AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

2007-2008

2008 AP EXAM
REVIEW
GUIDE
 table of contents
1. selected ap European history review sites…………………3

[Link] TO FRQ QUESTIONS………………………………………………….4

3. GUIDE TO DBQ QUESTIONS………………………………………………..10

4. GUIDE TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS /GENERAL TEST

INFORMATION…………………………………………………………….12

5. REVIEW SUMMARY #1: HISTORY BY THE CENTURIES…………….13

6. REVIEW SUMMARY #2: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY THEMES……….14

7. REVIEW SUMMARY #3: MOST IMPORTANT DATES……………….…17

8. REVIEW SUMMARY #4: EUROPEAN DYNASTIES AND

GOVERNMENTS……………………………..………………………….…19

9. REVIEW SUMMARY #5: THE ‘ISMS’ OF THE 19TH-20TH

CENTURIES ……………………………………...…………..……………23

10. REVIEW SUMMARY #6: writings and documents……………25

11. REVIEW SUMMARY #7: ART IN EUROPEAN HISTORY…………...26

12. REVIEW SUMMARY #8: MAPS YOU SHOULD KNIOW………………27

13 CONTENT REVIEW #1: renaissance and reformation……..31

14 CONTENT REVIEW #2: religious wars, absolutism,

constitutionalism………………………………………………….34

15 CONTENT REVIEW #3: scientific

revolution/enlightenment, FRENCH REVOLUTION….38

16 CONTENT REVIEW #4: napoleon, INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION………………………………………………………………42

17 CONTENT REVIEW #5: EUROPE, 1815- 1914……………………………45

18 CONTENT REVIEW #6: EUROPE, 1815- 1914……………………………52

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 2

 1. GUIDE TO AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW SITES
NOTE: No individual AP European History class can cover every fact or idea that
might be on the 2008 exam, and this makes the use of review sites, usually put
together by an AP teacher somewhere, particularly valuable, as it exposes you to
those facts that were not covered this year in either class or textbook.

1. [Link]
This is the official College Board site, and it has lots of information on the Exam, sample
multiple choice and essay questions, explanations, scoring standards, etc.

2. [Link] A great many

interactive quizzes, organized by AP Europe categories

3. [Link] Interactive/online quizzes,

organized by AP Europe categories

4. [Link] More interactive online quizzes, this time

in matching format

5. [Link] A pretty good geography

quiz, to review an area you definitely need to review in

6. [Link] A good collection of unit outlines,

prepared by a veteran and highly regarded AP Europe teacher. GO TO ‘NOTES’ link on
the left column.

7. [Link]
General and pretty short very short overviews of AP Europe units.

[Link]://[Link]/EuroProjects/ExamReviewSheets/APEuroMainReviewPag
[Link] A very good site for short outlines of AP Europe units.

9. [Link]
Content outlines, terms lists, quizzes.

10. [Link] A wordy but pretty good tutorial on essay-

writing for the AP European History Exam.

THERE ARE MANY MORE SITES THAT YOU CAN INVESTIGATE BY

GOOGLING AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 3

 2. GUIDE TO FRQ QUESTIONS
NOTE: F.R.Q. refers to the two essay questions that you will be required to answer in Section
II, Parts B and C. They are thematic essays, meaning that you will be expected to present a
clear thesis that answers the question, and to support that thesis with specific and accurate
factual evidence. This essay has no documents. One part (usually but not always Part B) will
present three questions from the first part of European History (very generally, Renaissance
to Napoleon ); the second part (usually but not always Part C) will present three questions
from the early 19th century to the late 20th century. You will choose and write one question
from Part B and one question from Part C. Suggested time for both questions is 70 minutes:
5-10 minutes preparing each, and 25-30 minutes writing. The DBQ counts for 45% of the
Free Response Section; the FRQ’s together count for 55%.
A. FRQ’S 1991-2007. From each group, you ought to be able to do one. If a question
involves something of which you have never heard (it is possible, since no AP class can cover
everything that might be asked.), find out about it!
2007
PART B.
2. Analyze the impact of the rise of militarism and the Second World War on the lives of European women. In
your answer consider the period 1930 to 1950.
3. Considering the period 1953 to 1991, analyze the problems within the Soviet Union that contributed to the
eventual collapse of the Soviet system.
[Link] the problems and opportunities associated with the rapid urbanization of Western Europe in the
nineteenth century.
PART C.
[Link] the factors that prevented the development of a unified German state in the 16th and 17th centuries.
6. Britain and France were engaged in a geopolitical and economic rivalry during the 18th century. Identify the
factors that contributed to this rivalry, and assess the results for both countries over the period 1689 to 1789.
[Link] the grievances of the groups that made up the Third Estate in France on the eve of the French
Revolution, and analyze the extent to which ONE of these groups was able to address its grievances in the
period 1789 to 1799.
2006
PART B.
[Link] and contrast the relationship between the artist and society in the Renaissance/Reformation period
to the relationship between the artists and society in the late 19th century.
[Link] the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the
16th century.
4. Analyze the effects of the Columbian exchange (the interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between
the Old World and the New World) on the population and economy of Europe in the period 1550 to 1700.
PART C.
5. Compare and contrast the social and economic roles of the state in 17th and 18th century Europe (before
1789) to the social and economic roles of the state in Europe after the Second World War.
6. In the period 1815-1900, political liberalization progressed much further in western Europe than in Russia.
Analyze the social and economic reasons for this difference.
[Link] the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany’s
defeat in the Second World War.
2005
PART B.
2. Analyze how economic and social developments affected women in England in the period from 1700 to
1850.
3. Using examples from at least two different states, analyze the key features of the “new monarchies” and
the factors responsible for their rise in the period 1450 to 1550.
4. Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in
England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation.
PART C.
5. Historians speak of the rise of mass politics in the period from 1880 to 1914. Define this phenomenon and
analyze its effects on European politics in this period.
6. Assess the extent to which the economic and political ideals of Karl Marx were realized in post-revolutionary
Russia in the period from 1917 to 1939.
[Link] the economic, technological, and institutional factors responsible for western Europe’s domination
of world trade from 1650 to 1800.
2004
PART B.
2. Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution
(1917-1924) changed the status of women.
[Link] the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the 1920’s
and 1930’s.
4. Analyze the factors working for and against European unity from 1945 to 2001.
PART C.
5. Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least THREE specific
works to support your analysis.
6. Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750.
7. Compare the impact of nationalism in Germany and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 4

 2003
PART B.
2. Identify features of the 18th century Agricultural Revolution and analyze its social and economic
consequences.
[Link] XIV declared his goal was “one king one law one faith”. Analyze the methods the king used to achieve
this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful.
4. Explain how advances in learning and technology influenced 15th-16th century European exploration and
trade.
PART C.
5. Analyze three reasons for the end of Soviet domination over eastern Europe.
6. Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850.
7. How and to what extent did Enlightenment ideas about religion and society shape the policies of the French
Revolution in the period 1789 to 1799?
2002
PART B.
2. Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following:
ELIZABETH I CATHERINE DE MEDICIS OF FRANCE ISABELLA I OF SPAIN
3. Analyze at least TWO factors that account for the rise and TWO factors that explain the decline of witchcraft
persecution and trials in Europe in the period from 1580 to 1750.
4. Analyze the impact of the First World War on European culture and society in the interwar period (1919-
1939)
PART C.
5. In what ways and to what extent did absolutism affect the power and status of the European nobility in the
period 1650 to 1750. Use examples from at least TWO countries.
6. Many historians have suggested that since 1945, nationalism has been on the decline in Europe. Using both
political and economic examples from the period 1945 to 2000, evaluate the validity of this interpretation.
[Link] and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich (1815-1848) and Bismarck
(1862-1890)
2001
PART B.
[Link] how and why Western attitudes toward children and child-rearing changed in the period from 1750
to 1900.
3. Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and international
relations from 1600 to 1715.
4. Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the 1st half of the 16th
century.
PART C.
[Link] did new theories in physics and psychology in the period from 1900 to 1939 challenge existing ideas
about the individual and society?
6. Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of the Cold War (1945-1991) on Western Europe
with the effects on eastern Europe.
[Link] and contrast the French Jacobins’ use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the
Terror (1793-1794) with Stalin’s use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the period 1928 to
1939.
2000
PART B.
2. Compare and contrast the political and economic policies of Joseph Stalin in the period before the Second
World War and those of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
3. “Leadership determines the fate of a country.” Evaluate this quotation in terms of Spain’s experience under
Philip II.
4. Discuss three developments that enabled Great Britain to achieve a dominant economic position between
1700 and 1830.
PART C.
[Link] how the ideas of Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud challenged Enlightenment assumptions about
human behavior and the role of reason.
6. Man for the field and woman for the hearth:
Man for the sword and for the needle she:
Man with the head and women from the heart:
Man to command women to obey:
How accurately do the lines of poetry above reflect gender roles for European men and women in the late 19th
century?
7. Explain the development of the scientific method in the 17th century and the impact of scientific thinking on
traditional sources of authority.
1999
PART B. These questions were all related to illustrations.
2. Contrast how a Marxist and a Social Darwinist would account for the differences in the conditions of these
two mid-19th century families.
3. Analyze the ways in which the contrasting styles of these two paintings reflect the different economic values
and social structure of France and the Netherland in the 17th century.
4. Contrast the historical context, beliefs, and behavior of European youth represented by these two
photographs. (Berlin, 1934, Paris, 1968)

