The visual pathway transmits impulses from the retina to the visual center in the cerebral cortex, involving structures such as the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and lateral geniculate nucleus. It includes various fibers that process visual information related to movement, color, and contrast, ultimately reaching the primary visual cortex. Lesions along this pathway can lead to specific visual field deficits, including anopia and hemianopia, depending on the location of the damage.