md. Mz,cat . Ms . Mt)
2.q
u
where,
Mz,cat = Terrain/height multiplier
Ms = Shielding multiplier
Mt = Topographic multiplier
Md = Direction Factor
Mc = Climate Change Factor

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[Link] SANS 517:2013
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = (m(A)/2000)(1.4 Cr)2(Vu)2
where,
m(A) = Air density
Cr = Terrain Factor

[Link] GB 50009-2012
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2Uz Bgz
where,
Uz = Exposure Factor
Bgz = Gust Factor

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN
qb(Z) = Peak wind pressure = 0.000625 . ce(Z) . Vb2
where,
ce(Z) = Exposure Factor

[Link] EN 1990:2002-GUST
q = Dynamic pressure = 0.000625 . C . V2
C = Terrain Factor.

If using ce(Z) from EN 1990:2002-MEAN C = ce(Z) / 2.35

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.00043 . 1.7 . k(Ze) V502
where,
k(Ze) = Exposure factor

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4 Wall Panel Engineering
Engineered items are designed when ‘PUA’, ‘PPD’ and ‘PCB’ commands are initiated on the wall panel
layouts. The software finds the imposed loads from the roof truss and floor framing on referenced layouts
and converts these loads to uniformly distributed loads considering the load tributary width. Tributary
width is the loading width from the roof trusses and or floor between supports. Supports could be load-
bearing walls, beams, and/or girder trusses.

Tributary width is typically taken as half the span distance to the adjacent support, or full span if the
adjacent end is unsupported (cantilever).

If the ‘Continuity Loads’ option is selected in the Design Options (BSET), tributary width from internal
spans is increased by 25% (i.e. 5/8 of span).

Additional tributary load width can be manually added by specifying a truss span or a floor span using the
‘LI’ command. Half of this manually entered span will be added to the existing floor and/or truss tributary
width.

Note that the manually added loads on trusses and joist (using the TPL command) are not considered for
the wall analysis.

The horizontal wind loads are calculated according to the usage of the wall panels, external walls use
external wind coefficients and internal walls use internal wind coefficients.
Parapets loads and design are not considered by the Software, so specific parapet design shall be
provided by others.

Stud Spacing, as well as the number of Jamb Studs and the optimized headers for each opening, are
determined through all the following design checks:
• Stud checks (results shown in the stud design report using the ‘PPD’
• Top Plate checks (results shown on details drawings)
• Header checks (results shown in the opening engineering report using the ‘LI’ command on
openings)
• Bracing Checks (results shown in the Lateral Bracing Calculation using the ‘PCB’ command)

The stud design report and the opening engineering report are automatically generated by the software.

There are 3 types of wall system:

• Load Bearing walls: Considers all loads and does all checks.
• Structural walls: Considers all loads and does all checks except the top plate check.
• Non-Load Bearing walls: Does not consider any axial loads. Takes into account horizontal loads
such as wind horizontal and point loads.

4.1 Design Loads for Walls

Loads used in Load combinations are defined as below:

G Dead Load
Q1 max(Q2, Q3 )
Q2 Roof live Load
Q3 Floor Live Load
Q4 Q2 + Q3
S Snow
Wu Wind up
Wd Wind down
Wh Wind Horizontal
P1 Applied point load
P2 Impact point load

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4.1.1 Wind Loads Calculation for Walls

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023 ASD,
NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020 and CSA S136 2007 LSD.
Wh Wind load horizontal MFWRS Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 0.80
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.18
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.15
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.55

WhCC Wind load horizontal C&C WhCC = Ch Pw

Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.20 Default Panel
= 1.40 Edge Zone Panel
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.36
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.55 Default Panel
= 1.75 Edge Zone Panel
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.73

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]

Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient Cpe- = 0.77

Load from Typical Trusses Cpe+ = -0.18 for Pitch ≤ 10°

(linearly interpolate between values) Cpe+ = 0.00 for Pitch ≥ 15°

Load from Rafters & Half Trusses Cpe+ = -0.18 for Pitch ≤ 10°
(linearly interpolate between values) Cpe+ = 0.00 for Pitch = 15° - 20°
Cpe+ = 0.17 for Pitch = 25° - 30°
Cpe+ = 0.25 for Pitch = 35°
Cpe+ = 0.34 for Pitch = 45°
Cpe+ = 0.51 for Pitch ≥ 60 °

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.18
Cpi- = 0.18
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.55
Cpi- = 0.55
*For cyclonic with non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2007

Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw

Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.0

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Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.50
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.35
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.3
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS 1170:2002
AND AS/NZS 1170:2021.
Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 0.9
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.45
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.2
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.3
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] SANS 517:2013

Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.0
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.50
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.35
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

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Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.3
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] GB 50009-2012
Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.0
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.50
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.35
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST.

Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw

Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.1
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.5
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.1
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.5

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2

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Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.3
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011.

Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.0
Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.5
Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.35
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.3
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.7
Cpi- = 0.65

4.1.2 *For cyclonic and non-shuttered [Link] Loads

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023 ASD,
NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, CSA S136 2007 LSD, ABNT NBR 14762:200, NASH
AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS 1170:2002, AS/NZS
1170:2021 and SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011
P1 Applied point load P1 = 1.1 kN (250 lb).
P2 Point Load applied at mid height of the stud and considered to be distributed over
a panel length of 1m.
P2 = 0.7 kN

[Link] SANS 517:2013 , GB 50009-2012, EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

P1 Applied point load P1 = 1.0 kN
P2 Point Load applied at mid height of the stud and considered to be distributed over
a panel length of 1m.
P2 = 0.7 kN

4.1.3 Eccentric Axial Loads (North American Standards Only)

When the ‘Eccentric Loads’ option is selected in the Design Options (BSET), axial loads from trusses and
joists that are directly supported on the face of a wall panel (as opposed to bearing on the wall panel) are

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applied as eccentric loads. NOTE: Trusses and Joists are considered as face fixed where the end of the
members lies within 20 mm (3/4”) of the drawn panel face or have a bearing on the wall of less than ¼
of the wall panel width.
For Design checks, end moments are applied to the top end of studs equal to the net eccentric loads
times an eccentricity of ½ the panel width. Eccentricity moments are combined with Wind moments
where applicable, following the procedures of the AISI Design Guide 2016.

4.2 Stud Design

The out-of-plane restrained length (Y direction) is the maximum of the following dimensions: largest
spacing between noggins or maximum distance between a noggin and the bottom/top plate - i.e., max of
(A, B or C) see diagram below.
The in-plane restrained length (X direction) is the overall (nominal) wall height, or if stud restraint is set
in the ‘Panel Properties Editor’, the greater distance between the stud restraint and the top/bottom plate
- i.e., max of (D or E) see diagram below.

Design checks are carried to the following design standards for the listed load combinations. Stud
capacities are calculated in accordance with the selected design standards (AISI S100-2007, AS/NZS
4600:2005 or EN 1993-1-3:2006) using effective section properties calculated using the Standard
method.

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4.2.1 Stud Load Combinations

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 (or S) + 1.6Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q3 + 1.6S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 0.5Q2 (or S) + 0.5Q3+ 1.6Wh Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 1.6Q2 (or S)+ 0.8Wh Strength check
LC7 1.6WhCC Strength check
LC8 0.7WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC
2020 LRFD, and FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 (or S) + 1.6Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q3 + 1.6S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 0.5Q2 (or S) + 0.5Q3+ 1.0Wh Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 1.6Q2 (or S)+ 0.5Wh Strength check
LC7 1.0WhCC Strength check
LC8 0.42WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q3 Strength check

LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 (or S) + 0.75Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.0G + 1.0Q2 (or S) Strength check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 0.75Q2 (or S) + 0.75Q3 + 0.75Wh Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.0Wh Strength check
LC7 1.0WhCC Strength check
LC8 0.7WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020
ASD, AND FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 (or S) + 0.75Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.0G + 1.0Q2 (or S) Strength check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 0.75Q2 (or S) + 0.75Q3 + 0.45Wh Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 0.6Wh Strength check
LC7 0.6WhCC Strength check
LC8 0.42WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q4 Strength check
LC2 1.25G + 1.5Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC3 1.25G + 0.75Q3 + 1.4S Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.4 P1 Strength check

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LC5 1.25G + 0.75Q3 + 1.4Wh + 1.0S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.4 Wu + 1.4 Wh Strength check
LC7 0.6Wh Serviceability check
LC8 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.25G + 1.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check
LC3 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.5S Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.4Wh + 0.5S Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.5Q2 (or S) + 0.4Wh Strength check
LC7 1.4WhCC Serviceability check
LC8 0.6WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 1.0 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.25G + 1.5Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC3 1.25G + 1.0Q3 + 1.5S Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.4Wh + 0.5S Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.5Q2 (or S) + 0.4Wh Strength check
LC7 1.4WhCC Serviceability check
LC8 0.6WhCC Serviceability check
LC9 1.0 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019 AS/NZS 1170:2002
AND AS/NZS 1170:2021
LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2 + 0.4Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 1.5Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0Wh + 1.0Wd Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.0Wu + 1.0Wh Strength check
LC7 0.44Wh Serviceability check
LC8 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.35G + 0.98Q3 + 0.98S Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 1.4Q4 + 0.84Wh Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 0.98Q4 + 1.40Wh Strength check
LC4 1.35G + 0.98Q4 + 0.84Wh Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.4Q3 + 0.84Wh+ 0.98S Strength check

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LC6 1.2G + 0.98Q3 + 1.40Wh + 0.98S Strength check
LC7 1.2G + 0.98Q3 + 0.84Wh + 1.4S Strength check
LC8 1.35G + 0.98Q3 + 0.84Wh + 0.98S Strength check
LC9 1.0G + 1.4Wu + 1.4Wh Strength check
LC10 Wh Serviceability check
LC11 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2 + 1.05Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.35G + 1.5Q3 + 0.75S Strength check
LC3 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5S Strength check
LC4 1.35G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5Wh + 0.75S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.5Wu + 1.5Wh Strength check
LC7 0.65Wh Serviceability check
LC8 P2 Serviceability check

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q4 Strength check

LC2 1.1G + 1.2Q3 + 1.25S Strength check
LC3 1.1G + 1.1Q3 + 1.4S Strength check
LC4 1.1G + 1.2P1 Strength check
LC5 1.1G + 0.85Q3 + 1.4Wh + 1.25S Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.4Wu + 1.4Wh Strength check
LC7 0.6Wh Serviceability check
LC8 P2 Serviceability check

4.2.2 Stud Capacities and Section Properties

In the stud design report, the section capacities are reported for each wall panel.
Stud section available for design are:

See Appendix B for calculation details of section and member capacity.

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[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011, IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD,
IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 LRFD, IBC
2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023 ASD, NBCC 2010,
NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020 and CSA S136 2007 LSD
The buckling length are:
• Lx = Stud Height
• Ly = Nog Spacing
• Lt = Min (Lx, Ly)

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ
2019, AS/NZS 1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021 AND SANS 517:2013
The buckling lengths are:
• Lx = 0.8 x Stud Height
• Ly = 0.8 x Nog Spacing
• Lt = Min (Lx, Ly)

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

The buckling lengths are:
• Lx = Stud Height
• Ly = 0.8 x Nog Spacing
• Lt = Min (Lx, Ly)

[Link] GB 50009-2012
The buckling lengths are:
• Lx = 0.8 x Stud Height
• Ly = Nog Spacing
• Lt = Min (Lx, Ly)

4.2.3 Stud Design Checks

The maximum Stud Spacing SS is calculated for each load combination. It is determined considering
strength checks (e.g. compression, compression and bending combined checks) and serviceability checks
(deflection checks).
Typical
LC1 (Compression check)
LC2 (Compression check)
LC3 (Compression check)
LC4 (Compression check)
LC5 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC6 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC7 (Deflection check)
LC8 (Deflection check)

North Americans Standards

LC1 (Compression check)*

LC2 (Compression check)*
LC3 (Compression check)*
LC4 (Compression check)*

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LC5 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC6 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC7 (bending check)
LC8 (Deflection check)
LC9 (Deflection check)
* Combined compression and bending check if eccentric loads

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[Link] Strength Check

[Link].1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023
ASD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, CSA S136 2007 LSD, ABNT NBR
14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS
1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021, SANS 517:2013 AND GB 50009-2012

[Link].1.1 Compression Check:

|N|
< 1.0
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

Where,
N Compression Load
M Bending Moment
Pn Compression Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mnx Bending Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 Magnification factors 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 1 - |N|/PEx
𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
PEx Elastic Buckling Strength PEx = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 2

[Link].2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST

[Link].2.1 Compression Check:
|N|
< 1.0 EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.46)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

[Link].2.2 Combined Compression and Bending Check:

|𝑀𝑀| 0.8 |𝑁𝑁| 0.8
( ) +( ) < 1.0 EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.36)
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

Where,
N Compression Load
M Bending Moment
Nc Member Compression Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation
details.
Mnc Member Bending Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.

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[Link] Serviceability Check
For serviceability limits Wind horizontal ∆ ≤ L / 240mm or 20mm
Point load ∆ ≤ L / 200mm or 12mm

4.3 Jamb Stud Design

The minimum number of jamb studs required is calculated considering the stud design results as
calculated above. It is the minimum number of single jamb studs on each side of the opening. In case of
boxed or back-to-back stud, it reports the number of single studs, and not the number of pairs.