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 5

PART C.
5. Machiavelli suggested that a ruler should behave both “like a lion” and “like a fox”. Analyze the policies of
TWO of the following European rulers, indicating the degree to which they successfully followed Machiavelli’s
suggestion.
ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND HENRY IV OF FRANCE
CATHERINE THE GREAT OF RUSSIA FRDERICK II OF PRUSSIA
6. Discuss the relationship between politics and religion by examining the wars of religion. Choose TWO
specific examples from the following:
DUTCH REVOLT FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
7. Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-5) and Versailles (1919)
in achieving European stability.
1998
PART B.
2. Using specific examples from Eastern and Western Europe, discuss economic development during the
period 1945 to the present, focusing on ONE of the following
a) Economic recovery and integration
b) Development of the welfare state and its subsequent decline
3. Compare and contrast the roles of British working women in the preindustrial economy (before 1750) with
their roles in the era 1850 to 1920.
4. To what extent and in what ways did nationalist tension in the Balkans between 1870 and 1914 contribute
to the outbreak of the First World War?
PART C.
5. To what extent did the Enlightenment express optimistic ideas in 18th century Europe? Illustrate your answer
with reference to specific individuals and their works.
6. Compare and contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding
the reform of both religious doctrine and religious practices.
[Link] how Renaissance ideas are expressed in the Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and
artists.
1997
PART B.
2. Focusing on the period before 1600, describe and analyze the cultural and economic interactions between
Europe and the Western Hemisphere as a result of the Spanish and Portuguese exploration and settlement.
3. Analyze the policies of three European colonial powers regarding Africa between 1871 and 1914.
4. Describe and analyze the resistance to Soviet authority in the Eastern bloc from the end of the Second World
War through 1989. Be sure to include examples from at least two Soviet satellite countries.
PART C.
5. Describe and analyze the economic, cultural, and social changes that led to and sustained Europe’s rapid
population growth in the period from approximately 1650 to 1800.
6. Discuss some ways in which Romantic artists, musicians, and writers responded to political and
socioeconomic conditions in the period from 1800 to 1850. Document your response with specific examples
from discussions of at least two of the three disciplines: visual arts, music, and literature.
[Link] for the responses of the European democracies to the military aggression by Italy and Germany
during the 1930’s.
1996
PART B.
2. Compare and contrast the patronage of the arts by Italian Renaissance rulers with that by dictators of the
1930’s.
3. Compare and contrast the relationships between the great powers and Poland in the periods 1772-1815 and
1918-1939.
4. Compare and contrast the women’s suffrage movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuies with the
European feminist movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s
PART C.
[Link] the extent to which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the
16th century. Refer to at least two social groups in your assessment.
6. Identify the major social groups in France on the eve of the 1789 Revolution. Assess the extent to which
their aspirations were achieved in the period from the meeting of the Estates-General (May 1789) to the
declaration of the republic (August 1792)
[Link] the physical transformation of European cities in the 2nd half of the 19th century and analyze the
social consequences of this transformation.
1995
PART B.
2. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social
order.
3. Analyze the influence of the theory of mercantilism on the domestic and foreign policies of France, 1600-
1715.
4. Identify four specific changes in science and technology, and explain their effects on Western family and
private life between 1918 and 1970.
PART C.
5. Compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the Great and Joseph Stalin were ‘Westernizers’.
6. Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism, and
anti-Semitism in the 19th century.
7. Analyze the key developments that characterized the European economy in the 2nd half of the 19th century.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 6

 1994
PART B.
2. Explain the ways in which Italian Renaissance humanism transformed ideas about the individual’s role in
society.
3. Between 1450 and 1800, many women gained power as rulers, some as reigning monarchs, others as
regents. Identify two such powerful women and discuss how issues of gender, such as marriage and
reproduction, influenced their ability to obtain and exercise power.
4. Analyze the ways in which Enlightenment thought addressed religious belief and social issues in the 18th
century.
PART C.
5. Discuss and analyze the political and economic reasons for the failure of parliamentary democracy in
Germany after World War I.
6. Describe and analyze the long-term social and economic trends in the period 1860 to 1917 that prepared
the ground for revolution in Russia.
7. Analyze the common political and economic problems facing Western European nations in the period 1945-
1960 and discuss their responses to these problems.
SELECTED QUESTIONS, 1984-1993
1. In 1490 there was no such country as Spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful nation in
Europe and within another had sunk to the status of a 3rd-rate power. Describe and analyze the major social,
economic, and political reasons for Spain’s rise and fall.
2. Describe and analyze the changes in the role of Parliament in English politics between the succession of
James I and the Glorious Revolution.
3. Describe the ways in which conservative political and social views shaped the peace settlement of the
Congress of Vienna. Explain the consequences of the peace settlement for the period 1815 to 1848.
5 Describe and analyze the issues and ideas in the debate in Europe between 1750 and 1846 over the proper
role of government in the economy. Give specific examples.
6. Contrast European diplomacy in the periods 1890 to 1914 and 1918 to 1939, respectively. Include in your
analysis goals, practices, and results.
7. “Napoleon was a child of the Enlightenment.” Assess the validity of the statement. Use examples referring to
both specific aspects of the Enlightenment and to Napoleon’s policies and attitudes.
8. Describe and analyze the ways in which 16th century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the
Protestant Reformation.
9. Describe the new astronomy of the 16th and 17th centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed
scientific thought and methods.
10. Describe and compare the differences among Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and Revisionist socialists in
their critiques of 19th century European economy and society.
11. Assess the extent to which the unification of Germany under Bismarck led to authoritarian government
there between 1871 and 1914.
12. Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship
between government and the governed.
13. Describe the steps taken between 1832 and 1918 to extend the suffrage in England. What groups and
movements contributed to the extension of the vote?

B. ANALYSIS OF F.R.Q. QUESTIONS, 1983-2007

The following table presents a general picture of what topics are more or less likely to
appear as FRQ questions. It is approximate, and refers to general topics only. For example, if
a question asks for a comparison between women’s status in the Renaissance and
Enlightenment, it would be counted in the table below for three topics: women, Renaissance,
and Enlightenment. Refer to Part A above for the specific questions. The table is
chronological, more or less.
TOPIC EXAM YEAR
RENAISSANCE 2006 2004 2003B* 1998 1996 1994 1984
NEW MONARCHS 2005 1999
AGE OF EXPLORATION 2006 2005 2004B 2003 2001 1997 992
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 2004B 2003 2001 1992
16TH-17TH CENTURIES GENERAL 2007 2002 2000 1999
PROTESTANT REFORMATION 2005 2001 1998 1996 1995
CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION 2006 2002B 2001 1998 1991 1990
RELIGIOUS WARS 2002 2000 1999
AGE OF ABSOLUTISM 2004B 2003 2003B 2002 1999 1995 1991 1989
CONSTITUTIONALISM 2002B 1994 1993
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 2004 2000 1991
ENLIGHTENMENT 2003 2000 1998 1994 1993 1990 1984
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 2002B 1999 1995
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 2003 1998
17TH-18TH CENTURY ECONOMIC CHANGE /MERCANTILISM 2002B 2001 1995
FRENCH REVOLUTION 2007 2004 2003 2001 1996 1993 1992 1989
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION/INDUSTRIALIZATION 2005 2000 1993 1992 1991 1989
1815-1848 (CONGRESS OF VIENNA, ISMS) 2006 2003B 2002 1999 1994 1993 1991 1990
ROMANTICISM 2003 1997
19TH CENTURY NATIONALISM / MASS POLITICS 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1991 1989
WORKERS AND SOCIALISM 2005 2002 2002B 1991 1988
19TH CENTURY URBANIZATION 1996

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 7

 TOPIC EXAM YEAR
IMPERIALISM 1997 1990
19TH-20TH CENTURY CULTURAL/INTELLECTUAL 2002 2001 2000 1999 1993 1991
WORLD WAR I 2004B 2002 1999 1998 1988
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 2004 1994
TOTALITARIANISM 2004 2004B 2001 1999 1997 1994 1997 1983
INTERWAR YEARS 1919-1939 2002 1999 1997 1996 1993 1992
WORLD WAR II 2007 2006 1997 1992
THE COLD WAR 2003 2001 2000 1991
POST-WWII SOVIET UNION 2007 2005 2003 2001 2000 1995 1991 1987
WESTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RECOVERY & UNITY 2006 2005 2004 2002 2001 1998 1996 1995 1994 1990
DECOLONIZATION 2002B
WOMEN IN EUROPEAN HISTORY 2007 2005 2004 1998 1996 1984
ART IN EUROPEAN HISTORY 2006 2004 2003B 1998 1997 1996
*An exam year designated ‘B’ means that the topic appeared on the make-up exam for that
year.

C. TIPS FOR WRITING F.R.Q. ESSAYS

1: FIGURE OUT WHAT THE QUESTION REQUIRES YOU TO DO
Make sure you understand every aspect of the question and plan your essay so it directly answers the
question. This includes checking the verbs in the question, thus knowing whether you need to analyze,
describe, assess, compare. This also means knowing whether you have to do more than one thing: describe
and analyze, assess and compare, etc. Finally, it means knowing what you need to describe, analyze, etc:
social AND economic; England AND France, etc.
2. MAKE A TENTATIVE OUTLINE OF THE PAPER BASED UPON THE TASKS OF THE
QUESTION
Although this may or may not turn out to be the way you ultimately organize the essay (but it very likely will
be…), drafting an outline based upon the question is an early way of ensuring, in a methodical way, that your
essay is, in fact, an answer to the precise set of questions that are being asked. Knowing what the question is
asking is one thing; actually making your essay an answer to that question doesn’t automatically follow unless
you methodically make that happen. THIS IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU CAN DO TO
ENSURE A SUCCESSFUL ESSAY THAT ANSWERS THE QUESTION ASKED. It should take about 5 minutes, but
is crucial.
[Link] THE OUTLINE TO ORGANIZE THE SPECIFIC FACTUAL EVIDENCE YOU WILL USE.
It really does help to devote 2-3 minutes to nothing more than recalling and listing the facts you know about
the question you’re answering. If you don’t, you are more likely to leave out things that you do know, and that
are important, or remember them when the essay is already half-written, and you don’t have the time to add
them.
4. BASED UPON STEPS #1-3, FORMULATE A CLEAR THESIS
This should answer all aspects of the question, and optimally is organized in the same way you will organize
your essay.
5. WRITE AN INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH THAT CLEARLY STATES, AND PERHAPS
ELABORATES UPON, THE THESIS.
This should be concise and clear, and should be limited only to a preview of what you will show in the essay
that follows.
6. WRITE THE BODY OF THE ESSAY.
The organization of the body should be based upon the thesis, and its several parts. In most cases, that means
the outline that you wrote and filled in with factual evidence. Each section or paragraph should begin with a
sub-thesis, or topic sentence that clearly states the section of the thesis that will be supported in that section.
7. USE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE WHENEVER POSSIBLE.
8. WRITE A CONCLUSION THAT RESTATES OR SUMMARIZES.
9. READ OVER THE ESSAY.
Assuming that you have time, check for spelling, punctuation, clarity, major inaccuracies.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 8

D. F.R.Q. ESSAY RUBRIC
Superior Essay: Score of 8-9 Strong Essay: Score of 6-7
____ Superior thesis ____ Strong thesis (contains general analysis)
____ Extremely well-organized essay ____ Well-organized essay
____ Addresses all areas of the prompt evenly ____ Addresses all areas of the prompt; may
____ Excellent use of analysis to support lack some balance between major areas
thesis and main ideas. ____ Some important information left out:
____ Substantial use of evidence throughout ________________________
____ Extremely well-written essay ____ Strong analysis in most areas; needs more
____ Generally error free (need not be perfect) ____ Strong use of evidence; may lack balance
____ Well-written essay
____ May contain minor errors
Adequate Essay: Score of 5 Mediocre Essay: Score of 2-4
____ Clear thesis (needs more analysis) ____ Undeveloped thesis (simple thesis)
____ Thesis a bit vague or muddy ____ Does not establish purpose of the essay.
____ Fairly well-organized essay ____ Thesis does not fully address question
____ Addresses all areas of the prompt but ____ Weak organization
essay may lack balance. ____ Does not address one or more aspects of
____ Contains some analysis; more needed the question: __________________
____ Some major events omitted: ___________ ____ Most major events omitted
____ Contains some evidence; more needed ____ Lacks analysis of key issues
____ Essay deviates at times from thesis ____ Lacks evidence to support main ideas.
____ May contain significant historical errors ____ Contains major historical errors
____ Some facts are irrelevant to time period ____ Much information irrelevant to question.
____ Essay is somewhat incomplete (too short)
Unacceptable Essay: AP Score of 1 “0” Essay: Did not do the question
____ No thesis or poor thesis ___ Writes on topic completely different from
____ Incorrect or incomplete essay the prompt
____ Facts not specific, accurate & relevant. ___ Little to no effort shown in preparation for
____ Poor analysis of key issues essay

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 9

 3. GUIDE TO DBQ QUESTIONS
A. DBQ QUESTIONS, 1980-2007
Keeping in mind that document analysis is primary, and knowledge of the period
secondary, the following DBQ topics are listed in very general chronological order of topic
rather than exam date.
TIME FRAME TOPIC CATEGORY EXAM YEAR
1450-1600 Renaissance education social 1993
1475-1599 witchcraft social 1980
1450-1700 attitudes towards the poor social 2004
15th-16th centuries the plague social 1995
16th century child-rearing social 2007
16th-18th centuries child-rearing social 1982
15th-19th centuries rituals and festivals social 2000
1750-1800 slavery/triangular trade economic 1991
17th century the Netherlands political/economic 1996
17th-18th centuries women social 1997
18th century Gin Act social 1988
18th century Literacy in Old Regime social 1987
18th-19th centuries Greek independence political/social 2001
18th-19th centuries Manchester/urban development social 2002
19th century attitudes toward work social 1981
19th century juvenile crime social 1985
19th century Sudan crisis political 1986
19th century German states political 1998
1800-1924 Irish Home rule political 1994
19th-20th centuries Walloons v. Flemish political 1982
19th-20th centuries Women’s rights social 1989
1820-1914 Pan-Slavism political 1992
1861-1914 Russia social 1999
1860-1914 sports social 2006
1908-1918 German aircraft industry military/political 1984
1914-1918 German civil peace political/social 2003
1936 Spanish Civil War political 1990
1946-1989 European unity political 2005

B. THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND FOR WRITING THE DBQ ESSAY

1: FIGURE OUT WHAT THE QUESTION REQUIRES YOU TO DO
Make sure you understand every aspect of the question and plan your essay so it directly answers the
question. This includes checking the verbs in the question, thus knowing whether you need to analyze,
describe, assess, compare. This also means knowing whether you have to do more than one thing: describe
and analyze, assess and compare, etc. Finally, it means knowing what you need to describe, analyze, etc:
social AND economic; England AND France, etc.
2. MAKE A TENTATIVE OUTLINE OF THE PAPER BASED UPON THE TASKS OF THE
QUESTION
Although this may or may not turn out to be the way you ultimately organize the essay (but it very likely will
be…), drafting an outline based upon the question is an early way of ensuring, in a methodical way, that your
essay is, in fact, an answer to the precise set of questions that are being asked. Knowing what the question is
asking is one thing; actually making your essay an answer to that question doesn’t automatically follow unless
you methodically make that happen. THIS IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU CAN DO TO
ENSURE A SUCCESSFUL ESSAY THAT ANSWERS THE QUESTION ASKED. It should take about 5 minutes, but
is crucial.
[Link] THE OUTLINE TO ORGANIZE ANY FACTUAL EVIDENCE YOU WILL USE.
It really does help to devote 2-3 minutes to nothing more than recalling and listing the facts you know about
the general time period or topic you’re answering. If you don’t, you are more likely to leave out things that you
do know, and that are important, or remember them when the essay is already half-written, and you don’t
have the time to add them.
4. EXAMINE THE DOCUMENTS, FOCUSING UPON THE FOLLOWING:
a) Start with the author of each document, making notes of anything those pieces of information might tell
you. Look especially for social status, educational background, profession, etc. Does the document’s author
give you any preconceptions about what he or she might say about the thesis?
b) Check the date of the document. Are the documents organized by date? How do the dates of the
documents compare to the period specifically asked about in the question, if any? Is there change over time
in the documents as a whole?
c) Look for the point of view of the author. This may be stated explicitly in the document, or may be implicit,
either in the background of the author (a bourgeoisie writing about workers, or a Serb writing about Austrians,
etc.), or in the tone of the author. Is it sarcastic? Ironic? Angry?
d) Remember that the documents should not be taken as facts; they are morel ikely to express opinion or
perception.
e) Don’t make the document say something it doesn’t say.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 10