Number of Jamb stud required = (W + stud spacing) / (2 SS)

Where,
W Opening Width
Stud Spacing Actual Stud Spacing
SS Nominal Stud spacing

4.4 Header Design

4.4.1 Header Load Combinations

[Link] IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC
2020 LRFD, and FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q3 + 1.6S Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q3 + 0.5S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.0Wd + 0.5Q4 Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 1.0Wh + 0.5Q4 Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC8 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC9 0.42 Wu Serviceability check
LC10 P1 Serviceability check
LC11 1.0Wh Face Strength check
LC12 0.42 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 (or S) Strength check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.75S + 0.75Wh Strength check

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020
ASD, and FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 (or S) Strength check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.75S + 0.45Wh Strength check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 0.45Wd + 0.75Q2 Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 0.6 Wd Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 0.6 Wu Strength check
LC8 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC9 0.42Wu Serviceability check
LC10 P1 Serviceability check
LC11 0.6Wh Face Strength check
LC12 0.42 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check

LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.5S Strength check
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.25G + 1.4Wd + 0.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.4Wh + 0.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.4 Wu Strength check
LC8 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC9 0.6Wu Serviceability check
LC10 1.0 P1 Serviceability check
LC11 1.4Wh Face Strength check
LC12 0.6 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3 Strength check

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019 AS/NZS 1170:2002
AND AS/NZS 1170:2021
LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 1.5Q3 + 0.4S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.0Wd Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC7 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC8 0.44 Wu Serviceability check
LC9 P1 Serviceability check
LC10 1.0Wh Face Strength check
LC11 0.44 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 1.0Q3 Strength check

LC2 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.6S Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.3Wd Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.3Wu Strength check
LC7 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC8 0.6 Wu Serviceability check
LC9 P1 Serviceability check
LC10 1.3Wh Face Strength check
LC11 0.6 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.2G + 1.4Q4 Strength check
LC2 1.35G + 1.0Q2 + 1.0S Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.4S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.4Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.4 P1 Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.4 Wu Strength check
LC7 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
LC8 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC9 0.6 Wu Serviceability check
LC10 P1 Serviceability check
LC11 1.4Wh Face Strength check
LC12 0.6 Wu Face Serviceability check

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[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST
LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2 + 1.05Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5S Strength check
LC3 1.35G + 1.5Q3 + 0.75S Strength check
LC4 1.35G + 1.5 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 0.75S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.5Wu Strength check
LC7 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC8 0.65 Wu Serviceability check
LC9 P1 Serviceability check
LC10 1.5 Wh Face Strength check
LC11 0.65 Wu Face Serviceability check

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q4 Strength check

LC2 1.1G + 1.1Q3 + 1.4S Strength check
LC3 1.1G + 1.2Q3 + 1.25S Strength check
LC4 1.1G + 1.2 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.1G + 0.85Q3 + 1.25S Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.4Wu Strength check
LC7 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC8 0.6 Wu Serviceability check
LC9 P1 Serviceability check
LC10 1.4Wh Face Strength check
LC11 0.6 Wu Face Serviceability check

4.4.2 Header Capacities

[Link] Header Type

[Link].1 LINTEL HEAD

Lintel Head have vertical webs. They can be reinforced with L plate screwed on top of the header. There
are 3 types of Lintel Head (see figure bellow):
• Head Vertical Web – No L plate
• 1 L-plated Head Vertical Web – 1 Top L plate
• 2 L-plated Head Vertical Web – 2 Top L plate

[Link].2 WEBBED HEAD

Webbed Head can be reinforced with L plate screwed on top of the header. There are 3 types of Webbed
Head (see figure bellow):

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• Webbed – No L plate
• 1 L plated Webbed Head – 1 Top L plate
• 2 L plated Webbed Head – 2 Top L plate

[Link].3 BEAM HEAD

Beam Heads are made using single profile (single Beam) or back-to-back built-up sections (double
Beam). The system is held together by a top chord and a bottom chord.
There are 2 types of Beam Head (see figure below):
• Single Beam – Single profile
• Double Beam – Back-to-Back built-up section

[Link] Header Capacities

[Link].1 LINTEL HEAD CAPACITY

Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia

Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Head MnxoLE MnxoLE VnLE VnLE IxLE
L plated Head MnxoLE MnxoLE + 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 VnLE VnLN IxLE +𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 IxLN
MnxoLN

[Link].2 WEBBED HEAD CAPACITY

Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia

Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop +
Aghead)(D/2 )2
L plated PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead +
Webbed Head 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 VnLN 2 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2

L plated PnoOE (D - ζ) + PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead +

Webbed Head 2 PnoLE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 VnLN 2 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2
Boxed

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[Link].3 BEAM HEAD CAPACITY

Bending Capacity Bending Shear Capacity Shear Inertia

Up Capacity Down Up Capacity
Down
Single Beam MnxoLC MnxoLC VnLC VnLC IxLC
Double Beam 2 MnxoLC 2 MnxoLC 2 VnLC 2 VnLC 2 IxLC

Where,
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 Number of L Plate
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Number of screws on the bottom chord of the header.
= 2 When double screwed
MnxoLE Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LE (Weak axis)
VnLE Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LE*
PnoOE Compression Section Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape OE (unlipped LE)*
PnLE Compression member capacity of section shape LE *
IxLE Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LE*
MnxoLN Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
VnLN Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
IxLN Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
D Header Depth
ζ Flange Height
θ Web Angle with Horizontal
VConn Screw Connection Capacity
Agtop Gross section area of the top plate of the Header
Aghead Gross section area of the bottom plate of the Header
AeLN Effective section area of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
MnxoLC Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
VnLC Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
IxLC Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
*See Appendix B for calculation details.

[Link].4 SPLIT HEAD CAPACITIES (HEAD AT TOP)

[Link].4.1 Lintel Head Capacities

Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia
Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Head MnxoLE MnxoLE VnLE VnLE IxLE
L plated Head MnxoLE MnxoLE + 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 VnLE VnLN IxLE +𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 IxLN
MnxoLN

[Link].4.2 Webbed Head Capacity

Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia
Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop +
Aghead)(D/2 )2
L plated 2 * PnoOE (D - PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead +
Webbed Head ζ) 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 VnLN 2 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2

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[Link].4.3 Beam Head Capacity
Bending Capacity Bending Shear Capacity Shear Inertia
Up Capacity Down Up Capacity
Down
Single Beam MnxoLC MnxoLC VnLC VnLC IxLC
Double Beam 2 MnxoLC 2 MnxoLC 2 VnLC 2 VnLC 2 IxLC

[Link].5 SPLIT HEAD CAPACITIES (HEAD AT BOTTOM)

[Link].5.1 Lintel Head Capacities
Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia
Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Head MnxoLE MnxoLE VnLE VnLE IxLE

[Link].5.2 Webbed Head Capacity

Bending Bending Shear Shear Inertia
Capacity Up Capacity Down Capacity Up Capacity
Down
Webbed Split PnoOE (D - ζ) 2*PnoOE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop +
Aghead)(D/2 )2
Webbed Split PnoOE (D - ζ) + 2*PnoOE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop +
boxed 2 PnoLE (D - ζ) Aghead)(D/2 )2

[Link].5.3 Beam Head Capacity

Bending Capacity Bending Shear Capacity Shear Inertia
Up Capacity Down Up Capacity
Down
Single Beam MnxoLC MnxoLC VnLC VnLC IxLC
Double Beam 2 MnxoLC 2 MnxoLC 2 VnLC 2 VnLC 2 IxLC

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4.4.3 Header Design Check
The optimised Header type is determined considering strength checks (Shear and Bending checks) and
serviceability checks (deflection checks).

[Link] Bending Check

|𝑀𝑀|
< 1.0
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Where,
M Bending Moment
M header Bending capacity of the header

[Link] Shear Check

|𝑉𝑉|
< 1.0
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Where,
V Shear Load
V header Shear capacity of the header

[Link] Deflection Check

For serviceability limits LC9 (Point load) ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 10mm
LC7 & LC8 ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 10mm

4.4.4 Head and Sill Check

The Head and Sill Check is a face check taking into account wind horizontal loads. It performs a bending
check and a deflection check.
The check can be turned ON and OFF by the user with the Window LI command in the “Construction
Methods” tab:

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If the checks fail, the software will automatically add a boxed member to strengthen the failing head and
(or) sill.

Head and sill check calculation details are available in the header report.

[Link] Head and Sill Deflection Check

LC8 (Wind Horizontal) ∆ ≤ min( L / 240mm , δ )

With,
δ (mm) = Deflection limit from datafile

[Link] Head and Sill Bending Check

|𝑀𝑀| |𝑀𝑀|
< 1.0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 1.0
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Where,

𝑀𝑀 = Bending moment calculated in accordance with Load Combination LC10 (Wind

Horizontal)
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Strong axis Moment Capacity of the head member
= MnxOC If head quantity = 1
= MnxOC + 2 MnxLC If head quantity = 2

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Strong axis Moment Capacity of the sill member

= MnxOC If sill quantity = 1
= MnxOC + 2 MnxLC If sill quantity = 2
With,

MnxOC Bending member Capacity of Section Shape OC (Strong axis unlipped)

MnxLC Bending member Capacity of Section Shape LC (Strong axis lipped)

4.5 Wall Panel Reaction

4.5.1 IBC 2009 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.6Wu

4.5.2 IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC
2020 LRFD, and FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.0Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu

4.5.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.75S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S

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LC4 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.75Wd
LC5 1.0G + 0.6Wu

4.5.4 IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020
ASD, and FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.45S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.45Wd
LC5 0.6G + 0.6Wu

4.5.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.75Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 0.75Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.25G + 0.75Q2 + 1.4Wd
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu

4.5.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.5S
LC4 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.4Wd
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu

4.5.7 NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 1.0Q3 + 1.5S
LC4 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.4Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.4 Wu

4.5.8 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019 AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND
AS/NZS 1170:2021
LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2 + 0.4 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0S
LC4 1.2G + 1.0Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu

4.5.9 SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 1.0 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 1.0Q2 + 1.6 Q3
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 1.3Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.3Wu

4.5.10 GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.2G + 1.4Q2 + 1.0 Q3

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LC2 1.2G + 1.0 max(S , Q2)+1.4Q3
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.2G + 1.0 max(S , Q2)+1.4Wd
LC5 1.0G + 1.4Wu

4.5.11 EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2 + 1.05Q3
LC2 1.35G + 1.5Q3 + 0.75S
LC3 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5S
LC4 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 0.75S
LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) Wu

4.5.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q4 +1.1Q3
LC2 1.1G + 1.2Q3 + 1.25S
LC3 1.1G + 1.1Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.1G + 0.85Q3 + 1.25S
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu

4.6 Top Plate Analysis

The need for additional studs under trusses or joists is determined performing a bending check
considering the average point load calculated as the total panel load divided by the number of oncoming
joists or trusses.

Additionally, the top plate is checked for specific point loads for trusses with spacing greater than 610
mm (2’), and for Girder Trusses and Floor Beams in which case an additional stud check is performed to
calculate the number of studs required under those specific point loads.

4.6.1 Load Combinations

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.6Wu

[Link] IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC
2020 LRFD, AND FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu

[Link] IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.75S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1
LC5 0.6G + 1.0Wu

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[Link] IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020
ASD, and FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.45S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1
LC5 0.6G + 0.6Wu

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.25G + 1.4S
LC3 1.25G + 0.75S + 1.4Wd
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2

LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5S
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu

[Link] NBCC 2015 aND NBCC 2020

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2

LC2 1.25G + 1.0Q2 + 1.5S
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0S
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.4 Wu

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019 AS/NZS 1170:2002
AND AS/NZS 1170:2021
LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.2G + 1.0S
LC3 1.2G + 1.0 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.5P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu

[Link] SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2

LC2 1.2G + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.3 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.6P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.3Wu

[Link] GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.2G + 1.4Q2
LC2 1.2G + 1.4S
LC3 1.2G + 1.0S + 1.4 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.4P (1.1kN)
LC5 1.0G + 1.4Wu

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[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST
LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.35G + 1.5S
LC3 1.35G + 1.05Q2 + 1.5S
LC4 1.35G + 1.5P (1.1kN)
LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) Wu

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q2

LC2 1.1G + 1.4S
LC3 1.1G + 1.1Q2 + 1.4S
LC4 1.1G + 1.2P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu

4.6.2 Top Plate Design Check

The bending check of the top plate is:

𝐺𝐺𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 . 𝑇𝑇(𝑆𝑆 − 𝑒𝑒)𝑒𝑒 𝐺𝐺𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . 𝑇𝑇(𝑆𝑆 − 𝑒𝑒)𝑒𝑒

max ( , )≤1
1.15𝑆𝑆. 𝑀𝑀nxLE− 1.15𝑆𝑆 . 𝑀𝑀nxLE+

Where,
S Stud spacing
T Truss Spacing
𝑀𝑀nxLE Top Plate Bending section capacity. See Appendix B for calculation details.
1.15S is used to account for partial moment continuity over stud
e Stud eccentricity
Gup Upward action from load combinations
Gdn Downward action from load combinations

4.7 Bracing Analysis

The brace analysis is done when the PCB command is initiated on a wall layout in the Layouts view. The
software takes into account the wall layout in the plan view only and calculates the lateral forces (from
wind and earthquake) and the total bracing resistance along the X and Y directions in order to determine
any capacity shortages. The software also performs a wind brace density analysis considering all the
brace lines of the referenced layout, their resistance and their position in the building.

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4.7.1 Wind Force

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023 ASD,
NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020 AND CSA S136 2007 LSD
Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay G Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax G Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
G = Gust Factor G = 0.85
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X direction
Ax = AXwall + AXroof
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y direction
Ay = AYwall + AYroof

AXwall , AYwall = Wall area for wind force bracing. Taken as half the total wall area (bracing
takes over half of the wind, Hold down takes over the other half)
AXroof , AYroof = Roof area for wind force bracing. Taken as half the projected roof area for
a conservative approach in order to use the following net pressure coefficient.

Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X direction

If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.3
If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 1.05
Else Cx = 1.0
Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y direction
If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.3
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 1.05
Else Cy = 1.0

Lcomb = Load combination Factor

For IBC 2009 LRFD Lcomb = 1.6
For IBC 2009 ASD Lcomb = 1.0
For IBC 2012 to 2024 LRFD Lcomb = 1.0
For IBC 2012 to 2024 ASD Lcomb = 0.6
For FBC 2020 to 2023 LRFD Lcomb = 1.0
For FBC 2020 to 2023 ASD Lcomb = 0.6
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Lcomb = 1.4
For NBCC 2010 to 2020 Lcomb = 1.4

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ax Lcomb

Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ay Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
Ax = Total Area along X axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Ay = Total Area along Y axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X axis
If Ax/Ay ≤ 1.5 Cx = 1.3
If Ax/Ay ≤ 2 Cx = 1.2
If Ax/Ay ≤ 3 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay ≥ 4 Cx = 1.05
Else Cx = 1.0

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Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y axis
If Ay/Ax ≤ 1.5 Cy = 1.3
If Ay/Ax ≤ 2 Cy = 1.2
If Ay/Ax ≤ 3 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax ≥ 4 Cy = 1.05
Else Cy = 1.0

Lcomb = Load combination Factor Lcomb = 1.4

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND
AS/NZS 1170:2021
Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay K Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax K Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
K = Combination Factor K = 0.80
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X axis Ax = AXwall + AXroof
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y axis Ay = AYwall + AYroof

Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X direction

If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.3
If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 1.05
Else Cx = 1.0

Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y direction

If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.3
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 1.05
Else Cy = 1.0

Lcomb = Load combination Factor Lcomb = 1.0

[Link] GB 5009-2012 and SANS 517:2013

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay K Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax K Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
K = Reduction Factor
For SANS 517:2013 K = 0.8
For GB 5009-2012 K = 1.0
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X axis Ax = AXwall + AXroof
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y axis Ay = AYwall + AYroof

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If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 1.05
Else Cx = 1.0

Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y direction

If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.3
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.2
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 1.05
Else Cy = 1.0
Lcomb = Load combination Factor
For GB 5009-2012 Lcomb = 1.4
For SANS 517:2013 Lcomb = 1.3

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X axis Ax = AXwall + AXroof
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y axis Ay = AYwall + AYroof

Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X direction

Lcomb = Load combination Factor

For non-cyclonic Lcomb = 1.5
For cyclonic Lcomb = 1.75

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ax Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ay Lcomb

Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
Ax = Total Area along X axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Ay = Total Area along Y axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X axis
If Ax/Ay ≤ 1.5 Cx = 1.3
If Ax/Ay ≤ 2 Cx = 1.2
If Ax/Ay ≤ 3 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay ≥ 4 Cx = 1.05

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Else Cx = 1.0

Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y axis

If Ay/Ax ≤ 1 Cy = 1.3
If Ay/Ax ≤ 2 Cy = 1.2
If Ay/Ax ≤ 3 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax ≥ 4 Cy = 1.05
Else Cy = 1.0

Lcomb = Load combination Factor Lcomb = 1.4

4.7.2 Earthquake Force

Earthquake code can be selected from the command BSET. The earthquake code available are IBC 2009
to IBC 2021, AS 1170.4-2007, NZS 1170.5-2004 and EN 1998-1:2004.