e) Underline key phrases in the document. After each document, re-read the question. Place the documents in
the appropriate areas of the tentative outline. Adjust the outline if necessary, to reflect new information or
insights from the documents.
f) Group the documents according to categories that are relevant to the question. For example, if the question
asks you to analyze causes of something, start categorizing the documents in terms of different causes:
social, political, etc. or immediate, long-term, etc.
5. USING KOP, DOCUMENTS, AND THE FINAL OUTLINE, CONSTRUCT A THESIS THAT
CLEARLY AND CONCISELY ANSWERS THE QUESTION OF THE DBQ.
Make it clear and concise, and then use the final outline, documents, and kop to develop it in a methodical
and clearly-written way. Don’t make it just a restatement of the question; summarize the answer to the
question that you will be presenting.
6. WRITE AN INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH THAT CLEARLY STATES, AND PERHAPS
ELABORATES UPON, THE THESIS.
7. WRITE THE BODY OF THE ESSAY.
8. WRITE A CONCLUSION THAT RESTATES OR SUMMARIZES.
9. READ OVER THE ESSAY.
OTHER THINGS TO REMEMBER:
• Make your life easier by constructing a thesis that can reasonably include most/ all of the
documents (even if you don’t really believe your thesis). It is better to be “practical” than “right.”
• Use as many documents as you can as long as they fit your thesis.
• Although documents are most frequently presented in chronological order, don ‘t automatically use
them that way, unless the question is explicitly about change over time or a similarly
chronologically-oriented topic. GROUPING DOCUMENTS IS A BIG DEAL!
• Don’t explain documents -- that is not your task.! AP readers have a list and a summary for each
document; they don’t need or want you to tell them what is in the document. Use documents to
reinforce your main points and outside information.
• Don’t rewrite large portions of documents. Try to limit quotations to 1 sentence or less.
• Cite every document used, either by document letter, e.g., (Doc. A), (Doc. F), or by reference to the
author (e.g. …“In the letter by Otto von Bismarck”). Whatever you do, make it crystal clear to the
grader!
• Remember that there is never a single right answer to a DBQ.
• DO NOT INCLUDE HISTORICAL INFORMATION UNLESS YOU ARE SURE THAT IT IS CORRECT.
• All fundamental AP writing principles regarding standard F.R.Q. essays apply to DBQ essays.

C. SCORING RUBRIC FOR THE DBQ.

BASIC CORE.1 point for each of the following:
1. Did you provide an appropriate, explicitly stated, thesis directly addressing all
parts of question? The thesis must be explicit, and based upon one or more documents. It
cannot be a simple rewording of the question or of the historical background. The thesis does
not have to appear in the first paragraph, but that is usually the safer course.
2. DO YOU USE A MAJORITY OF THE DOCUMENTS, INDIVIDUALLY AND SPECIFICALLY? This
usually means one more than half. You should use more if you want to get higher than a 6 on
the essay (see Expanded Core below), but 1 more than half is minimum to earn this point.
‘Using’ a document means reference to anything in the document box.
3. DID YOU DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIC MEANING OF A MAJORITY OF THE
DOCUMENTS? Generally, you can misunderstand no more than ONE.
4. DO YOU SUPPORT THE THESIS OR ANSWER THE QUESTION WITH APPROPRIATE EVIDENCE
FROM A MAJORITY OF THE DOCUMENTS? In other words, even if your essay is terrible, with no
real thesis, you can still offer evidence from the documents relating to the question, and still
earn a point.
5. DO YOU ANALYZE BIAS OR POINT OF VIEW IN AT LEAST THREE DOCUMENTS? This means
any one of the following:
a. Relating author’s point of view to the author’s time or place, OR
b. Evaluating the reliability of the source, OR
c. Recognizing that different kinds of documents serve different purposes, OR
d. Analyzing tone or intent of documents
DO YOU ANALYZE DOCUMENTS BY GROUPING THEM INTO AT LEAST THREE GROUPS?
Examples of grouping for the essay might include:
categories (social, political, military, etc.)
long-term v. short-term
social classes of document authors
genders of document authors
chronological categories

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 11

 EXPANDED CORE
The Basic Core requirements get you six points on the DBQ. You must earn the six points described
above in order to earn any points in the Expanded Core. You will earn 1-3 points in the Expanded Core
to the degree to which you do some or all of the following:

have a clear, analytic and comprehensive thesis

address ALL parts of the question THOROUGHLY

use all or almost all documents.

use documents persuasively as evidence

show careful and insightful analysis of the documents

analyze bias or point of view in at least three documents cited in the
essay

analyze the documents in additional ways: use additional groupings or
other forms or analysis, discuss change over time, etc.

bring in relevant outside historical content

4. GUIDE TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS/ GENERAL EXAM

INFORMATION
THERE WILL BE 80 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON PART I OF THE EXAM; YOU WILL HAVE 55 MINUTES
TO COMPLETE PART I. THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ARE ORGANIZED IN THREE WAYS

1. BY HISTORICAL PERIOD (figures are approximate):

c.1450 to 1815 50% 40 questions
19th century 25% 20 questions
20th century 25% 20 questions
In general, the questions will be chronological, but not at all entirely; out-of-order questions will be
interspersed throughout the Exam.

2. BY HISTORICAL CATEGORY (figures are approximate):

Political and Diplomatic 33% 25-30 questions
Cultural and intellectual 33% 25-30 questions
Social and Economic 33% 25-30 questions

3. BY DIFFICULTY LEVEL. In general, the easier questions are at the beginning of Part I, and get more difficult
as the multiple-choice section progresses. But this is definitely not always the case; more- and very-difficult
questions will be found at the beginning, and easier ones toward the end.
The difficulty level of the multiple-choice questions is deliberately set at such a level that a student
has to answer about 60% of the questions correctly to receive a grade of 3 on the overall exam, in addition to
doing acceptable work on Parts II and III (the essays.)

As with SAT exams, multiple-choice answers are graded to discourage haphazard or random guessing:

No points are deducted for a blank answer

One point is awarded for each correct answer

One-fourth point is deducted for each incorrectly-answered question
As a result, it does not pay to guess on the basis of no information, but if you have enough knowledge to
eliminate 2-3 choices (out of 5), it is good strategy to make an ‘educated guess’ in choosing the best answer
from those that remain.

FORMAT FOR THE EXAM

The AP European History Exam is three hours and five minutes long. In Section I, students are given 55
minutes to answer 80 multiple-choice questions; in Section II, they are given 45 minutes to respond to a
document-based question and 35 minutes each to respond to two thematic essay questions chosen from
several offered. There is a 15-minute reading period at the beginning of Section II.
% of Grade Number of Questions Time Allotted Reading Period
Section I 50 80 55 minutes
Section II 50 15 minutes
Part A 1 essay 45 minutes
Part B 1 essay 35 minutes
Part C 1 essay 35 minutes

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 12

 5. REVIEW SUMMARY #1: EUROPEAN HISTORY BY CENTURY
A. THROUGH THE 18TH CENTURY

CENTURY MAJOR POLITICS ECONOMICS CHURCH WARS IDEAS

EVENTS
14TH-15TH iBlack Death iItalian City- iIncrease in iConciliar i100 iHumanism
i100 Years’ states trade movement Years’ iidea of the
War iCiompi iGrowth of iGreat War individual in art
iRenaissance Revolt towns Schism iSecularism
i ‘New iFlorentine iBabylonian iChristian
Monarchs’ wool and Captivity Humanism
banking

16TH iAge of iHeight of i1st colonies i95 Theses iWars of iLutheranism

Exploration Habsburg (Portuguese & iDiet of Religion iCalvinism
iReformation power Spanish) Worms iDutch iAnglicanism
iCounter- (Charles V) iGrowth In iCouncil of Revolt iJesuits
Reformation iTudors in population Trent iDefeat
iWars of England iPrice iEnglish of the
Religion i1st Revolution Reformation Spanish
Muscovite Armada
Czars
17TH iThirty Years’ iGrowth of iCommercial iGeneral iThirty iSovereignty
War absolutism Revolution decline Years’ iAbsolutism
iEnglish iAge of imercantilism War iConstitutionalism
Revolution Louis XIV iDutch iEnglish
iScientific iEnglish dominance Civil War
Revolution Revolution iSiege
of Vienna
iWars of
Louis XIV
18TH iEnlightenment iGeneral iAgricultural General iWars of iRationalism
iFrench period of Revolution decline Louis XIV iEmpiricism/
Revolution peace iIndustrial i7 Scientific method
iAmerican iEnlightened Revolution in Years’ iInalienable rights
Revolution Absolutism Britain War iRevolutionary
iPrime Terror
Minister
system in
England

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 13

B. 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES

WARS, IDEAS POLITICS ECONOMICS REVOLUTIONS

TREATIES,
CONFERENCES
19TH iNapoleonic Wars iRomanticism iEnd of Old iIndustrial i1820
iCongress of iNationalism Regime Revolution iDecembrist Revolt
Vienna iConservatism iDual iLaissez-faire i1830
CENTURY iCrimean War iLiberalism Revolution capitalism i1848
iDanish War iCapitalism iReaction & izollverein iParis Commune
iAustro-Prussian iUtopian Revolution iNew
War iSocialism iAge of Imperialism
iFranco-Prussian iScientific Metternich iRussian serfs
War iSocialism iRealpolitik freed
iBerlin Conference iUtilitarianism iRise of the iUrbanization
iBoer War iRevisionism centralized
iFabian Socialism state
iAnarchism iUnification of
iEvolution Italy
iPositivism iUnification of
iRealism in art & Germany
literature iThird
iImpressionism Republic
France
20TH iRusso-Japanese iConservative iWeimar iWar iRussian Revolution
War iAuthoritarianism Republic Communism iGerman Revolution
iWorld War I iTotalitarianism iRise of the iNew Economic idecolonization in
CENTURY iTreaty of iFascism Axis Powers Policy Africa & Asia
Versailles iNazism iStalinist iFive-Year Plans
iTreaty of Brest- icontainment purges icollectivization
Litovsk ineocolonialism iCold War iGreat
iRussian Civil War iNATO Depression
iKellogg-Briand iWarsaw Pact iCommon
Pact Market (EEC)
iLocarno Pact iwelfare states
iSpanish Civil War ide-Stalinization
iMunich
Conference
iWorld War II
iYalta
iPotsdam
iMaastricht Treaty

6. REVIEW SUMMARY #2: MAIN THEMES IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

A. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY THEMES.
The College Board suggests the following themes be used to indicate some of the important areas that
might be treated in an AP course in European History. The ideas suggested were not always treated
explicitly as topics or covered inclusively, nor should they preclude development of other themes.