[Link] IBC 2009, IBC 2012, AND IBC 2015

∑𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Level i Level considered for the analysis

Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G + 0.2S
Wi Total Seismic weight of level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
0.66S1F1.I 0.66SsFs.I
Cs Seismic coefficient Cs = max[min ( , ),
[Link] Ru
0.01]
Where,
S1 1s Spectral response
Ss 0.2s Spectral response
P Fundamental Period P = 0.0488 Hbuilding0.75
Hbuilding Total building height
Ru Structural response
I Importance factor (depend on the Importance level)
If Level 1 I = 1.0
If Level 2 I = 1.0
If Level 3 I = 1.25
If Level 4 I = 1.5
Fs Site coefficient at short period (See table below)

F1 Site coefficient at 1s period (See table below)

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[Link] IBC 2018, IBC 2021 and IBC 2024
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase ∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Level i Level considered for the analysis

F1 Site coefficient at 1s period (See table below)

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[Link] NZS 1170.5 – 2004
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Ft + 0.92 Vbase ∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Level i Level considered for the analysis

Ft = 0.08 Vbase for top floor, 0 otherwise
Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT =
1.0G+0.3Q+0.3S
Wi Total Seismic weight of level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
Cs Seismic coefficient
[Link] Za
Cs = [Link][max(0.03 , ), 20
+ 0.02 ]
Kµ
Where,
Sp Structural performance factor
If µ < 2 Sp = 1.3 – 0.3 µ
else Sp = 0.7
T Fundamental Period T = 0.0488 Hbuilding0.75
Hbuilding Total building height
µ Structural ductility factor (Structural response)
Za Seismic Hazard Coefficient
Kµ Inelastic spectrum scaling factor
If T < 0.7 and Site Sub-soil A, B, C, or D Kµ = [max(T,0.4) (µ - 1)/0.7]
+1
If T < 1.0, µ ≥ 1.5, and Site Sub-soil E Kµ = T (µ - 1.5) + 1.5
Else Kµ = µ
I Importance factor (depend on the Importance level)
If Level 1 I = 1.0
If Level 2 I = 1.0
If Level 3 I = 1.3
If Level 4 I = 1.8
C Spectral shape factor (See table below)

Site Subsoil A B C D E
class
T < 0.5 1.89 1.89 2.36 3.0 3.0
T ≥ 0.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 3.0 3.0
T ≥ 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.74 2.84 3.0

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T ≥ 0.7 1.24 1.24 1.55 2.53 3.0
T ≥ 0.8 1.12 1.12 1.41 2.29 3.0
T ≥ 0.9 1.03 1.03 1.29 2.09 3.0
T ≥ 1.0 0.95 0.95 1.19 1.93 3.0
T ≥ 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.88 1.43 2.21
T ≥ 2.0 0.53 0.53 0.66 1.07 1.66
T ≥ 2.5 0.42 0.42 0.53 0.86 1.33
T ≥ 3.0 0.35 0.35 0.44 0.71 1.11
T ≥ 3.5 0.26 0.26 0.32 0.52 0.81
T ≥ 4.0 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.40 0.62
T ≥ 4.5 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.32 0.49

[Link] AS 1170.4 - 2007

∑𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Level i Level considered for the analysis

Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = I Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G
+0.3Q + 0.3S
Wi Total Seismic weight of level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
[Link]
Cs Seismic coefficient Cs = max( 0.01, )
µ
Where,
Sp Structural performance factor
If µ < 2 Sp = 0.77
else Sp = 0.67
T Fundamental Period T = 0.0625 Hbuilding0.75
Hbuilding Total building height
µ Structural Response
Za Seismic Hazard Coefficient

I Importance factor
If Structure Type 1 I = 1.0
If Structure Type 2 I = 1.0
If Structure Type 3 I = 1.25
If Structure Type 4 I = 1.0
C Spectral shape factor (See table below)

Earthquake A B C D E
Design
category
T ≤ 0.3 2.35 2.94 3.68 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.4 1.76 2.20 3.12 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.5 1.41 1.76 2.5 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.6 1.17 1.47 2.08 3.30 3.68
T ≤ 0.7 1.01 1.26 1.79 2.83 3.68

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T ≤ 0.8 0.88 1.10 1.56 2.48 3.68
T ≤ 0.9 0.78 0.98 1.39 2.20 3.42
T ≤ 1.0 0.70 0.88 1.25 1.98 3.08
T ≤ 1.2 0.59 0.73 1.04 1.65 2.57
T ≤ 1.5 0.47 0.59 0.83 1.32 2.05
T ≤ 1.7 0.37 0.46 0.65 1.03 1.60
T ≤ 2.0 0.26 0.33 0.47 0.74 1.16
T ≤ 2.5 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.74
T ≤ 3.0 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.51
T ≤ 3.5 0.086 0.11 0.15 0.24 0.38
T ≤ 4.0 0.066 0.083 0.12 0.19 0.29
T ≤ 4.5 0.052 0.065 0.093 0.15 0.23
T > 5.0 0.042 0.053 0.075 0.12 0.18

[Link] EN 1998-1:2004
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase ∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

Level i Level considered for the analysis

Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G
+0.3Q + 0.2S
Wi Total Seismic weight of level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
Cs Seismic coefficient
Cs = [Link]
Where,
Sd Structural performance factor
If P ≤ Tb Sd = S.[0.66 +P((2.5/q)-0.66)/Tb)]
If P > Tb and P ≤ Tc Sd = S. (2.5/q)
If P > Tc and P ≤ 2 Sd = max(S. (2.5/q).Tc / P , 0.2)
If P > 2 Sd = max(S. (2.5/q).Tc.2 /P2 , 0.2)
Where,
P Fundamental Period P = 0.055 Hbuilding0.75
Hbuilding Total building height
a Seismic Hazard Coefficient
S, Tc, Tb Site coefficient (see table below)
q Seismic behaviour coefficient (structural response factor)

CLASS A B C D E
S 1.0 1.2 1.15 1.35 1.4
Tb 0.15 0.15 0.2 0.2 0.15
Tc 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.5

[Link] GB 50011 - 2010

Vi Seismic Storey Shear Force (kN) at level i

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∑𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗=𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Vi = Vbase 𝑖𝑖
∑𝑗𝑗=𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
where,
Vbase Design Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Lcomb . α WT / γRE
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G + 0.5Q + 0.5S
Wi Total Seismic weight of all levels above level i including level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
Lcomb = Load combination Factor Lcomb = 1.3
α Seismic coefficient
T ≤ 0.1 α = η2.αmax -(0.1-T)/0.1 x (η2-
0.45).αmax
T > 0.1 and T ≤ Tg α = η2.αmax
T > Tg and T ≤ 5Tg α = (Tg/T)γ.η2.αmax
T > 5 Tg α = (1/5)γ.η2.αmax
where,
αmax Maximum Seismic coefficient αmax = 0.8α
α Basic Acceleration User input (for location as per Appendix A GB 50011)

T Fundamental Period T = 0.03 Hbuilding

Hbuilding Total building height
γRE Structural Response: User input (default value 0.9 as per JGJ 227,
J1162)
η2 Damping Coefficient η2 = 1 + (0.05-ξ) /
(0.08+1.6ξ)
γ Attenuation Index γ = 0.9 + (0.05-ξ) / (0.3+6ξ)
ξ Damping Ratio: ξ = 0.03 (JGJ 227,
J1162)
Tg Site Characteristic Period Table 5.1.4-2 A GB 50011 as below

Site Characteristic Period (Tg)

Design Earthquake Site Classification
Group (Appendix A I0 I1 II III IV
GB 50011)
First 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.65
Second 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.75
Third 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.65 0.90

User Inputs
Site Classification - From GB 50011
List: I0, I1 , II, III, IV (no text input)
Building Class – - From Chinese Building Code
List: B, C, D (no text input)
Structural Response γRE - 0.9 as per JGJ 227, J1162
Text input (0.9 default)
Basic Acceleration α − Value for Location from Appendix A GB 50011
List: 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.4 (& text input)
Design Earthquake Group - Value for Location from Appendix A GB 50011
List: First, Second, Third (no text input)
Fundamental Period T - Optional – Override of Calculated value
Text input (0.1 default)

4.7.3 brace resistance

The calculations assume the use of appropriate anchoring being specified at both ends of the brace. Such
anchoring shall meet or exceed the structural capacity used in the calculations and shall be approved by
the signing-off engineer.

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Notations:

Symbol Description Note

Cb Linear Capacity of the board (from datafile)
CHD Hold Down Capacity (from datafile)
Code Using either Design or Loading as applicable
Cov Overturning Resistance/Capacity
Cr Racking Resistance/Capacity
Cstud Stud Compression Capacity
d Screw diameter
DL or G Dead Load - A constant load in a structure, this is mainly composed of
the self-weight of the different elements of the structure. This can include
built-in furniture and objects that cannot be moved. These are also
referred to as Permanent Loads.

Fu Tensile Strength - The maximum allowable stress before rupture of the

material. The limit to the plastic reserve of the material.

Fy Yield Strength - The maximum allowable stress before plastic

deformation. The limit to the elastic deformation.

Fya Increased average Yield Strength

G Dead load + Self weight (as an UDL)
H Wall height
L Horizontal projection of the strap/K/Type A&B brace length
UDL Uniformly Distributed Load - Is an action load on a structural element
with the same value at any point.

Lx,y Length of sheathed wall along the X or Y direction excluding

openings width and braced length.
n Number of 90o bends in the cross section
NS Nog Spacing
Rstrap Strap Brace Resistance
RKbrace K Brace Resistance
RPlaster Plaster Board Resistance
SS Stud Spacing
qty Screw quantity at each end of the Strap/K Brace (as specified on
drawing)
Tnstrap Tension Capacity of the Strap
Vconstrap Strap Connection strength
VconKbrace K Brace Connection strength
Wstrap Strap Brace width (from datafile)
Ø, Øtu, Øty, Øc Capacity reduction factor – see table below

Ø Øt Øtu Øty Øc Code

1.0 0.65 0.75 0.9 0.5 IBC/FBC LRFD

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] Strap Brace

Formula Code
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = min(Cr , Cov)

𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∅ ∙ (CHD+ 0.9∙G∙𝐿𝐿⁄2) ∙ 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐻𝐻

All Codes
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = min(Tnstrap, Vconstrap) ∙ cos(atan(H/L))

2
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = qty ∙ Øc ∙ min �(2.7 ∙ t ∙ Fu ∙ d), �4.2 ∙ �(t 3 ∙ d) ∙ Fu��

Imperial
IBC 2009-2024
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = min[Øtu ∙ (Wstrap − ¼”) ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fu, Øty ∙ Wstrap ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fy]
FBC 2020-2023
(LRFD, ASD)
Metric
NBCC 2010-2020
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = min[Øtu ∙ (Wstrap − 6.5mm) ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fu, Øty ∙ Wstrap ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fy]
ABNT NBR 14762:2009

NZS 1170.5:2004
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = min[Øtu ∙ 0.85 ∙ (Wstrap − 6.5mm) ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fu, Øty ∙ Wstrap ∙ 𝑡𝑡 ∙ Fy]
AS 1170.4:2007

𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Wstrap ∙ t ∙ Fya Where

Fya = min[Fy + (Fu − Fy) ∙ 7𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑡𝑡 2 ⁄Ag, (Fy + Fu)⁄2] EN 1998-1:2004

n=0 for straps, therefore Fya = min[Fy , (Fy + Fu)⁄2]

[Link] K Brace

Formula Code
𝑅𝑅𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = min(Cr , Cov)

𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = min(∅ ∙ (CHD+0.9∙G∙L) ∙ L⁄H , Cstud∙ L⁄H )

𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = VconKbrace ∙ cos�atan�NS/min(SS, L)�� All Codes

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = qtymin [Øc(2.7 ∙ t ∙ Fu ∙ d) , Øt(4.2 ∙ (𝑡𝑡 3 d)1/2 Fu)] where qty = 2

𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = min(NsOC, NcLC) – see relevant Appendix

Cov and Cr are calculated using a reduction factor of 0.85 AS/NZS 1170

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[Link] Type A / Type B Brace Øt 4.2(t3d) 0.5Fu

Formula Code
𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ∅ ∙ min(Cr , Cov)
All Codes
𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∅ ∙ (CHD+0.9∙G∙L) ∙ L⁄H

𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = ∅ ∙ 𝐿𝐿 ∙ Cb ∙ (0.5 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐻𝐻 ) All Codes

IBC/FBC ASD
If 𝐻𝐻 ⁄𝐿𝐿 > 2 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 > 2: 1)
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = ∅ ∙ 𝐿𝐿 ∙ Cb ∙ (0.5 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐻𝐻 ) ∙ 2 ∙ 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐻𝐻 NZS 1170.5 – 2004
Otherwise use formula noted in “All codes” field above AS 1170.4 - 2007

[Link] Board Capacity

Board resistance such as Plaster board, cladding and sheathing options are to be selected from the PCB
command “Bracing Options”.

Formula Code
𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ∅ ∙ Lx,y ∙ min(Cr , Cov)

𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∅ ∙ CHD ∙ Lx,y⁄𝐻𝐻 All Codes

𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = ∅ ∙ Lx,y ∙ Cb

4.7.4 Strength Method: Bracing Density

The Brace analysis strength method can be select in the command BSET, “brace engineering”. This
method is available for every loading code.