Intellectual and Cultural History

Changes in religious thought and institutions

Secularization of learning and culture

Scientific and technological developments and their consequences

Major trends in literature and the arts

Intellectual and cultural developments and their relationship to social values and political events

Developments in social, economic, and political thought

Developments in literacy, education, and communication

The diffusion of new intellectual concepts among different social groups

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 14

Changes in elite and popular culture, such as the development of new attitudes toward religion, the family,
work, and ritual

Impact of global expansion on European culture

Political and Diplomatic History

The rise and functioning of the modern state in its various forms

Relations between Europe and other parts of the world: colonialism, imperialism, decolonization, and global
interdependence

The evolution of political elites and the development of political parties, ideologies, and other forms of mass
politics

The extension and limitation of rights and liberties (personal, civic, economic, and political); majority and
minority political persecutions

The growth and changing forms of nationalism

Forms of political protest, reform, and revolution

Relationships between domestic and foreign policies

Efforts to restrain conflict: treaties, balance-of-power diplomacy, and international organizations

War and civil conflict: origins, developments, technology, and their consequences
Social and Economic History

The character of and changes in agricultural production and organization

The role of urbanization in transforming cultural values and social relationships

The shift in social structures from hierarchical orders to modern social classes: the changing distribution of
wealth and poverty

The influence of sanitation and health care practices on society; food supply, diet, famine, disease, and their
impact

The development of commercial practices, patterns of mass production and consumption, and their economic
and social impact

Changing definitions of and attitudes toward mainstream groups and groups characterized as the "other"

The origins, development, and consequences of industrialization

Changes in the demographic structure and reproductive patterns of Europeans: causes and consequences

Gender roles and their influence on work, social structure, family structure, and interest group formation

The growth of competition and interdependence in national and world markets

Private and state roles in economic activity

Development and transformation of racial and ethnic group identities

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 15

B. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY EXAM
The following is a list of answers to the question WHAT DO I ABSOLUTELY HAVE TO KNOW FOR
THIS EXAM??? While there is no substitute for knowing everything we have studied this year the
following list of Essential Questions might serve as a desperation guide for the needy. I suggest
you research them carefully, using your notes, the text, readings we have done, and this review
guide. If you can put together an essay to answer the questions which follow, you are in decent
shape. This is a kind of overview guide, but do not make the mistake of studying only this list.
RENAISSANCE
How can the Renaissance be used as a springboard for defining modernity?
Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance with the Mediterranean Renaissance?

REFORMATION
Compare and contrast Martin Luther and John Calvin from economic, religious and social perspectives.

THE CZARS
Analyze the czars of Russia from the perspective of their attempts to control their aristocracy and their church
and also the perspective of their relations with western Europe.

ECONOMICS
Trace the development of the Commercial Revolution.

THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Assess the similarities and differences between 16th century and 19th century imperialism.

17TH CENTURY ENGLAND

Trace the development of the English parliament during the 17th century.

17TH CENTURY FRANCE

Compare 17th century French Absolutism with 17th century eastern European Absolutism.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONB

What connection exists between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution?

NAPOLEON
Trace the long term effects of Napoleon I

SOCIALISM
Assess the differences between Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, Karl Marx, Robert Owen, Edward Bernstein and
Vladimir Lenin.

Why did western Europe never fully envelop Marxism?

BRITISH REFORM
Discuss the Parliamentary actions which brought social and political power to the middle and lower classes of
English society in the 19th century.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What effect did the industrial revolution have upon the social classes?
(Break this into both the first AND second industrial revolutions)

GERMANY
Trace the history of Germany from its rise as a Prussian state through its collapse after the First World War.

19TH CENTURY THINKERS

Assess the extent to which Freud, Marx, and Einstein were enlightened thinkers.

WOMEN'S RIGHTS
Beginning with the French Revolution and ending with the Treaty of Versailles, discuss the manner in which
women began to achieve a role in society equal to men.

WORLD WAR I
How did more people in Europe change between 1914-1920 than they did from 1920 to the present?

THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Analyze the events causing the decline of the British Empire.

POST WORLD WAR II

Trace the economic development of Post World War II Europe.
From the end of the Cold War explain how the political map of Europe has changed as the world approaches
the millenium.

THE MODERN POLITICAL WORLD

Beginning with the end of World War II, trace the demise of the Soviet Union.

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 16

 7. REVIEW SUMMARY #3: MOST IMPORTANT DATES IN
EUROPEAN HISTORY
Not all of the following dates are absolutely crucial; some are included to provide chronological
context of important moments or persons. The dates in boldface are the most important ones.

1337-1453 HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR

1309-1378 BABYLONIAN CAPITIVITY OF THE CHURCH
1378 CIOMPI REVOLT
1494 SAVANAROLA TAKES POWER IN FLORENCE
1498 LEONARDO’S THE LAST SUPPER
1500-1527 HIGH RENAISSANCE IN ART (LEONARDO, RAPHAEL, MICHAELANGELO ETC. AT PEAK)
1512 ERASMUS’ IN PRAISE OF FOLLY
1513 MACHIAVELLI’S THE PRINCE
1516 CONCORDAT OF BOLOGNA
1517 LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESIS
1521 DIET OF WORMS
1524-5 PEASANTS’ REVOLT IN GERMANY
1530 CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG ESTABLISHES TENETS OF LUTHERANISM
1534 ACT OF SUPREMACY MAKES ENGLISH KING HEAD OF ANGLICAN CHURCH
1534-9 DISSOLUTION OF ENGLISH MONASTERIES
1530’S CALVINISM IN GENEVA
1543 COPERNICUS’ ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
1545 COUNCIL OF TRENT
1555 PEACE OF AUGSBURG
1556 RULE OF PHILIP II OF SPAIN
1558-1603 RULE OF ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND
1588 DEFEAT OF THE SPANSIH ARMADA
1598 HENRY IV ISSUES EDICT OF NANTES
1628 CARDINAL RICHELIEU MADE FIRST MINISTER OF FRENCH CROWN
1603 STUARTS INHERIT BRITISH THRONE
1609 GALILEO’S FIRST TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
1618-1648 THURTY YEARS’ WAR
1628 PETITION OF RIGHT
HARVEY PUBLISHES WORK ON CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD
1633 GALILEO’S TRIAL
1640 LONG PARLIAMENT BEGINS
THE GREAT ELECTOR BEGINS HOHENZOLLERN RULE
1648-1715 RULE OF LOUIS XIV
1648-63 THE FRONDE
1648 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA ENDS THIRTY YEAR’S WAR
PRIDE’S PURGE
1649 EXECUTION OF CHARLES I
1649-1660 INTERREGNUM / RULE OF CROMWELL & PURITANS
1660 STUART RESTORATION
1662 FOUNDING OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
1683 SIEGE OF VIENNA
1685 LOUIS XIV REVOKES EDICT OF NANTES
1687 NEWTON’S PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA states law of universal gravitation
1688 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
1701-1713 WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
1713 PEACE OF UTRECHT
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
1756-1763 SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
1770’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN ENGLAND (1ST COTTON MILLS)
1773-5 PUGACHEV REVOLT
1776 ADAM SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS
1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS
TENNIS COURT OATH
AUGUST 4 DECREES
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
1790 CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY
1791 LOUIS XVI TRIES TO ESCAPE FRANCE
DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ
1792 WAR WITH AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA
SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION; BEGINNING OF FIRST REPUBLIC
1793 EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
1794 REIGN OF TERROR
THERMIDOR
1795 DIRECTORY TAKES CONTROL
1799 NAPOLEON’S COUP (18 BRUMAIRE)
1804 NAPOLEONIC CODE
NAPOLEON CROWNED EMPEROR; BEGINNING OF FIRST EMPIRE

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 17

1805 BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
1806 CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE
CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
1807 TREATY OF TILSIT
1810 GRAND EMPIRE AT HEIGHT
1812 FAILED INVASION OF RUSSIA
1814 BATTLE OF THE NATIONS NAOLEON’S FIRST DEFEAT
NAPOLEON EXILES TO ELBA; BOURBONS RESTORED
1814-5 CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1815 HUNDRED DAYS
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
CORN LAWS PASSED
1819 PETERLOO MASSACRE
CARLSBAD DECREES
SIX ACTS
1820 REVOLUTIONS IN SPAIN, ITALY, GREECE
1825 DECEMBRIST REVOLT
1830 JULY REVOLUTION IN FRANCE OVERTHROWS BOURBON CHARLES X
BELGIAN UPRISING & INDEPENDENCE
1833 FACTORY ACT PROHIBITS CHILD LABOR
1834 ZOLLVEREIN ESTABLISHED
1845-6 IRISH POTATO FAMINE
1848 REVOLUTIONS IN FRANCE, AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, GERMANY
PUBLICATION OF MARX AND ENGELS’ COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY
LOUIS NAPOLEON ELECTED PRESIDENT OF FRANCE (2ND REPUBLIC)
1852 LOUIS NAPOLEON BECOMES EMPEROR NAPOLEON III (2ND EMPIRE)
1853-6 CRIMEAN WAR
1857 SEPOY MUTINY
1861 RUSSIAN SERFS FREED
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
1866 AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (SEVEN WEEKS’ WAR)
1867 DUAL MONARCHY ESTABLISHES HUNGARIAN AUTONOMY
1870-1 FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
PARIS COMMUNE
BEGINNING OF FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
KULTURKAMPF
1881 ASSASSINATION OF ALEXANDER II
1882 BRITISH ESTABLISH PROTECTORATE OVER EGYPT
1884 CONGRESS OF BERLIN
1885 SUDAN CRISIS
1899-1904 BOER WAR
1904-5 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
1905 BLOODY SUNDAY
OCTOBER MANIFESTO
1916 EASTER REBELLION
1914-1918 WORLD WAR I
1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1919 PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1920-1 RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
1921 LENIN’S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
1922 MUSSOLINI SEIZES POWER IN ITALY
1923 OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR
1924 DAWES PLAN
1927 STALIN ESTABLISHED IN POWER
1929 GREAT DEPRESSION BEGINS
LATERAN AGREEMENT
1933 HITLER NAMES CHANCELLOR IN GERMANY
1934 NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
1935 NUREMBERG LAWS
1936 SPANISH CIVIL WAR
1930’S STALINIST PURGES; COLLECTIVIZATION
1938 ANSCHLUSS
MUNICH CONFERENCE
1939 NAZI-SOVIET PACT
HITLER INVADES POLAND & BEGINS WORLD WAR II
1939-1945 WORLD WAR II
1941 HITLER INVADES RUSSIA
1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS
YALTA CONFERENCE
1947-1960’S DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA AND ASIA
1945-1989 COLD WAR
1949 NATO
GERMANY DIVIDED EAST AND WEST
1951 EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 18

1956-64 KRUSHCHEV’S DE-STALINIZATION PROGRAM
1957 COMMON MARKET (EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY) FORMED
1968 SOVIET INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1985 GORBACHEV IN POWER IN RUSSIA
1990 RE-UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
1991 MAASTRICHT TREATY CREATES THE EUROPEAN UNION
FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION

8. REVIEW SUMMARY #4: EUROPEAN DYNASTIES AND

GOVERNMENTS

A. ENGLAND

DATE DYNASTY OR IMPORTANT FIGURES EVENTS

POLITICAL PARTY
1485-1603 Tudors Henry VII English Reformation
Henry VIII Religious Wars
Elizabeth I
1603-1649 Stuarts James I Petition of Right
Charles I English Civil War
Long Parliament
Regicide of Charles I
1649-1660 Cromwell’s Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Interregnum
Richard Cromwell
1660-1714 Stuarts Charles II Treaty of Dover
James II Test Act
William and Mary Glorious Revolution
Bill of Rights
Act of Settlement
Act of Union
Cabinet System
1714-1801 Hanover George I-III no real power after 1789
Victoria
1714-c1806 Whigs and Tories no real two-party system
during this time
Industrial Revolution
1807-1830 Tories Corn Laws
Peterloo Massacre
Six Acts
1830-1846 Whigs & Tories alternate Repeal of Corn Laws
Chartism
1846-1919 Conservatives and Liberal Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) Ten Hours Act
parties William Gladstone (Liberal) Sepoy Mutiny
David Lloyd-George (Liberal) Reform Bill of 1867
Conquest of Egypt/Sudan
Reform Bill of 1884
People’s Budget
Boer War
Easter Rebellion
World War I
1919-1945 Mostly Conservative, with Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) Great Depression
sporadic Labour Neville Chamberlain appeasement
governments, some National Winston Churchill World War II
governments
1945-1951 Labour Clement Atlee nationalization of railroads &
major industries, general
economic decline,
decolonization
1951-1964 Conservative Winston Churchill Common Market
Harold McMillan
1964-1974 Labour Northern Ireland violence
1974-1997 Conservative Margaret Thatcher ‘Reaganism’ in England
Maastricht
1997-present Labour Tony Blair Sept. 11
War in Iraq

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 19

B. FRANCE

DATE DYNASTY OR IMPORTANT EVENTS

GOVERNMENT FIGURES
1589-1792 BOURBONS HENRY IV (1st Edict of Nantes
Bourbon) mercantilism
Duke of Sully Frondes
Cardinal Richelieu Versailles
Louis XIV Wars of Louis XIV
Louis XVI Peace of Utrecht

1789-1792 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY/KING Louis XVI French Revolution

LEGISLATIVE Bastille
ASSEMBLY/KING Great Fear
Declaration of the Rights of Man,
Civil Constitution
Second French Revolution
1792-1804 FIRST REPUBLIC Robespierre Reign of Terror
Napoleon Thermidor
Directory
18 Brumaire
Concordat of 1801
Napoleonic Code
`1804-1814 FIRST EMPIRE Napoleon Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleonic Wars
Battle of the Nations
1814-1830 BOURBON RESTORATION Louis XVIII Hundred Days
Charles X Charter of 1814
Congress of Vienna
July Revolution
1830-1848 ORLEANS Louis Philippe February Revolution
National Workshops
June Days
1848-1852 SECOND REPUBLIC Louis Napoleon
1852-1870 SECOND EMPIRE Napoleon III realpolitik
economic nationalism
Crimean War
Franco-Prussian War
1870-1940 THIRD REPUBLIC Leon Gambetta Paris Commune
Jules Ferry Congress of Berlin
Jean Jaures Dreyfus Affair
World War I
Treaty of Versailles
Ruhr Crisis
Popular Front
1940-1945 GERMAN OCCUPATION Marshall Petain Vichy France
Charles DeGaulle French resistance
1945-1958 FOURTH REPUBLIC Cold War, NATO
Algerian revolt
1958- FIFTH REPUBLIC Charles DeGaulle 1st hydrogen bomb
present Jean Monnet Common Market
Francois Mitterand Maastricht
Jacques Chirac

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 20

B. GERMANY
DATE DYNASTY OR IMPORTANT FIGURES EVENTS
GOVERNMENT
1640-1870 Hohenzollerns of Frederick William ‘The foundations of Prussian state
Brandenberg Prussia Great Elector’ established
Frederick William I Wars of Louis XIV
Frederick II (the Great) militarization of Prussian State
Otto von Bismarck enlightened absolutism
Wilhelm I defeat by Napoleon at battles of
Jena-Auerstadt
Revolution of 1848
zollverein
Frankfort Assembly
blood and iron
Danish War
North German Confederation
Austro-Prussian War
1870-1919 Hohenzollerns of the Otto von Bismarck realpolitik
German Empire Wilhelm I kulturkampf
Wilhelm II Social Democrats
revisionism
Berlin Conference
World War I
Treaty of Versailles
1919-1933 Weimar Republic Rosa Luxembourg German Revolution
Freidrich Liebknecht Weimar constitution
Adolf Hitler Ruhr crisis
hyperinflation of 1923-4
Beer Hall Putsch
Great Depression
1933-1945 Third Reich Adolf Hitler Reichstag Fire
Night of the Long Knives
violations of Versailles
Munich conference
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
World War II
blitzkrieg
Holocaust
1945-1990 Divided Germany: Konrad Adenauer Cold War

West: Federal Republic of Joseph Stalin Division of Germany
Germany Willy Brandt Berlin wall

East: German Democratic ostpolitik
Republic
1990- Germany Helmut Kohl reunification
present

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 21

D. RUSSIA
TIME DYNASTY/GOVERNMENT IMPORTANT EVENTS
FIGURES
13th century Mongols rule by Mongols
Muscovite princes
overthrew them
1480-1815 Romanovs Ivan the Great expulsion of Mongols
Ivan the Terrible westernization
Peter the Great
1815-1917 Romanovs Alexander I Napoleonic Wars
Alexander III Treaty of Tilsit
Count Witte Battle of Borodino
Nicholas III Congress of Vienna
Peter Stolypin Holy Alliance
Decembrist Revolt
freeing of the serfs
Crimean War
Russo-Japanese War
Revolution of 1905
October Manifesto
World War I
March- Provisional Government Aleksandr Kerensky March Revolution
November1917 Petrograd Soviet
Lenin’s April Theses
July Offensive
1917-1992 Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin November Revolution
Leon Trotsky Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Josef Stalin Civil War
Nikita Krushchev USSR created
Leonid Brezhnev New Economic Plan
Mikhail Gorbachev Five Year Plans
collectivization
the Great Purges
Nazi-Soviet Pact
World War II
Yalta
Cold War
Warsaw Pact
de-Stalinization
Prague Spring
glasnost
perestroika
1992-present Russian Republic Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Putin