[Link] Bracing Density Check

FRAMECAD Steelwise performs a Brace density check that consists of checking the distribution of the
bracing walls within the building.
If S < Actual spacing between bracing walls, the software will give the user a warning or
a design error (depending on the datafile settings).
With
S = Maximum Spacing of Bracing walls

[Link].1 NASH AS 2010

Wu = Design Wind Speed
ɵ = Roof Pitch
C = Ceiling Depth = Maximum width of the ceiling diaphragm along the perpendicular
direction to the wind
If Wu < 50 m/s (wind cat N1 or N2) S = 9000 mm
If 50 ≤ Wu < 61 m/s (wind cat N3 or C1) S = See table 1 below
If Wu ≥ 61 m/s (wind cat N4 or C2) S = See table 2 below

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Table 1 - Table 6.2 from NASH AS 2010

Roof pitch
Ceiling depth 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4000 7100 6700 6400 6000 5400 4900 4400
5000 8800 8200 7600 7100 6100 5600 4800
6000 9000 9000 8800 8100 6700 6100 5200
7000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7200 6500 5500
8000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7600 6800 5700
9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8000 7100 5900
10000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8400 7400 6000
11000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8700 7600 6200
12000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7900 6400
13000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8100 6500
14000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8300 6600
15000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8400 6800
16000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8600 6900

Table 2 - Table 6.3 from NASH AS 2010

Roof pitch
Ceiling depth 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4000 4800 4500 4300 4000 3600 3300 2900
5000 5900 5500 5100 4800 4100 3800 3300
6000 7000 6400 5900 5500 4500 4100 3500
7000 8000 7300 6600 6100 4800 4400 3700
8000 9000 8100 7300 6500 5100 4600 3800
9000 9000 8900 8000 6800 5400 4800 3900
10000 9000 9000 8500 7100 5600 4900 4100
11000 9000 9000 9000 7500 5800 5100 4200
12000 9000 9000 9000 7800 6100 5300 4300
13000 9000 9000 9000 8000 6200 5400 4400
14000 9000 9000 9000 8300 6400 5600 4500
15000 9000 9000 9000 8500 6600 5700 4500
16000 9000 9000 9000 8800 6700 5800 4600

[Link].2 AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS 1170:2002, AS/NZS

1170:2021, ABNT NBR 14762:2009 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011, EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN
1990:2002-GUST, GB 5009-2012 AND SANS 517:2013
S = Maximum Spacing of Bracing Walls. This value is defined in the data file.

[Link] Wind Brace Distribution

Bracing lines are lines along and across the building (respectively X and Y direction) that contain all
bracing walls less than 1m apart from each other.
For bracing walls that are at angles, the software automatically creates one projected brace line in
direction X and Y located at the centre of the bracing component. The brace line capacity is the bracing
capacity of the bracing component multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the wall and the bracing
line being considered.
For each brace line, the software performs the following brace distribution checks. Those checks are to be
considered as a warning only for an ultimate bracing design.

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[Link].1 BRACE TORSION EQUILIBRIUM
Bracing within the building should be located as close as possible to the corners of external walls and
should be distributed evenly throughout the building.
The Torsion equilibrium checks are to ensure the braces are evenly distributed. If the check does not
pass, the software will inform the location of the bracing shortage (ex: Shortage X brace on the top:
Means it is missing horizontal bracing capacity towards the top front of the building).

Torque Check

𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑊𝑊 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑊𝑊 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

≤1 and ≤1 and ≤1 and ≤1
𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡

𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = Torque Demand at the rear of the building 𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑊𝑊𝑋𝑋 (𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 − 𝑌𝑌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 )
𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Torque Demand at the front of the building 𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑊𝑊𝑋𝑋 (𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 )
𝑊𝑊 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = Torque Demand at the left of the building 𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑊𝑊𝑌𝑌 (𝑋𝑋𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 − 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 )
𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = Torque Demand at the right of the building 𝑊𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 𝑊𝑊𝑌𝑌 (𝑋𝑋𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑋𝑋𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 )

𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = Torque Capacity at the rear of the building 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 |(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑌𝑌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 )|
𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Torque Capacity at the front of the building 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 |(𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 )|
𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = Torque Capacity at the left of the building 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 |(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 )|
𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = Torque Capacity at the right of the building 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 |(𝑋𝑋𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 )|

With,

Wx = Wind Force along X axis

Wy = Wind Force along Y axis

𝑋𝑋𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = X coordinate of the wind force location (middle of building envelope)

𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = Y coordinate of the wind force location (middle of building envelope)

𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 = X coordinate of Brace line i

𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 = Y coordinate of Brace line i

𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = Front Y coordinate of the building layout envelop

𝑌𝑌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = Rear Y coordinate of the building layout envelop
𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = Left X coordinate of the building layout envelop
𝑋𝑋𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 = Right X coordinate of the building layout envelop
N = Number of Brace Line

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[Link].2 BRACE LINE LIMITS
[Link].2.1 Minimum bracing Line values
Every Bracing Line should have Racking Resistance greater than 4kN.
𝑅𝑅 > 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
All Bracing lines should have a Racking Resistance greater than 50 % of the total bracing demand divided
by the number of bracing lines in the direction.
𝑊𝑊
𝑅𝑅 > 50%
𝑁𝑁
[Link].2.2 Minimum bracing Capacity of external Walls

Each external wall in any storey shall have a total bracing capacity greater than 0.6 kN per meter of
external wall length.
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 > 0.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

4.7.5 Rigid Diaphragm Method (For the IBC, FBC, NBCC, AND CSA loading codes)
The Brace analysis Rigid diaphragm method can be selected in the command BSET, “brace engineering”.
Bracing Bay Shear Wall actions, Drifts, and Chord Stud actions are calculated considering a rigid
diaphragm. Only Strap X bracing and Panel bracing (sheathing) are included in bracing evaluation.
Evaluation method follows guidance of the IBC Structural / Seismic Design manual part 2. Method is
suitable for low-rise light frame buildings. Building model storey eccentricity is calculated explicitly, plus
5% accidental eccentricity for seismic actions. Bracing bay stiffness and drift ratios are calculated

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considering bracing bay level only (not considering any deformation in lower levels) as per the IBC
Manual.
Chord stud vertical actions from bracing bays are summed down the building and specific stud design
carried out for Load Bearing and Structural Wall Panels.
NOTE: Openings are not designed for loads from brace chord studs (but software will still consider the
bracing in the lateral analysis) – therefore bracing should not be modelled over openings.

[Link] Bracing Shear Force

[Link].1 WIND SHEAR FORCE CHECK

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
≤ 1
Ø𝑤𝑤 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

With
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 Lateral wind shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = �𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 2

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the X direction
𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = ∑𝑛𝑛
Wx + Wx
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the Y direction
𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = ∑𝑛𝑛
Wy + Wy
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

With
Kox Rotation Stiffness along X axis Kox = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 . 𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗2

Koy Rotation Stiffness along Y axis Koy = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 . 𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗2

a Distance from the centre of area and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 Distance from the jth shear wall and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 , 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 The shear rigidity of the jth shear wall per unit of length along X & Y directions.

Two components

• Bracing stiffness: Calculated value for strap brace from material properties and geometry.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.

• Hold-down stiffness: Calculated value for 1.6 mm (1/16”) base end vertical deformation
Stiffness values have been evaluated at Service Strength levels (0.4 times nominal shear strength)

𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 Length of the jth shear wall along X direction

𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 Length of the jth shear wall along Y direction

n Number of shear wall along the X or the Y direction

Wx Wind Force along the X direction (see section 4.7.1)
Wy Wind Force along the Y direction (see section 4.7.1)

𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Nominal Shear Strength of the shear wall j. Calculated value for strap brace to AISI standards.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.

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Nominal shear strength and Stiffness
Metric notation Imperial notation Rn wind Stiffness
(kN/m) (kN/m/m)
11mm OSB- 150 / 300 7/16 OSB-6/12 13.3 625
11mm OSB-100/300 7/16 OSB-4/12 20.6 1080
12mm Ply-150/300 15/32 Ply-6/12 15.5 580
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-6/12 3.85 250
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-4/12 4.30 330
2.5mm Gyp-200/300 1/2 Gyp-8/12 3.40 170
1. The stiffness values have been calculated for a wall height of 2400mm (8’). Stiffness is scaled
by ratio (height/2400) for other wall heights
2. The notation 150/300 (respectively 6/12) refers to the screw spacing at panel Edge/Fields in
mm (respectively inch)
Øw capacity reduction factor for wind
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øw = 0.65
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øw = 0.7 (0.6) for Gypsum sheathed walls
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øw = 1/Ωw = 1/2.0

[Link].2 EARTHQUAKE SHEAR FORCE

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
≤ 1 JGJ 227-2011(8.2.4-
Ø𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
2)

With
𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 Lateral earthquake shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = �𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 2

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 The wind earthquake force resisted by the jth shear wall along the X direction
𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 . max (� ∑𝑛𝑛 + + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � , � ∑𝑛𝑛 − − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �)
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the Y direction
𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 .𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 . max (� ∑𝑛𝑛 + + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � , � ∑𝑛𝑛 + − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �)
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Accidental torsional moment caused by assumed displacement of the center of mass each
way by 5% of the building width.
𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 .𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑌𝑌
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.05 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 .𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑋𝑋
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.05 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

With
Kox Rotation Stiffness along X axis Kox = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 . 𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗2

Koy Rotation Stiffness along Y axis Koy = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 . 𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗2

a Distance from the centre of mass and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

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𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 Distance from the jth shear wall and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 , 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 The shear rigidity of the jth shear wall per unit of length along X & Y directions.

Two components

• Bracing stiffness: Calculated value for strap brace from material properties and geometry.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.

• Hold-down stiffness: Calculated value for 1.6 mm (1/16”) base end vertical deformation
Stiffness values have been evaluated at Service Strength levels (0.4 times nominal shear strength)
𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 Length of the jth shear wall along X direction

𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 Length of the jth shear wall along Y direction

n Number of shear wall along the X or the Y direction

Vi Seismic storey shear force at level i (see section 4.7.2)
𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Nominal Shear Strength of the shear wall j. Calculated value for strap brace to AISI standards.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.
Nominal shear strength and Stiffness
Metric notation Imperial notation Rn wind Stiffness
(kN/m) (kN/m)
11mm OSB- 150 / 300 7/16 OSB-6/12 12.0 625
11mm OSB-100/300 7/16 OSB-4/12 18.1 1080
12mm Ply-150/300 15/32 Ply-6/12 12.9 580
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-6/12 3.85 250
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-4/12 4.30 330
2.5mm Gyp-200/300 1/2 Gyp-8/12 3.40 170

1. The stiffness values have been multiplied by a wall height of 2400mm (8’). Stiffness is scaled
by ratio (height/2400) for other wall heights
2. The notation 150/300 (respectively 6/12) refers to the screw spacing at panel Edge/Fields in
mm (respectively inch)
ØE capacity reduction factor for earthquake
For AISI S100-07 LRFD ØE = 0.60
For AISI S100-07 LSD ØE = 0.7 (0.6) for Gypsum sheathed walls
For AISI S100-07 ASD ØE = 1/ΩE = 1/2.5

[Link] Deflection Check

Wx Wind Force along the X direction (see section 4.7.1)

𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥 Total Stiffness along the X direction

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𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋

𝛥𝛥𝑦𝑦
Deflection ratio for wind along the Y direction
𝐻𝐻
𝛥𝛥𝑦𝑦 𝑊𝑊𝑦𝑦
=
𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦

Wy Wind Force along the Y direction (see section 4.7.1)

𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 Total Stiffness along the Y direction

𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌

𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Service Wind Load factor (ration of Strength design load and Deflection design load)
For IBC/FBC LRFD Ls = 1.6
For IBC/FBC ASD Ls = 1.0
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ls = 1.4

[Link].2 EARTHQUAKE DEFLECTION CHECK

𝛥𝛥
𝐻𝐻
≤ 1/40

𝛥𝛥𝑥𝑥
Deflection ratio for earthquake along the X direction
𝐻𝐻
𝛥𝛥𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
= Cd.𝐿𝐿
𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥

Vi Seismic storey shear force at level i (see section 4.7.2)

Cd Deflection Amplification Factor (to be input in command BSET)
𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥 Total Stiffness along the X direction
𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋

𝛥𝛥𝑦𝑦
Deflection ratio for wind along the Y direction
𝐻𝐻
𝛥𝛥𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
=
𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝐾𝑥𝑥

𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 Total Stiffness along the Y direction

𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐾𝐾𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌

𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 Earthquake Load factor for deflection (= Earthquake design load combination factor)
For IBC LRFD Ls = 1.0
For IBC ASD Ls = 0.7
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ls = 1.0

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[Link] Axial Force in Chord Studs (brace stud)

[Link].1 WIND AXIAL FORCE

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 . 𝐻𝐻
𝐹𝐹𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 =
�𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 2 + 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 2

With
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 Lateral wind shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall

𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 Length of the jth shear wall along X direction

𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 Length of the jth shear wall along Y direction

H Wall height

[Link].2 EARTHQUAKE AXIAL FORCE

𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 . 𝐻𝐻. Ω𝑜𝑜
𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 =
�𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 2 + 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 2

With
𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 Lateral earthquake shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall

𝐿𝐿𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 Length of the jth shear wall along X direction

𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 Length of the jth shear wall along Y direction

H Wall height
Ω𝑜𝑜 System Overstrength factor (to be input in command BSET)

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5 Truss Engineering
5.1 Principles of Operations
Truss frames are analysed via a 2D plane frame analysis. The software takes the truss or rafter from the
detail drawing and reduces it to an Engineering model (single line drawing) using the centroid of each
member as the reference points. Apparent intersections are identified creating node points with
connecting lines. Each line is then subdivided into two or more members; this enables more accurate
bending and deflection calculations. Members are assigned gross sectional properties that are calculated
for the selected section. For each load case, the software calculates and applies the total combined
forces imposed on each node and element.
Member section capacities are calculated for the effective sectional properties. The effective sectional
properties vary with the length and constraint conditions of each member. The effective lengths of a
member are taken to be the distance between the truss connection joints (in-plane) and the specified
spacing of restraining members (roof and ceiling battens).
On the completion of the analysis, the overall truss is checked for serviceability deflections and each
member is checked for strength compliance with the code. The screwed, riveted, or bolted joints are all
designed by the software based on the largest terminating load at that point. Whilst the software designs
the required fasteners at each joint, it does not do any checks to ensure that the quantity of fasteners
will fit within the allowed space.