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 22

 9. REVIEW SUMMARY #5: THE ‘ISMS’ OF THE 18TH-19TH
CENTURIES
A. LIBERALISM
1. DEFINITION:
♦ believer in individual liberty & natural/inalienable rights
♦ written constitutions, tolerance, education, no torture, streamlined legal codes
♦ types of liberalism
o ‘classical’: developed in the Enlightenment by Locke, Smith, etc.
o political: struggle for individual rights against absolutism
o economic: struggle for individual economic rights (laissez-faire) against
mercantilism (Smith, Ricardo) in the 18th century, against socialism in the 19th-
20th centuries
o Utilitarianism: greatest good for the greatest number (Mill, Bentham)
♦ social class associated with liberalism: BOURGEOISIE

2. MAJOR EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH LIBERALISM, 1815-1914

PERIOD BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY

1815-
Bentham/Utilitarianism
Constitutional Charter, 1814
Zollverein, 1834

Reform Bill 1832
July Revolution, 1830
Frankfurt Assembly, 1848
1848

Factory Act, 1833
February Revolution, 1848

Poor Laws, 1834
June Days, 1848

Mines Act, 1842
Second Republic, 1848

Repeal of Corn Laws, 1842
Universal male suffrage, 1848

Ten Hour Law, 1847

Chartism, 1838-1840’s

Whig Party
1848-
Reform Bill 1867 2nd Empire reforms: economic
Universal male suffrage in

Reform Bill 1884 nationalism, ,easing of Prussia, 1850
1914
censorship, liberals support
Universal male suffrage in
for fear of socialism Germany, 1871

3rd Republic dominated by
Liberals supported
liberal bourgeoisies: reforms Bismarck because of fear of
of Gambetta and Ferry socialism, but pretty
(supremacy of parliament, powerless
secular education, etc.)

B. CONSERVATISM
1. DEFINITION:
♦ Ideology developed as a reaction to classical liberalism of the Enlightenment and the
French Revolution, an appeal to those frightened by the Terror, ‘mob rule’, revolution
♦ Generally, belief in orfer, tradition, faith, society, and the state
♦ Specifically in the 18th-20th centuries, defense of monarchy, nobility, the Church
2. MAJOR EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSERVATISM, 1815-1914
PERIOD BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY/AUSTRIA

1815-
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna

Corn Laws, 1816
Restoration of Bourbons
Carlsbad Decrees
1848
Peterloo Massacre
Rule of Charles X
Defeat of Frankfurt

Six Acts, 1819
Later years of Louis Phillipe Assembly

Defeat of Kossuth &
Hungarian revolution
1848-
Tory/Conservative Party of
Authoritarian realpolitik of
Authoritarian realpolitik of
Disraeli Napoleon III Bismarck
1914

kulturkampf

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 23

 C. NATIONALISM
1. DEFINITION:
♦ basic: unity of culture, language, traditions
o belief that a people so self-defined should govern itself within its own
historically-relevant boundaries
2. MAJOR EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH NATIONALISM, 1789-1914
PERIOD BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY OTHERS

1789-
Wars of Liberation
levee en masse of
Herder’s idea of

1812-1814 Committee of Public voltgeist
1815
Safety and Napoleon
Wars of Liberation
1812-1814
1815-
defeat of ‘dual
Greek
revolution’ in independence,
1848
revolutions of 1848 1829

Frankfurt Assembly
Belgian
independence,
1830

Mazzini in Italy

Hungarian revolt
(Kossuth)

1848-
jingoism of
defeat in Franco-
unification, 1871
unification of

imperialism Prussian War
imperialism Italy
1914

Kipling’s white man’s
imperialism
Ausgleich in
burden
brinkmanship before Austria (dueal

Irish resistance to WWI monarchy of
British Austria &

1916 Easter Rebellion Hungary)

D. SOCIALISM
1. DEFINITION:
♦ most basic: labor is the most important component in production, and needs to be
protected against the individualist philosophy of capitalism and liberalism
♦ Types
o Utopian socialism of Fourier, Saint-Smon, Proudhon, Blanc, Owen, etc. sought
practical measures to help the laboring poor, often sought to create
cooperative Utopian collectives
o Marxism / scientific socialism/Communism moved beyond short-term
solutions to a comprehensive analysis of the class struggle and history itself,
and a call for violent revolution by the proletariat
o Revisionism of Eduard Bernstein sought reform rather than revolution, to
work for evolutionary gains like pro-labor legislation, trade unions, etc.
o Leninism and Stalin’s ‘socialism in one country’ both proposed ways to
introduce traditional Marxian socialism to a country which had barely
industrialized
2. MAJOR EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIALISM, 1815-1928
PERIOD BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY RUSSIA

1815-
Utopian Socialists

Blanc’s National
1848
Workshops

June Days
1848-
Marx and Engels
Napoleon III’ s
Bismarck’ s realpolitik
development of
publish Communist realpolitik alliance of alliance of conservative Leninism by
1914
Manifesto in London conservative authoritarian’s with Bolsheviks at Party

Fabian Society authoritarian’s with working class Congress, 1902
working class
SDP largest party in

1871 Paris Commune Germany by 1914

Jean Jaures & Socialist
welfare state by
Party 1880’s

workers choose
workers choose
nationalism over nationalism over
socialism in WWI socialism in WWI
1917-
German Revolution
Bolshevik
1919 Revolution, 1917
1928

Spartacists
Civil War, 1920-1

War Communism

New Economic
Plan

socialism in one
country

5-Year Plans

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 24

 10. REVIEW SUMMARY #6: WRITINGS & DOCUMENTS
YEAR TOPIC/ MOVEMENT AUTHOR WORK
1348 ITALIAN HUMANISM BOCCACCIO THE DECAMERON
1427 CHRISTIAN HUMANISM THOMAS A KEMPIS IMITATION OF CHRIST
1444 ITALIAN HUMANISM LORENZO VALLA ON THE FALSE DONATION OF CONSTANTINE
1486 ITALIAN HUMANISM PICO ORATION ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN
1512 CHRISTIAN HUMANISM ERASMUS IN PRAISE OF FOLLY
1513 ITALIAN HUMANISM MACHIAVELLI THE PRINCE
1516 CHRISTIAN HUMANISM MORE UTOPIA
1517 REFORMATION LUTHER NINETY-FIVE THESES
1518 ITALIAN HUMANISM CASTIGLIONE BOOK OF THE COURTIER
1520 REFORMATION LUTHER ON CHRISTIAN LIBERTY
1525 REFORMATION TWELVE ARTICLES
1530 REFORMATION LUTHER ETAL CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG
1536 REFORMATION CALVIN INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
1543 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION COPERNICUS ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
1552 NORTHERN HUMANISM RABELAIS GARGANTUA /PANTAGRUEL
1598 ABSOLUTISM JAMES I THE TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHIES
ABSOLUTISM HENRY IV EDICT OF NANTES
1605 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION FRANCIS BACON THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING
1610 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION GALILEO THE STARRY MESSENGER
1628 CONSTITUTIONALISM PETITION OF RIGHT
1651 ABSOLUTISM HOBBES LEVIATHAN
1685 ABSOLUTISM LOUIS XIV EDICT OF FOUNTAINBLEU
1687 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION NEWTON PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA
1689 CONSTITUTIONALISM ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS
1690 ENLIGHTENEMENT LOCKE ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING
SECOND TREATISE ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT
1748 ENLIGHTENMENT MONTESQUIEU L’ESPRIT DES LOIS
1762 ENLIGHTENMENT ROUSSEA THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
1765 ENLIGHTENMENT DIDEROT ENCYCLOPEDIA
1774 ROMANTICSM GOETHE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER
1776 ENLIGHTENMENT SMITH WEALTH OF NATIONS
1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION SIEYES WHAT IS THE THIRD ESTATE?
1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION TENNIS COURT OATH, AUGUST 4 DECREES
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
1790 FRENCH REVOLUTION CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY
1790 FRENCH REVOLUTION BURKE REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN
FRANCE
1791 FRENCH REVOLUTION PAINE THE RIGHTS OF MAN
1791 FRENCH REVOLUTION DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ
1792 FRENCH REVOLUTION WOLLSTONECRAFT VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
1798 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION MALTHUS ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION
1801 NAPOLEON CONCORDAT OF 1801
1804 NAPOLEON NAPOLEONIC CODE
1814 AGE OF METTERNICH CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER
1819 AGE OF METTERNICH CARLSBAD DECREES
SIX ACTS
1820 ROMANTICISM SHELLEY PROMETHEUS UNBOUND
1832 ROMANTICISM GOETHE FAUST
1840 SOCIALISM PROUDHON WHAT IS PROPERTY?
1848 SOCIALISM MARX & ENGELS CMMUNIST MANIFESTO
1856 REALISM FLAUBERT MADAME BOVARY
1859 19TH CENTURY DARWIN ORIGIN OF SPECIES
1862 ROMANTICISM HUGO LES MISERABLES
1864 19TH CENTURY POPE PIUS IX SLLABUS OF ERRORS
1869 REALISM TOLSTOY WAR AND PEACE
1885 REALISM ZOLA GERMINAL
1891 REALISM HARDY TESS OF THE D’URBERVILLES
1896 19TH CENTURY COMTE THE COURSE OF POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY
1898 AGE OF MASS POLITICS ZOLA J’ACCUSE
1899 SOCIALISM BERNSTEIN EVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
1899 IMPERIALISM KIPLING WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
1899 19TH CENTURY FREUD THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
1902 IMPERIALISM HOBSON IMPERIALISM
1902 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LENIN WHAT IS TO BE DONE?
1905 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION NICHOLAS II OCTOBER MANIFESTO
1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LENIN APRIL THESES
1919 WORLD WAR I KEYNES ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE
1929 WORLD WAR I REMARQUE ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 25