5.2 Options to take in account finished geometry and truss exposure

5.2.1 Ceiling to Top Chord
This option aims at taking into account the specific loading of skillion rafters and warehouse type
buildings with no ceiling attached to the bottom chord but allowing for service loads to be attached to the
bottom chord. The ceiling loads are attached to the top chord and in the case of rafters and skillion
rafters associated to battens made out of LC or OC sections, it is assumed that the battens are providing
torsional restraint. Some live loads will still be applied to the bottom chord. The same loads are applied to
the truss, the only change is on the location of the load.
It is possible to apply these changes to some but not all of the trusses in a drawing by creating different
roof loads for the different truss loading cases.

5.2.2 Suspended Ceiling

This option allows drawing in ceiling battens when creating a roof plan with the RS command. It also
relaxes the constraints of deflection for the bottom chord of the truss.

5.2.3 Shuttered Conditions

If you are in a cyclonic region and the building is built in such a way that the wind cannot enter, this
option allows reducing the wind pressures to those of a non-cyclonic region.

5.3 Design Loads for Trusses

Loads used in Load combinations are defined as below:
Q Live Load = Roof Live and Ceiling Live
G Dead load = Roof dead and ceiling dead and Ceiling services
S Snow Load = Basic design snow applied to the roof
Wu Wind up
Wd Wind down
Pt Truss point load

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5.3.1 Design Wind Loads
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.

To determine the wind pressure on the top chord, only consider the external pressure coefficient (Ce).
To determine the wind pressure on the bottom chord, only consider the internal pressure coefficient (Ci).
For eaves, specific wind pressure coefficients are used in order to take into account the wind pressure on
the underside of an eave.

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.2
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.2
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Ww Wind Windward Ww = 0.85 . Pw Cpw

Where,
Cpw Net Pressure Coefficient Cpw = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

α ≤ 10˚ Ce = - 0.18
α = 15˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 20˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 25° - 30° Ce = 0.3
α = 35° - 45° Ce = 0.4
α ≥ 60° Ce = 0.01 α

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18

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Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wl Wind Leeward Wl = 0.85 . Pw

Cp
Where,
Cpl Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpl = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Rectangular enclosed building downwind slope / hip roof
α ≤ 10 ° Ce = -0.3
α = 10 ° - 15 ° Ce = -0.5
α > 15 ° Ce = -0.6

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020.
Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.2
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.2
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Ww Wind Windward Ww = 0.85 . Pw Cpw

Where,
Cpw Net Pressure Coefficient Cpw = Ce + Ci

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Ce External Pressure Coefficient
α ≤ 10˚ Ce = - 0.18
α = 15˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 20˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 25° - 30° Ce = 0.3
α = 35° - 45° Ce = 0.4
α ≥ 60° Ce = 0.01 α

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wl Wind Leeward Wl = 0.85 . Pw

Cp
Where,
Cpl Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpl = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Rectangular enclosed building downwind slope / hip roof
α ≤ 10 ° Ce = -0.3
α = 10 ° - 15 ° Ce = -0.5
α > 15 ° Ce = -0.6

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

[Link] NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND NASH NZ 2019

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw Cp-

Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = 0.9 . Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.4

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Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.4
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

[Link] AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND AS/NZS 1170:2021

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw Cp-

Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = 0.9 . Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.2
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.2
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Ww Wind Windward Ww = 0.9 . Pw Cpw

Where,
Cpw Net Pressure Coefficient Cpw = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

α ≤ 15 ˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 20 ˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 25 ˚ Ce = 0.3
α = 30˚ Ce = 0.4
α = 35˚ Ce = 0.5
α ≥ 45˚ Ce = sin(α)
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

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Wl Wind Leeward Wl = 0.9 . Pw Cp
Where,
Cpl Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpl = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

α ≤ 15˚ Ce = -0.5
α ≥ 20˚ Ce = -0.6

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

[Link] SANS 517:2013

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci
Ce External Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.2
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.2
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Ww Wind Windward Wu = Pw Cp-

Where,
Cp Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

α ≤ 5˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 15˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 30˚ Ce = 0.4
α = 45˚ Ce = 0.6
α ≥ 60˚ Ce = 0.01 α

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Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wl Wind Leeward Wl = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

α ≤ 5˚ Ce = -0.6
α = 15˚ Ce = -1.0
α = 30˚ Ce = -0.5
α ≥ 45˚ Ce = -0.3

Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

[Link] GB 50009-2012
Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.8
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.8
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.50
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0

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Windward

Pitch Cp
α ≤ 15 ° 0.6
α = 30 ° 0.0
α ≥ 60 ° -0.8

Leeward
Cp = 0.5

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST.

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.2
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.2
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011, and ABNT NBR 14762:2009.

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.2
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.7

Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.4
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.4
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.3
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.65

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5.3.2 Point Load
The truss point Load Pt is manually entered in TSET.
The software considers a load distribution factor to take into account the load being shared with adjacent
structures. A minimum point load of 1.1 kN (0.25 kip) is considered.
The point load, Pe, is applied at mid panel points of the top and bottom chords, and at 300 mm (12”) in
from the end of top chord eaves.

Pe = 5/8 x max[Pt , 1.1 kN (0.25 kip)]

5.4 Effective Length Factor

The effective length factor Kx, Ky and Kt are initially defined in the data file, and they can be manually
changed using the LI command on a truss in the “Effective Length Factor” section. They are only used for
the chord members. For Webs and Rails, the effective length factor is always equal to 1.0.

5.4.1 In Line Truss

For in line trusses, the default values are Kx = Ky = Kt = 1.0.
Lx Effective Length for bending about x-axis Lx = [Link]
Ly Effective Length for bending about y-axis Ly = [Link]
Lt Effective Length for torsion Lt = min(Lx , Lx)
With
lx Unbraced Length for bending about x-axis lx = Web spacing
ly Unbraced Length for bending about y-axis ly = Batten spacing

Note that in the Engineering model, in case a node is connected to 4 members, the unreinforced chords
and rails of this connection will be made effectively non-structural.

5.4.2 Back-To-Back Truss

For Back-to-Back trusses, the default values are Kx = Kt = 0.75 and Ky = 1.0.
Lx Effective Length for bending about x-axis Lx = [Link]
Ly Effective Length for bending about y-axis Ly = [Link]
Lt Effective Length for torsion Lt = [Link]
If Kt = 0 Lt = ly
With
lx Unbraced Length for bending about x-axis lx = Web spacing
ly Unbraced Length for bending about y-axis ly = Batten spacing

5.4.3 Linear Truss

For linear trusses, the default values are kx = kt = 0.85 and ky = 1.0.
Lx Effective length for bending about x-axis Lx = [Link]
Ly Effective length for bending about y-axis Ly = [Link]
Lt Effective length for torsion Lt = [Link]
If kt = 0 Lt = ly
For chords

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lx unbraced length for bending about x-axis lx = Web spacing
ly unbraced length for bending about y-axis ly = Batten spacing

For Webs
lx unbraced length for bending about x-axis lx = Segment length
ly unbraced length for bending about y-axis ly = Web full length

For Special Boxed Webs (using command TRUSSSPECIALBOX)

lx unbraced length for bending about x-axis lx = Segment length
ly unbraced length for bending about y-axis ly = Segment length

5.4.4 Truncated and User Trusses

These two types of trusses include a third restraint value to take into account horizontal chord restraint
difference from top and bottom chords restraints. The horizontal chord restraint spacing must be defined
through the LI command for each Truncated or User truss in the layout. If the value is set to 0, the
software will use the top chord restraint as the horizontal chord restraint.

5.4.5 Serviceability Limits

The serviceability checks are done for the truss top and bottom chord members.
The total deflection of the chord is considered for those checks.

For non-suspended ceiling

For LC1 (Wind) ∆ ≤ L / 180mm or 20mm
Top Chord For LC2 (Dead) ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 20mm
For LC3 (Live or Snow) ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 20mm

For LC1 (Wind) ∆ ≤ L / 250mm or 15mm

Bottom Chord For LC2 (Dead) ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 12mm
For LC3 (Live or Snow) ∆ ≤ L / 300mm or 12mm

For suspended ceiling

For LC1 (Wind) ∆ ≤ L / 180mm or 30mm
Top & Bottom Chord For LC2 (Dead) ∆ ≤ L / 180mm or 30mm
For LC3 (Live or Snow) ∆ ≤ L / 180mm or 30mm

5.4.6 Truss Load Combinations

The load combinations used for each code option as listed in the following sections.
In addition to uniform load cases, each member is checked for strength and stability by applying a
nominal point load Pe (see section 5.2.2) mid span of each major segment. This check is applied to
members where the length of the major segment if greater than five time the height of the section.

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD

LC1 0.7Wu Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6Q Strength check
LC5 0.9G + 1.6Wu Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.6Ww Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.6Wl Strength check

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LC8 1.2G + 1.6Ww + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.6Wl + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.2G + 0.8Ww + 1.6Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 0.8Wl + 1.6Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC12 1.2G + 1.6S (if S>0) Strength check
LC13 1.2G + 1.6 Pe Strength check

[Link] IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2024 LRFD, FBC
2020 LRFD, AND FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 0.42Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6Q Strength check
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.0Ww Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.0Wl Strength check
LC8 1.2G + 1.0Ww + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.0Wl + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.2G + 0.5Ww + 1.6Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 0.5Wl + 1.6Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC12 1.2G + 1.6S (if S>0) Strength check
LC13 1.2G + 1.6 Pe Strength check

[Link] IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 0.7Wu Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0Q Strength check
LC5 0.6G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC6 0.6G + 1.0Ww Strength check
LC7 0.6G + 1.0Wl Strength check
LC8 1.0G + 0.75Ww + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.0G + 0.75Wl + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.0G + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC11 1.0G + 1.0 Pe Strength check

[Link] IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020
ASD, ANd FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 0.42Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0Q Strength check
LC5 0.6G + 0.6Wu Strength check
LC6 0.6G + 0.6Ww Strength check
LC7 0.6G + 0.6Wl Strength check
LC8 1.0G + 0.45Ww + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.0G + 0.45Wl + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.0G + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC11 1.0G + 1.0 Pe Strength check

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 0.6Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check

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LC5 1.0G + 1.4Wu Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.4Wd (if S=0) Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.4Wd + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC7 1.25G + 0.85Wd + 1.4S (if S>0) Strength
check
LC8 1.2G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 0.6Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.4Ww Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.4Wl Strength check
LC8 1.25G + 1.4Ww + 0.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.25G + 1.4Wl + 0.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.25G + 0.4Ww + 1.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC11 1.25G + 0.4Wl + 1.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC12 1.25G + 1.5S (if S>0) Strength check
LC13 1.25G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] NBCC 2015 and NBCC 2020

LC1 0.6Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.4G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.4Ww Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.4Wl Strength check
LC8 1.25G + 1.4Ww + 0.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.25G + 1.4Wl + 0.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC10 1.25G + 0.4Ww + 1.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC11 1.25G + 0.4Wl + 1.5Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC12 1.25G + 1.5S (if S>0) Strength check
LC13 1.25G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] NASH AS 2010, NASH NZ 2010 and NASH NZ 2019

LC1 0.44Wu Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 0.7S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.0Wd Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC7 1.2G + 1.0S (if S > 0) Strength check
LC8 1.2G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND AS/NZS 1170:2021

LC1 0.44Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 0.7S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.0Wd Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check

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LC7 0.9G + 1.0Ww Strength check
LC8 0.9G + 1.0Wl Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.0Ww Strength check
LC10 1.2G + 1.0Wl Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 1.0S (if S > 0) Strength check
LC12 1.2G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] AS 3623-1993
LC1 0.44Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 0.7S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 1.0S (if S > 0) Strength check
LC7 1.2G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

[Link] GB 50009-2012
LC1 0.6Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.4Q Strength check
LC5 1.35G + 1.0Q Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.4Wu Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.4Ww Strength check
LC8 1.0G + 1.4Wl Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.4S Strength check
LC10 1.2G + 1.4 Sw Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 1.4 Sl Strength check
LC12 1.2G + 1.4 Pe Strength check

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC1 0.65Wu Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.35G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (1.75 if cyclonic) Wu Strength check
LC6 1.35G + 1.5 (1.75 if cyclonic) Wd Strength check
LC7 1.35G + 1.5Wd + 0.75S (if non-cyclonic) Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.75Wd + 0.2S (if cyclonic) Strength check
LC8 1.35G + 0.9 Wd + 1.5S Strength check
LC9 1.35G + 1.5 Pe Strength check

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5.4.7 Truss Capacities and Section Properties

Truss sections available are:

[Link] Inline trusses

Lip Cuts
For in-line truss, the section capacity considered for the design are the section capacities of section LE
with the following exceptions to take consideration of localised lip cuts.
• Section Compression Capacity: Unlipped C section capacity used
• Section Bending Capacity (-ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used typically
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) Unlipped Section Capacity + 0.2 x Lipped section capacity
used at joints (allowance for moment redistribution) for section bending check for members
longer than 1.4 times member depth and pin end members.
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) Unlipped Section Capacity used at joints for section
bending check for top chord eave member longer than 1.4 times member depth.

At lip cut locations where the moment demand exceeds the design section capacity, a reinforcing
plate is detailed. The Design strength of the plated section is set at 1.0 x the Lipped section capacity.

Web Cuts (Notches) and Flange Cuts

For in-line truss, the section properties considered for the design are the section properties of section LE,
LF, and LCLE with the following exceptions to take consideration of localised Web Notches or Flange Cuts.

• Most horizontal member crossing other member (where there are 4 or more beam elements at a
node in the analysis model)

o LE, LF: model pin moment connection, nominal axial stiffness (1/1000 Ag), nominal
section compression strength (1/100 Ns)

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o LCLE crossing LE or LF: Section compression strength = 0.5 x LCLE section compression
capacity

o LCLE crossing LCLE: model pin moment connection, nominal axial stiffness (1/1000 Ag),
nominal section compression strength (1/100 Ns)

[Link] BACK-TO-BACK trusses

See Section B.5 for capacity calculation details, plus the following requirements for AISI S100-2007 and
AS/NZS 4600:2005 standards:

Requirements For AISI S100-2007 and AS/NZS 4600:2005

For Top and Bottom Chord of Back-to-Back trusses, the compression capacity calculation takes in account
the requirements of the American standard for compression members having one flange through-
fastened to sheathing (AISI S100-2007 D.6.1.3).
In case of close Battened (batten spacing < 410 mm), the minimum torsion axial buckling Strength Fez is
in accordance with AISI S100-2007 D6.1.3 and AS/NZS 4600:2005 3.4.7:

Fez = (0.79s + 0.54) (0.046t + 0.93) (0.1 b - 0.064d+ 22.8) (E/29500)

PnLC Compression member capacity PnLC = Øc max( AenLCFn , Fez Agross)

With,
s 0.5 (for batten screwed to centre of flange)

b Flange width

d Web depth
Øc capacity reduction factor
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øc = 0.85
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øc = 0.80
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øc = 1/Ωv = 1/1.80
For AS/NZS 4600:2005 Øc = 0.85
Flange Cuts
For Back-to-Back trusses, the section properties considered for the design are the section properties of
section LC or LB with the following exceptions to take consideration of localised Flange Cuts.
• For members crossing other members of similar type – e.g. chord crossing chord or web crossing
web (where there are 4 or more beam elements at a node in the analysis model)
o For the most horizontal member, the model uses a moment release connection and
reduces the nominal axial stiffness (1/1000 Ag) and compression strength (1/100 Ns).

[Link] LINEAR TRUSSES

See Section B.5 for capacity calculation details, plus the following requirements for AISI S100-2007 and
AS/NZS 4600:2005 standards:

Requirements For AISI S100-2007 and AS/NZS 4600:2005

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For the Top and Bottom Chords of Linear trusses, the compression capacity calculation considers the
requirements of the American standard for compression members having one flange through-fastened to
sheathing (AISI S100-2007 D.6.1.3).
In case of close Battened (batten spacing < 410 mm), the minimum torsion axial buckling Strength Fez is
in accordance with AISI S100-2007 D6.1.3 and AS/NZS 4600:2005 3.4.7:

Fez = (0.79s + 0.54) (0.046t + 0.93) (0.1 b - 0.064d+ 22.8) (E/29500)

With,
s 0.5 (for batten screwed to centre of flange)

b Flange width

d Web depth

Webs design and Partial Flange Notch

The software is considering a new section profile called FT to take into account the specific geometry of
the web at a Web to Chord connection caused by the partial flange notches. The FT section is an unlipped
section OC with 6mm flanges [15/64 inch]. Refer to Appendix B, C, and D for the relevant details of the
capacity’s calculations.
The FT section capacities are only valid with the partial flange notch, swaged end and the
specified screw placement as shown in the Linear Truss Guide.
Nc Member compression capacity of the web member Nc = Øc NcLC
Ns Section compression capacity of the web member Ns = 0.85 Øc NsFT
Nt Tension capacity of the web member Nt = Øt NtFT
V Shear capacity of the web member n V = Øv VFT
With,

NsFT Compression Section capacity of the FT section as defined above.

NtFT Tension capacity of the FT section as defined above.

VFT Shear capacity of the FT section as defined above

Øc capacity reduction factor for compression

For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øc = 0.85

For AISI S100-07 LSD Øc = 0.80
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øc = 1/Ωv =
1/1.80
For AS/NZS 4600:2005 Øc = 0.85

Øt capacity reduction factor for tensions

For LRFD Øt = 0.90

For LSD Øt = 0.90
For ASD Øt = 1/Ωt = 1/1.67
For AS/NZS 4600 Øt = 0.90

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Øv capacity reduction factor for shear
For LRFD Øv = 0.95
For LSD Øv = 0.90
For ASD Øv = 1/Ωv = 1/1.60
For AS/NZS 4600 Øv = 0.90

Flange Cuts (Partial / Full flange notch)

For the Webs of Linear trusses, in the event of member crossing webs, the following exceptions are
being applied to consider the localised flange cut where there are 4 or more member elements at a node
in the analysis model:
• For a chord crossing a web the analysis model adds moment release on the web around the
crossing location
• For a chord crossing a Special Boxed Web (generated using the command TRUSSSPECIALBOX)
the analysis model adds moment release connection as well as a nominal axial stiffness reduction
of (1/1000 Ag) and a nominal section compression strength reduction of (1/100 Ns) on the chord
member. This is the same approach as used for a chord crossing another chord.
For the chords of Linear trusses, the section properties considered for the design are the section
properties of section LC or LB with the following exceptions to take consideration of localised Flange
Cuts.
• For members crossing other members of similar type – e.g. chord crossing chord or web crossing
web (where there are 4 or more beam elements at a node in the analysis model)
o For the most horizontal member, the model uses a moment release connection and
reduces the nominal axial stiffness (1/1000 Ag) and compression strength (1/100 Ns)

[Link] Reinforced Chord

Reinforced section (LCLE), inline boxed section (LF) and boxed section (LB) are used to reinforce truss
members. See Appendix B for these build-up section calculation details. For truss design the following
strength adjustments are made:

• At physical member ends: Section compression strength = 0.5 x built up-section compression
capacity to take consideration of difficulty in constructing a full-strength connection.

• For LF Sections at Joints: Section Bending strengths as for LE Section

Section compression strength = 0.5 x built up-section
compression
• For reinforced section (LCLE), the material and the dimensions of the Reinforcing member can be
manually modified from the detailed drawing using the LI command. The software will calculate
the capacity of the multi-profile LCLE system.

5.4.8 Truss Design Checks

Ten design checks are performed for each member of the truss, and for each load combination. The
results are shown in “Code Status”. The most optimised system reaching 100%, anything over 100%
has failed.

[Link] Shear check

Shear values are reported at each extremity of the member as shown on the picture below. There are 2
shear values per member, Va and Vc.
Shear checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

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max (|𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉|, |𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉|)
V% = < 100%
𝑉𝑉
Where,
V Shear Capacity of the member
V% Shear check ratio

[Link] Axial check

Axial forces are reported for each member. Only one axial force value per member (N). When the value is
>0, it is tension, when the value is <0 it is compression.
Axial checks are used to design top chord, Bottom chord and web.

Where,
N Axial force in the member
Ns Compression Section Capacity
Nn Compression Member Capacity
N% Compression check ratio

[Link] Tension check

100. |𝑁𝑁|
𝑇𝑇% = < 100%
𝑇𝑇
Where,
N Axial force in the member
T Tension Section Capacity. See Appendix 2 .1

[Link] Bending check

Bending values are reported at both extremities and in the middle of each member as shown on the
picture below. There are 3 bending values per member Ma, Mb and Mc.
Bending checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

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100. |max(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)|

Mb− % = ) < 100%
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 −
M% = max( 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% , 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% ) < 100%

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Where,
M The maximum intensity bending moment in the member. M keeps the sign of the
highest bending force intensity
Ms+ Section Bending capacity positive. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Ms- Section Bending capacity negative. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mn+ Member Bending capacity positive. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mn- Member Bending capacity negative. See Appendix B for calculation details.
M% Bending check ratio

[Link] Combined Shear and Bending Check

[Link].1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023
ASD, CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, ABNT NBR
14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS
1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021, SANS 517:2013 AND GB 50009-2012

If V% < 70% and Ms% > 50%

(0.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% + 𝑉𝑉%)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉% =
1.3
Else
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉% = �𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%2 + 𝑉𝑉%2

Where,
VM% Combined Shear and bending check ratio

[Link].2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST AND SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

If N>0 (Tension) and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 EN 1993-1-3:

VM% = 𝑇𝑇% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% + �1 − � ∗ (2 ∗ 𝑉𝑉% − 1)2 < 100%
V%>50% 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Eq.(6.27)
If N<0 (Compression) and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 EN 1993-1-3:
VM% = 𝑁𝑁% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% + �1 − � ∗ (2 ∗ 𝑉𝑉% − 1)2 < 100%
V%>50% 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Eq.(6.27)

Where,
Mf Moment of resistance of a cross-section consisting of the effective area of flanges
only
Mpl Plastic moment of resistance of the cross-section
VM% Combined Shear and bending check ratio
N% Compression check ratio
T% Tension check ratio
Ms% Section Bending check ratio
V% Shear check ratio

[Link] Combined Tension and Bending Check

[Link].1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023
ASD, CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, ABNT NBR
14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2020, AS/NZS
1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021, SANS 517:2013 AND GB 50009-2012

TM% = 𝑇𝑇% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%

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Where,
TM% Combined tension and bending check ratio

[Link].2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST AND SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

TM% = 𝑇𝑇% + Ms𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 % < 100% EN 1993-1-3:

If Msx+ < Msx-
Eq.(6.23)
TM% = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 % − 𝑇𝑇% < 100% EN 1993-1-3:
If Msx+ > Msx-
Eq.(6.24)

Where,
TM% Combined tension and bending check ratio
Mscomp% Bending check ratio for the maximum compressive stress =
Ms%
Msten% Bending check ratio for the maximum tensile stress.
T% Tension check ratio

[Link] Combined compression and Bending Check

[Link].1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023
ASD, CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, ABNT NBR
14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS
1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021, SANS 517:2013 AND GB 50009-2012
0.85
CM% = max[ (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%) , ( 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁% + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% ) ]

[Link].2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST AND SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

EN 1993-1-
CM% = ( 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁%0.8 + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%0.8 )
3:Eq.(6.36)

Where,
CM% Combined compression and bending check ratio

[Link].3 ECCENTRICITY CHECK FOR WEBS OF BACK-TO-BACK TRUSSES:

For Webs of a Back-to-Back truss, the software performs an extra combined compression and bending
check for all codes. This extra check takes into account the eccentric loading condition in the web
member caused by the Back-to-Back connection. This eccentric connection will produce a bending
moment in the web that is acting as an out of plane moment. The American code specifies the interaction
of axial compression and out of plane bending may be determined by the following check:
0.85 𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃 𝑒𝑒 .100
𝑅𝑅. 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁% + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
) ≤ 100

Where,
𝐿𝐿/𝑟𝑟 𝐿𝐿/𝑟𝑟
R = Eccentricity moment reduction factor = max[(-(173)2 + 88
– 0.22), 0.6]
(AISI S214-12 Eq D4.4-3)
r = Y axis Radius of gyration
L = Unbraced Length of the compression web member
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 Magnification factors 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 1 - |N|/PEx
PEx Elastic Buckling Strength

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

CM% Combined compression and bending check ratio

[Link] Connection check

FRAMECAD Steelwise reports the total joint capacity at each node. The number of screws required at
each node is calculated considering the highest joint load for all load combinations and for each node.
The number of screws required at each node is then specified on the truss detailed drawing.
The minimum screw edge distance is as followed:

• 1.5 d for Screw type SC (for back-to-back and linear truss)

• 2.2 d for Screw type SJ (for in line truss)

[Link].1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC
2015 ASD, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
LRFD, IBC 2024 ASD, FBC 2020 LRFD, FBC 2020 ASD, FBC 2023 LRFD, FBC 2023
ASD, CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, NBCC 2020, ABNT NBR
14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS/NZS
1170:2002, AS/NZS 1170:2021,SANS 517:2013 AND GB 50009-2012
V
< 100%
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Where
Vjoint Joint capacity Vjoint = Nscrew Pns
V Maximum joint load at the node
Nscrew = Number of screws per joint (Refer to CAD drawing)
Pns Nominal shear strength per screw limited by tilting and bearing
Pns = min(Pnsb , Pnst)

Pnsb = Bearing connection capacity per screw Pnsb = Øbx 2.7tdFu

Pnst = Tilting connection capacity per screw
Screw type SJ (for in line truss ) Pnst = Øt 4.2(t3d)
0.5
FuScrew type SC (for back-to-back truss) Pnst = Ø 4.2(t3d) 0.5Fu

Where
t = Material Thickness
d = Screw diameter
Fu = Tensile strength
Ø Capacity reduction factor
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Ø = 0.50
For AISI S100-07 LSD Ø = 0.40
For AISI S100-07 ASD Ø = 1/Ω =
1/3.0
For AS/NZS 4600 Ø = 0.50
Øt Capacity reduction factor for tilt based on test results
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øt = 0.65
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øt = 0.52
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øt = 1/2.4
For AS/NZS 4600 Øty = 0.77

[Link].2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST AND SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

V
< 100%
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

Where
Vjoint Joint capacity Vjoint = Nscrew Fb,Rd
V Maximum joint load at the node
Nscrew = Number of screws per joint (Refer to CAD drawing)
Fb,Rd Nominal shear strength per screw
Fb,Rd = min(𝛼𝛼,2.1).Fy.d.t / 1.25 EN 1993-1-3:
Table (8.2)

Where
𝛼𝛼 = 3.2.(t/d)0.5 EN 1993-1-3: Table (8.2)
t = Material Thickness
d = Screw diameter
Fu = Tensile strength

5.4.9 Girder Truss

Girder trusses support other roof truss members.

Steelwise calculates the reactions from the supported trusses and applies those reactions as point loads
directly to the girder truss bottom chord or top chord.

Girder trusses generated using the TD (Truss Draw) input in the layout will automatically be assigned a
Truss Spacing equal to half the distance to the next truss (on the opposite side to the oncoming
supported trusses). This takes account of the portion of load that will be applied to the girder truss from
attached battens. Loads for the Truss Spacing will be applied to the girder chords as for a normal truss.

Steelwise will insert back-to-back studs in wall frames under each girder truss support location.

When a girder truss is sitting over an opening, the loads on the opening will consider the girder truss
load, including the supported trusses loads, and add it to the Uniform Distributed Load over the opening.

When listing a girder truss, there is an option available within the Truss Editor dialogue to change a
single girder into a double girder. A double girder means that there are two girder trusses securely
connected to each other that are considered to be acting as one structural element in the software’s
analysis. The connection between these two girder trusses must be defined by your engineer.

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

6 Floor Engineering
6.1 Principles of Operations
Floor frames are analysed via a 2D plane frame analysis. The software takes the joist from the detail
drawing and reduces it to an Engineering model (single line drawing) using the centroid of each member
as the reference points. For Webbed Joists, apparent intersections are identified creating node points
with connecting lines. Each line is then subdivided into two or more members for the top chord; this
enables more accurate bending and deflection calculations. For Deep C joist, node points are
automatically created along the joist centred from the middle at a distance D = max (Span/8, 1.5XH)
with H the height of the Deep C joist, and the span the distance between supports. Additionally, node
added at each side of a support at a distance H.
Members are assigned gross sectional properties that are calculated for the selected section. For each
load case, the software calculates and applies the total combined forces imposed on each node and
element.
Member section capacities are calculated for the effective sectional properties. These effective sectional
properties vary with the length and constraint conditions of each member. The effective lengths of a
member are taken to be the distance between the joist connection joints (in-plane) and the specified
spacing of restraining members (ceiling battens).
On the completion of the analysis, the overall Joist is checked for serviceability deflections and each
member is checked for strength compliance with the code. The screwed, riveted or bolted joints are all
designed by the software based on the largest terminating load at that point. Whilst the software designs
the required fasteners at each joint, it does not do any checks to ensure that the quantity of fasteners
will fit within the allowed space.
Note that in the Engineering model, in case a node is connected to 4 members, those members will be
made effectively non-structural.

6.2 Design Loads for Joists

Loads used in Load combinations are defined as below:
Q Live Load = Floor Live
G Dead load = Floor dead and ceiling
S Snow Load
P Joist point load

Wind loads are not considered on floor joists, as such these shall be designed by others as and when
required.

6.2.1 Point Load

The joist point Load P is manually entered in JSET and can be modified using the LI command.
The software considers a load distribution factor to take in account the load being shared with adjacent
structures. The Point load effect on the joist is taken to be equal to that of an isolated beam loaded by a
concentrated load Pe. A minimum distributed point load of 0.9 kN (0.2 kip) is considered.

Pe = max[ K.P , 0.9 kN (0.2 kip) ]

Where
K Distribution Factor (value can be modified from the LI command on a joist)
If Pe near a support (distance < 2 x Joist depth) K = Bending
distribution factor
Else K = Shear distribution Factor

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

6.3 Joist Design
6.3.1 Serviceability Limits
The deflection criteria can be selected from the JSET command and can be modified from the LI
command.
The deflection check is performed for the 2 load combinations (Live) and (Dead + Live) that also
incorporates design for multiple patch loading conditions for multi-span joist Load to identify the worst-
case scenario.

6.3.2 Joist Load Combinations

The load combinations used for each code option are as listed in the following sections.

In addition to uniform load cases, each member is checked for strength and stability by applying a
nominal point load Pe (see section 5.2.1) along the top chord of the joist.

For Webbed Joist, the user has the choice between 2 types of point load configuration:

• “Panel Point”: Point Load applied at mid span of each major segments. This check is applied to
members where the length of the major segment if greater than five time the height of the
section.

• “Node Point”: Point Load applied at each web intersections.

[Link] IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 lrfd, IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2021 LRFD, IBC
2024 LRFD, FBC 2020 LRFD, AND FBC 2023 LRFD
LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6S + 0.5Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 0.5Q + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 0.5Q - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.6P Strength check

[Link] IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC 2018 ASD, IBC 2021 ASD, IBC 2024
ASD, FBC 2020 ASD, AND FBC 2023 ASD
LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.0G + 1.0Q Strength check
LC4 1.0G + 1.0S + 0.75Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC6 1.0G - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.0P Strength check

[Link] ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.4S + 1.0Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.5P Strength check

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010
LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.4S + 0.5Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.25G + 0.5Q + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 0.5Q - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC7 1.25G + 1.5P Strength check

[Link] NBCC 2015 AND NBCC 2020

LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC4 1.25G + 1.5S (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.25G + 1.5S + 1.0Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.5Q + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC7 1.25G + 1.0Q + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC8 1.25G + 1.0Q - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC9 1.25G + 1.5P Strength check

[Link] NASH AS 2010, NASH NZ 2010, NASH NZ 2019, AS 3623-1993 AS/NZS 1170:2002
AND AS/NZS 1170:2021
LC1 1.0G + 0.4Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.2G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.5P Strength check

[Link] SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6S (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 1.6P Strength check

[Link] EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check

LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.35G + 1.5Q Strength check
LC4 1.35G + 1.5S + 0.75Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.35G + 1.5P Strength check

[Link] SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.1G + 1.2Q Strength check
LC4 1.1G + 1.4S + 1.1Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.1G + 1.2P Strength check

[Link] GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC3 1.35G + 1.0Q Strength check
LC4 1.20G + 1.4Q Strength check
LC5 1.20G + 1.4S + 1.0Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC6 1.20G + 1.4P Strength check

Joist Capacities and Section Properties

Joist section available are:

[Link] Inline Webbed Joist

See Appendix for calculation details.

[Link] Deep C Joist

For Deep C Joist, the section capacity considered for the design are the section capacities of section LC.
See Appendix for calculation details.

6.3.3 Joist Design Checks

This section presents all the checks performed for each member of the joists, and for each load
combination. The results are shown in “Code Status”. The most optimised system reaching 100%,
anything over 100% has failed.

[Link] Shear check

Shear values are reported at each extremity of the member as shown on the picture below. There are 2
shear values per member, Va and Vc.
Shear checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

max (|𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉|, |𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉|)
V% = < 100%
𝑉𝑉
Where,
V Shear Capacity of the member
V% Shear check ratio

[Link] Axial check

[Link] Compression check

[Link] Tension check

100. |𝑁𝑁|
𝑇𝑇% = < 100%
𝑇𝑇
Where,
N Axial force in the member
T Tension Section Capacity.

[Link] Bending check

Bending values are reported at both extremities and in the middle of each member as shown on the
picture bellow. There are 3 bending values per member Ma, Mb and Mc.
Bending checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] Combined Shear and Bending Check

If V% < 70% and Ms% > 50%

(0.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀% + 𝑉𝑉%)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉% =
1.3
Else
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉% = �𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%2 + 𝑉𝑉%2

Where,
VM% Combined Shear and bending check ratio

[Link] Combined Tension and Bending Check

TM% = 𝑇𝑇% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%

Where,
TM% Combined tension and bending check ratio

[Link] Combined compression and Bending Check

CM% = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁% + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀%

Where,
CM% Combined compression and bending check ratio

𝑅𝑅∗ Bearing load

𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 Bearing capacity
𝑀𝑀∗ Bending moment load
𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠 Bending capacity
𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤 Bearing capacity coefficient
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 Bending capacity coefficient

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

[Link] Connection check
FRAMECAD Steelwise reports the total joint capacity at each node. The number of screws required at
each node is calculated considering the highest joint load for all load combination and for each node. The
number of screws required at each node is then specified on the joist detailed drawing.
The minimum screw edge distance is 1.5 d for in-Line Webbed Joist.

6.3.4 Joist Usage

6 different types of joists are available in the software which usage differs as below:
• Joist : Structural member used as basic joist that will not carry other oncoming
joists
• End Bearer : Non-Structural member, placed at joists termination
• Side Bearer : Non-Structural member placed on the side of the floor layout
• Int Bearer : Non-Structural member placed in between joist or under.
• Joist Beam : Structural member that carries on coming joists
• Beam Bearer : Structural member that carries on coming joists

Non-structural members will not be engineered by the software.

Structural members will be engineered by the software, and only Joist beam and beam bearer provide
support for other on-coming joists.

6.3.5 Joist Beam and Beam Bearer

Joist beam and beam bearer support other joists.

FRAMECAD Steelwise determines load from each on-coming joists and applies it as a point load at the
connection point location.

Floor Beams generated using the layout command JD will be assigned a Joist Spacing equal to half the
distance to the next joist (on the opposite side to the oncoming supported joists). This takes account of
the portion of load that will be applied to the floor beam from attached flooring. Loads for the Joist
Spacing will be applied to the beam chords as for a normal joist.

Steelwise will insert back-to-back studs in wall frames under each floor joist support location.

When a floor beam is sitting over an opening, the loads on the opening will consider the oncoming floor
beam loads and add it to the Uniform Distributed Load over the opening.

In case of the Additional Supported Area > 2.2 x Truss Span x Truss Spacing, the following warning
message will appear “Girder loading onto an opening… Engineering advice required…

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

APPENDIX A – Available Sections

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

APPENDIX B –Steelwise Section Capacities
Calculation Following the AISI S100/CSA
S136 Design Codes
B.0 Material downgrade
For 80 ksi [550 MPa] material, 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦, can be downgraded according to clause A3.1.2 of AISI S100-
20.
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.90 × 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦; 80 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 [550 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀])
𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.90 × 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢; 80 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 [550 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀])

B.1 LC Section

B.1.1 Tension capacity

TnLC Tension Section Capacity TnLC = Øt min (Tna , Tnb)
Where,
Tna tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Tna = Ag Fy
Tnb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Tnb = 0.83AnFu
Øt = capacity reduction factor
For LRFD Øt = 0.90
For LSD Øt = 0.90
For ASD Øt = 1/Ωt = 1/1.67

B.1.2 Shear Capacity

VnLC Shear Section Capacity VnLC = Øv Aw Fv

Where,
Aw Area of Web element Aw = h.t
Fv Nominal Shear stress C3.2.1-1
For h/t ≤ (5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 0.60 Fy
For h/t ≤ 1.51 (5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 0.60 (5.34EFy)0.5/(h/t)
For h/t > 1.51(5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 4.827E / (h/t)2
Where:
h Depth of flat portion of web (see figure)
t Thickness of material

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

Øv = capacity reduction factor
For LRFD Øv = 0.95
For LSD Øv = 0.90
For ASD Øv = 1/Ωv = 1/1.60

B.1.3 Compression Capacity

PnoLC Compression section capacity PnoLC = Øc AeyLCFy

PnLC Compression member capacity PnLC = Øc AenLCFn
Where,
AeyLC effective area at yield stress Fy
AenLC effective area at critical stress Fn
Fn Nominal buckling stress
For λc ≤ 1.5 Fn = (0.658λc2)Fy
For λc > 1.5 Fn = (0.877/λc2)Fy
Where,
λc Slenderness factor λc = (Fy/Fe)0.5
Where,
Fe = min( Fe , Fex )
Fe = (0.5 / β)[(Fex + Fez) – ((Fex + Fez)2 - 4βFexFez)0.5]
β = 1 – (xo / ro)2
Fex = ∏2E/(λx)2
Fey = ∏2E/(λy)2
Fez = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2ECw/(GJLx2))
λx = L x / rx
λy = L y / ry
xo = Distance from shear centre to centroid
ro = Polar radius of gyration
rx,y = Radius of gyration
Lx,y = Buckling length
G = Shear Modulus
J = Saint-Venant torsion constant
Cw = Torsion Warping constant

Øc = capacity reduction factor

For LRFD Øc = 0.85
For LSD Øc = 0.80
For ASD Øc = 1/Ωv = 1/1.80
Note: Web service holes are taken into consideration for the calculation of the effective area in
accordance with AISIS100 section B2.2

B.1.4 Bending Capacity

MnxoLC Bending section capacity MnxoLC = Øbxo SeLCFy
MnxLC Bending member capacity MnxLC = Øbx ScLCFc
Where,
SeLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ScLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
Fc Critical buckling stress
For Fe ≤ 0.56Fy Fc = Fe
For 0.56Fy < Fe < 2.78Fy Fc = 1.11Fy [1 –
(10Fy/36Fe)] For Fe ≥ 2.78Fy Fc = Fy[1/ Fe2]

Where,
Fe Elastic buckling stress Fe = CbAgro1 (FeyFez) 0.5 / Sf
Sf full sectional modulus
Cb Bending Coefficient Cb = 1
Fex = ∏2E/ (Lx / rx) 2
Fey = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

Fez = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2ECw/ (GJLx2))

Øbxo = capacity reduction factor

For LRFD up to 2012 Øbxo = 0.95
For AISI S100-16 LRFD Øbxo = 0.90
For LSD Øbxo = 0.90
For ASD Øbxo = 1/Ωbxo = 1/1.67
Øbx = capacity reduction factor
For LRFD Øbx = 0.90
For LSD Øbx = 0.90
For ASD Øbx = 1/Ωbx = 1/1.67
Note: Web service holes are taken into consideration for the calculation of the effective area in
accordance with AISI S100 section B2.4.

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

B.2 OC Section

B.2.1 Tension capacity

TnOC Tension Section Capacity TnOC = Øt min (Tna , Tnb)
Where,
Tna tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Tna = AgOC Fy
Tnb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Tnb = 0.83AnOCFu
Øt = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.1 for calculation details

B.2.2 Shear Capacity

VnOC Shear Section Capacity VnOC = VnLC

B.2.3 Compression Capacity

PnoOC Compression section capacity PnoOC = Øc AeyOCFy
PnOC Compression member capacity PnOC = Øc AenOCFn
Where,
AeyOC effective area at yield stress Fy for section OC
AenOC effective area at critical stress Fn for section OC
Fn Nominal buckling stress See section B.1.3 for calculation detail

B.2.4 Bending Capacity

MnxoOC Bending section capacity MnxoOC = Øbxo SeOCFy

MnxOC Bending member capacity MnxOC = Øbx ScOCFc
Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OC
ScOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OC
Fc Critical buckling stress See section B.1.4 for calculation details

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

B.3 LE Section

B.3.1 Tension capacity

TnLE Tension Section Capacity TnLE = TnLC

See section B.1.1 for calculation details.

B.3.2 Shear Capacity

VnLE Shear Section Capacity VnLE = Øv Aw Fv

Where,
Aw Area of Web element Aw = 2.h.t
Fv Nominal Shear stress See section B.1.2 for calculation details

Where:
h Depth of flat portion of web (see figure)
t Thickness of material

Øv = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.2 for calculation details

B.3.3 Compression Capacity

PnoLE Compression section capacity PnoLE = PnoLC
PnLE Compression member capacity PnLE = PnoLC
See section B.1.3 for calculation details.

B.3.4 Bending Capacity

Mnxo-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)
Mnxo-LE = Øbxo SeLEFy
Mnxo+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Mnxo+LE = Øbxo SeLEFy

Mnx-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mnx-LE = Øbx ScLEFc
Mnx+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mnx+LE = Øbx ScLEFc
Where,
SeLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ScLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
Fc Critical buckling stress
For Fe ≤ 0.56Fy Fc = Fe

For 0.56Fy < Fe < 2.78Fy Fc = 1.11Fy [1 –

(10Fy/36Fe)]
For Fe ≥ 2.78Fy Fc = Fy[1/ Fe2]

Where,
Fe Elastic buckling stress

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

Fe = CsAgFex [j + Cs(j2 + ro2Fey/Fez) 0.5 ] / CTFSf
Sf full sectional modulus
CTF End moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling

Cs Lateral torsional buckling coefficient

For Web in compression Cs = +1
For Web in tension Cs = -1
j Section property for torsional flexural buckling
Fex = ∏2E/ (Lx / rx) 2
Fey = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Fez = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2ECw/ (GJLx2))

Øbxo = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.4 for calculation details
Øbx = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.4 for calculation details

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

B.4 OE Section

B.4.1 Tension capacity

TnOE Tension Section Capacity TnOE = TnOC

See section B.2.1 for calculation details

B.4.2 Shear Capacity

VnOE Shear Section Capacity VnOE = VnLE

See section B.3.2 for calculation details

B.4.3 Compression Capacity

PnoOE Compression section capacity PnoOE = Øc AeyOEFy
PnOE Compression member capacity PnOE = Øc AenOEFn
Where,
AeyOE effective area at yield stress Fy for section OE
AenOE effective area at critical stress Fn for section OE
Fn Nominal buckling stress
See section B.2.3 for calculation details

B.4.4 Bending Capacity

MnxoOE Bending section capacity MnxoOE = Øbxo SeOEFy
MnxOE Bending member capacity MnxOE = Øbx ScOEFc
Where,
SeOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OE
ScOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OE
Fc Critical buckling stress
See section B.3.4 for calculation details of section LE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

B.5 LD and LB Section

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

B.6 LCLE Section

Tension Section Capacity TnLCLE = TnLC + TnLE

Shear Section Capacity VnLCLE = VnLC + VnLE
Compression section capacity PnoLCLE = PnoLC + PnoLE
Compression member capacity PnLCLE = PnLC + PnLE
Bending section capacity Mnxo-LCLE = MnxoLC + Mnxo-LE
Mnxo+LCLE = MnxoLC + Mnxo+LE
Bending member capacity Mnx-LCLE = MnxLC + Mnx-LE
Mnx+LCLE = MnxLC + Mnx+LE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

APPENDIX C –Steelwise Section Capacities
Calculation Following the ASNZS 4600:2005
Design Code
C.0 Material downgrade
For G550 material, 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦, can be downgraded according to clause [Link] of AS/NZS 4600.
For material thicknesses < 0.6 mm:
𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.75 × 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦; 410 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)
For material thicknesses < 0.9 mm:
𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0.9 × 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦; 495 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)

C.1 LC Section

C.1.1 Tension capacity

NtLC Tension Section Capacity NtLC = Øt min (Nta , Ntb)
Where,
Nta tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Nta = Ag Fy
Ntb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Ntb = 0.85KtAnFu
kt = Correction Factor

Øt = capacity reduction factor Øt = 0.90

C.1.2 Shear Capacity

VvLC Shear Section Capacity
For d1/tw ≤ �𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 / 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 VvLC = Øv0.64d1tw Fy
For d1/tw ≤ 1.415�𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 / 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 VvLC = Øv0.64tw2 �𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 / 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
For d1/tw> 1.415�𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 / 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 VvLC = Øv0.905 Ekvtw3 /d1
Where,
KV Shear buckling coefficient kv = 5.34
d1 Depth of the web element

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

tw Thickness of the web element
Øv = capacity reduction factor Øv = 0.90

C.1.3 Compression Capacity

NsLC Compression section capacity NsLC = Øc AeLCFy

NbLC Compression member capacity NbLC = Øc AeLCFn
Where,
AeLC effective area
Fn Critical stress
For λc ≤ 1.5 Fn = (0.658λc2)Fy
For λc > 1.5 Fn = (0.877/λc2)Fy
Where,
λc Slenderness factor λc = (Fy/Foc)0.5
Where,
Foc = (0.5 / β)[(Fox + Foz) – ((Fox + Foz)2 - 4βFoxFoz)0.5]
β = 1 – (xo / ro)2
Fox = ∏2E/(λx)2
Foy = ∏2E/(λy)2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2EIw/(GJLx2))
λx = L x / rx
λy = L y / ry
xo = Distance from shear centre to centroid
ro = Polar radius of gyration
rx,y = Radius of gyration
Lx,y = Buckling length
G = Shear Modulus
J = Saint-Venant torsion constant
Iw = Torsion Warping constant
Øc = capacity reduction factor Øc = 0.85

C.1.4 Bending Capacity

MsLC Bending section capacity MsLC = Øs ZeLCFy

MbLC Bending member capacity MbLC = Øb ZcLCFc
Where,
ZeLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ZcLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc in the extreme compression fiber
Fc Critical buckling stress Fc = Mc / Zf
Mc Critical moment
For λb ≤ 0.6 Mc = My

For 0.6 < λb < 1.336 Mc = 1.11My [1 – (10 λb2/36)]

For λb ≥ 1.336 Mc = My[1/ λb2]

Where,
Zf Full unreduced section modulus for the extreme compression fiber
My Moment causing initial yield My = Zf Fy
λb slenderness ratio λb = (My / Mo )0.5
Mo Elastic buckling stress Mo = CbAgro1 (FoyFoz) 0.5
Sf full sectional modulus
Cb Bending Coefficient Cb = 1
Foy = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2EIw/ (GJLx2))

Øs = capacity reduction factor for section bending capacity

Øs = 0.95
Øb = capacity reduction factor for member bending capacity
Øb = 0.9

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

C.2 OC Section

C.2.1 Tension Capacity

NtOC Tension Section Capacity NtOC = Øt min (Nta , Ntb)
Where,
Nta tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Nta = AgOC Fy
Ntb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Ntb = 0.85 kt AnOCFu
kt = Correction Factor

Øt = capacity reduction factor Øt = 0.9

C.2.2 Shear Capacity

VnOC Shear Section Capacity VnOC = VnLC

C.2.3 Compression Capacity

NsOC Compression section capacity NsOC = Øc AeyOCFy
NbOC Compression member capacity NbOC = Øc AenOCFn
Where,
AeyOC effective area at yield stress Fy for section OC
AenOC effective area at critical stress Fn for section OC
Fn Nominal buckling stress See section C.1.3 for calculation detail

C.2.4 Bending Capacity

MsOC Bending section capacity MsOC = Øb ZeOCFy
MbOC Bending member capacity MbOC = Øb ZcOCFc
Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OC
ScOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OC
Fc Critical buckling stress See section C.1.4 for calculation details
Øb = capacity reduction factor
Øb = 0.9

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

C.3 LE Section

C.3.1 Tension capacity

NtLE Tension Section Capacity NtLE = NtLC

See section C.1.1 for calculation details.

C.3.2 Shear Capacity

VvLE Shear Section Capacity VvLE = 2. VvLc
With,
d1 depth of flange element
See section C.1.2 for calculation details

C.3.3 Compression Capacity

NsLE Compression section capacity NsLE = NsLC

NbLE Compression member capacity NbLE = NbLC
See section C.1.3 for calculation details.

C.3.4 Bending Capacity

Ms-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)
Ms-LE = Øs ZeLEFy
Ms+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Ms+LE = Øs ZeLEFy

Mb-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mb-LE = Øb ZcLEFc
Mb+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mb+LE = Øb ZcLEFc
Where,
ZeLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ZcLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
Fc Critical buckling stress Fc = Mc / Zf
Mc Critical moment
For λb ≤ 0.6 Mc = My

For 0.6 < λb < 1.336 Mc = 1.11My [1 – (10 λb2/36)]

For λb ≥ 1.336 Mc = My[1/ λb2]

Where,
Zf Full unreduced section modulus for the extreme compression fiber
My Moment causing initial yield My = Zf Fy
λb slenderness ratio λb = (My / Mo )0.5
Mo Elastic buckling stress
Mo = CsAgFox [j + Cs(j2 + ro2Foy/Foz) 0.5 ] / CTF
CTF End moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling
Cs Lateral torsional buckling coefficient

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

For Web in compression Cs = +1
For Web in tension Cs = -1
j Section property for torsional flexural buckling = βy / 2
βy monosymmetric section constant
Foy = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2EIw/ (GJLx2))

Øs = capacity reduction factor for section bending capacity

Øs = 0.95
Øb = capacity reduction factor for member bending capacity
Øb = 0.9

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

C.4 OE Section

C.4.1 Tension capacity

NtOE Tension Section Capacity NtOE = NtOC

See section C.2.1 for calculation details

C.4.2 Shear Capacity

VnOE Shear Section Capacity VnOE = VnLE

See section C.2.2 for calculation details

C.4.3 Compression Capacity

NsOE Compression section capacity NsOE = NsOC

NbOE Compression member capacity NbOE = NbOC
See section C.2.3 for calculation details

C.4.4 Bending Capacity

MsOE Bending section capacity MsOE = Øs ZeOEFy
MbOE Bending member capacity MbOE = Øb ZcOEFc
Where,
ZeOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OE
ZcOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OE
Fc Critical buckling stress
See section C.2.4 for calculation details of section LE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

C.5 LD and LB Section

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

C.6 LCLE Section

Tension Section Capacity NtLCLE = NtLC + NtLE

Shear Section Capacity VvLCLE = VvLC + VvLE
Compression section capacity NsLCLE = NsLC + NsLE
Compression member capacity NbLCLE = NbLC + NbLE
Bending section capacity Ms-LCLE = MsLC + Ms-LE
Ms+LCLE = MsLC + Ms+LE
Bending member capacity Mb-LCLE = MbLC + Mb-LE
Mb+LCLE = MbLC + Mb+LE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

APPENDIX D –Steelwise Section Capacities
Calculation Following the EN 1993-1-3:2006
Design Code
D.1 LC Section

D.1.1 Tension Capacity

NtLC Tension Section Capacity NtLC = Ag Fya EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.1)

Where,
Fya = min [ Fy + (Fu-Fy).7.n.t2/Ag , ( fy + fu )/2 ]

D.1.2 Shear Capacity

VvLC Shear Section Capacity VvLC = hw tw fbv EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.8)

Where,
hw Web element Height
tw Thickness of the web element
fbv Shear Strength
If λw≤0.83 fbv = 0.58Fy EN 1993-1-3: Table.(6.1)
If λw≥1.4 fbv = 0.67Fy/( λw)2 EN 1993-1-3: Table.(6.1)
Else fbv = 0.48Fy/ λw EN 1993-1-3: Table.(6.1)
Where,
λw Web Slenderness = (0.346hw / tw)(fyb / E)0.5 EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(6.10a)

D.1.3 Compression Capacity

NsLC Compression section capacity NsLC = AeLCFy EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.2)
NbLC Compression member capacity NbLC = χ AeLCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Where,
AeLC effective area
χ Buckling Factor χ = min(1 , 1 / (Ф + (Ф2 – ε2)0.5))
EN 1993-1-1: Eq. (6.49)
Where,

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

Ф = 0.5 (1 + 0.34 (λ – 0.2) + λ 2) EN 1993-1-1: Clause [Link](1)
λ Slenderness factor λ = ((AeLCFy)/Ncr)0.5
EN 1993-1-1: Eq. (6.49)
Ncr = min( Ncrx, Ncry, NcrT, NcrTF)
Where,
Ncrx = (π)2EIx/(Lcrx)2
Ncry = (π)2EIy/(Lcry)2
NcrT The elastic critical force for torsional buckling for simply supported beam
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.33a)
NcrTF The elastic critical force for torsional buckling for symmetrical cross-section about
x axis EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.35)

D.1.4 Bending Capacity

MsLC Bending section capacity MsLC = ZeLCFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbLC Bending member capacity MbLC = ΧLT ZeLCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)

Where,
ZeLC Effective sectional modulus
ΧLT Buckling Factor ΧLT = min(1 , 1 / (ФLT + (ФLT2 –
εLT2)0.5)
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.56)
ФLT = 0.5(1 + 0.34(λ LT – 0.2) + λ LT2) EN 1993-1-1: Clause
[Link](1)
λ LT = (FyZeLC/Mcr)0.5 EN 1993-1-1: Clause [Link](1)
Mcr = elastic critical moment Mcr = Ag ro1(foyfoz)0.5
foy = ∏2E/(lx / rx)2
foz = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2EIw/(GJIx2))

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.2 OC Section

D.2.1 Tension Capacity

NtOC Tension Section Capacity NtOC = AgOC Fya
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.1)
Where,
Fya = min [ Fy + (Fu-Fy).7.n.t2/Ag , ( fy + fu )/2 ] EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(3.1)

D.2.2 Shear Capacity

VnOC Shear Section Capacity VnOC = VnLC

D.2.3 Compression Capacity

NsOC Compression section capacity NsOC = AeOCFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.2)
NbOC Compression member capacity NbOC = χ AeOCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Where,
AeOC effective area for section OC
χ Buckling Coefficient See section D.1.3 for calculation detail

D.2.4 Bending Capacity

MsOC Bending section capacity MsOC = ZeOCFy

EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbOC Bending member capacity MbOC = ΧLT ZeOCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)

Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus for section OC
ΧLT Buckling Coefficient See section D.1.4 for calculation details

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.3 LE Section

D.3.1 Tension Capacity

NtLE Tension Section Capacity NtLE = NtLC

See section D.1.1 for calculation details.

D.3.2 Shear Capacity

VvLE Shear Section Capacity VvLE = 2bwtwfbv

EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.8)

With,
bw depth of flange element
See section D.1.2 for calculation details

D.3.3 Compression Capacity

NsLE Compression section capacity NsLE = AeLEFy

EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.2)
NbLE Compression member capacity NbLE = NbLC
See section D.1.3 for calculation details.
Where,
AeLE effective area of unlipped section

D.3.4 Bending Capacity

Ms-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)

Ms-LE = ZeLEFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
Ms+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Ms+LE = ZeLEFy

Mb-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mb-LE = ZeLEFy
Mb+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mb+LE = ZeLEFy
Where,
ZeLE Effective sectional modulus

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.4 OE Section

D.4.1 Tension Capacity

NtOE Tension Section Capacity NtOE = NtOC

See section D.2.1 for calculation details

D.4.2 Shear Capacity

VnOE Shear Section Capacity VnOE = VnLE

See section D.3.2 for calculation details

D.4.3 Compression Capacity

NsOE Compression section capacity NsOE = NsOC

NbOE Compression member capacity NbOE = NbOC
See section D.2.3 for calculation details

D.4.4 Bending Capacity

MsOE Bending section capacity MsOE = ZeOEFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbOE Bending member capacity MbOE = ΧLT ZeOEFc
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)

Where,
ZeOE Effective sectional modulus for section OE
See section D.3.4 for calculation details of section LE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.5 LD and LB Section

FRAMECAD Steelwise is considering that back-to-back section (LD) and boxed sections (LB) are twice the
capacity of a single Section LC in tension, shear, compression and bending.
This is a more conservative approach than considering built up section capacities which would require the
2 sections to be screwed together at closed centres in accordance with the design standard.
Tension Section Capacity NtLD = NtLB = 2 NtLC
Shear Section Capacity VvLD = VvLB = 2 VvLC
Compression section capacity NsLD = NsLB = 2 NsLC
Compression member capacity NbLD = χLD NsLD
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Compression member capacity NbLB = χLB NsLB
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Bending section capacity MsLD = MsLB = 2 MsLC
Compression member capacity MbLD = χLD MsLD
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Compression member capacity MbLB = χLB MsLB
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
χLD: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LD
χLB: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LB

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.6 LCLE Section

Tension Section Capacity NtLCLE = NtLC + NtLE

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

D.7 LF Section

Tension Section Capacity NtLF = 2 NtLE

Shear Section Capacity VvLF = 2 VvLE
Compression section capacity NsLF = 2 NsLE
Compression member capacity NbLF = χLF NsLF
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Bending section capacity MsLF = Ms+LE + Ms-LE
Bending member capacity MbLF = χLF MsLF
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
χLD: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LD

FRAMECAD Steelwise Engineering Guide – Version 1.0 April 2025

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