 11. REVIEW SUMMARY #7: ART IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

PERIOD DESCRIPTION TIME ARTISTS MUSICIANS IDEAS AND

EVENTS
RENAISSANCE Revival of interest 1300- BOTTICELLI PALESTRINA,
use of
in Classical forms 1600 BRUEGHEL GABRIELI, chiaroscuro,
of Greece and DONATELLO DES PRES perspective,
Rome DURER portraiture,
LEONARDO equipoise,
MICHAELANGELO, natural
RAPHAEL, TITIAN landscapes

Attempt to
paint subjects
as they are
BAROQUE Artistic 1600- VARVAGGIO, BACH, HANDEL,
lots of
movement 1750 REMBRANDT, LULLY, ornamentation,
characterized by POUSSIN, RUBENS, PURCELL, curved lines
drama and VELASQUEZ, SCARLATTI, lots of portraits
grandeur, a sense VERMEER VIVALDI
art frequently
of awe and in the service
splendor, lots of of the
detail, etc absolutist state

centered iun
Louis XIV’s
France
NEOCLASSICISM looks to a definite 1770- DAVID, GOYA, BEETHOVEN,
set of ‘ideal’ 1820 INGRES, GROS GLICK, HAYDN,
standards in MOZART,
art/music, use of ROSSINI,
ancient Greek and SCHUBERT
Roman models
for inspiration
ROMANTICISM Emotional 1800- DELACROIX, BEETHOVEN,
lots of
reaction against 1850 GERICAULT, BERLIOZ, BIZET, glorification of
(maybe a little
the neoclassical, later for
ROUSSEAU BRAHMS, the past
against idea of music) CHOPIN, (Middle Ages
rigid standards or DVORAK, especially.),
norms, or FRANCK, LISZT, nature,
abstractions MAHLER, patriotism,
MENDELSSOHN, heroism
SAINT-SAENS,
emphasis on
STRAUSS, feeling not
TCHAIKOVSKY, reason
VERDI, WAGNER
REALISM Grittier subjects 1850- COURBET,
depiction of
than 1880 DAUMIER, MILLET, real people,
Romanticism, MANET, DEGAS events—
more attention to peasants,
social context, to workers who
life as it really is aren’t
attractive

facts not
emotions

lots of
industrial
images, trains
IMPRESSIONISM In age of 1870- CEZANNE, DEGAS, DEBUSSY,
more painting
photographic 1905 GAUGIN, MONET, FAURE, RAVEL in the
accuracy, painters VAN GOGH, outdoors, work
sought more to TOULOUSE- with light and
capture an LAUTREC, RODIN color
impression, an
overall feeling
MODERN artists influenced 20TH CALDER, BARTOK,
more work
by Einstein, CENTURY CHAGALL, DALI, BRITTEN, with shapes
Freud, the atomic DUCHAMP, GERSHWIN, (Cubism)
age ERNST, POULENC,
looks to
KANDINSKY, PROKOVIEV, portray
KLEE, MATISSE, SATIE, psochological
PICASSO, SCHONBERG, & emotional
WARHOL STRAVINSKY states

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 26

 12. REVIEW SUMMARY #8: MAPS YOU SHOULD KNOW
1. Lands controlled by Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire

2. Lands contested and conquered by Louis XIV

3. Partitions of Poland

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 27

4. Expansion of Russia, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

5. France and Europe under Napoleon

6. Europe after the Congress of Vienna

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 28

7. Unifications of Germany and Italy

8. Africa, 1885–1914

9. Europe after World War I

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 29

10. Europe after World War II

11. Europe after the fall of Communism

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 30

 13. CONTENT REVIEW #1: RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
The Background of the Italian Renaissance (August 21)
Basic Ideas of the Renaissance (August 22)
Renaissance Art & Artists (August 23)
Social Change in the Renaissance (August 27)
Political Change in the Renaissance (August 28)
The Northern Renaissance (August 29)
Background of the Protestant Reformation (September 5)
Martin Luther & the Birth of Protestantism (September 6)
The Social and Political Impact of Luther (September 10)
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (September 11)
The Catholic Reformation & the Counter-Reformation (September12)
2. MAJOR IDEAS
♦ the most important characteristics of the Middle Ages
♦ the events that caused the decline of medieval institutions
♦ the economic, political and geographical factors that made Italy the heart of the Renaissance
♦ the role of princely courts in art and politics in Renaissance Italy
♦ the major Renaissance cities
♦ the roles of balance of power in Italian politics
♦ the meaning, interests, and major figures in Italian humanism
♦ the concept of virtue
♦ the concept of Renaissance man
♦ the various breakthroughs and artists that characterized Renaissance painting and sculpture
♦ the meaning and various disciplines of the liberal arts
♦ the status and activities of lower and middle class women in the Renaissance
♦ the impact of movable type and the clock upon 14th & 15th century Europe
♦ the ‘New Monarchs’ of the 14th & 15th centuries, and the institutions they had to subdue in order
to cement their own power
♦ Machiavelli’s description of power, human nature, and virtue
♦ the differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances
♦ the similarities between the Northern and Italian Renaissances
♦ the major figures of Northern Humanism
♦ the various religious, social, and economic factors that prepared the way for the Reformation
♦ the political background of the Reformation
♦ the role of indulgences in the Lutheran Reformation
♦ the events and issues surrounding the Ninety-Five Theses
♦ the events and issues surrounding the Diet of Worms
♦ the main ideas of Lutheran Protestantism
♦ why various social groups supported Luther
♦ the events and issues surrounding the Peasants’ Revolts
♦ the events leading to the Peace of Augsburg, and their consequences
♦ why Protestantism spread so fast
♦ the basic ideas of Calvinism, and why it is historically important
♦ the basic events, issues, and personalities of Anglicanism
♦ how Anglicanism resembled and differed from Catholicism
♦ the state of European Protestantism by mid-16th century
♦ the two ways that the Catholic Church responded to the challenge of Protestantism
♦ the reforms of the Council of Trent
♦ the activities of the Counter-Reformation
3. DATES TO KNOW
RENAISSANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES *
THE NINETY-FIVE THESES
DIET OF WORMS
PEASANT REVOLTS
SCHMALKALDIC WARS
PEACE OF AUGSBURG
CALVIN’S RULE IN GENEVA*
THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
4. TERMS TO KNOW
RENAISSANCE
CITY-STATE
FLORENCE
MEDICIS
CIOMPI REVOLTS
COMMUNES
POPOLO
SAVANAROLA
REPUBLICAN
AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 31
SIGNORI
DESPOT
OLIGARCHY
PRINCELY COURTS
BALANCE OF POWER
CORPORATE
PETRARCH
DARK AGES
INDIVIDUALISM
CELLINI’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
HUMANISM
MACHIAVELLI
THE PRINCE
VIRTU
RENAISSANCE MAN
VERNACULAR
PICO’S ORATION ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN
SECULAR
VALLA ON THE FALSE DONATION OF CONSTANTINE
BOCCACCIO THE DECAMERON
JULIUS II
LEONARDO
PERSPECTIVE
CHIAROSCURO
PYRAMID COMPOSITION
CONTAPOSSTO
MONA LISA
MASACIO
DONATELLO
DAVID
MARY MAGDALENE
BOTTICELLI
LAST SUPPER
MICHAELANGELO
PIETA
RAPHAEL
VANISHING POINT
SISTINE CHAPEL
TITIAN
ALBERTI
PALLADIO
CASTIGLIONE’S THE COURTIER
LIBERAL ARTS
RHETORIC
LAURA CERETA
MOVABLE TYPE
GUTENBERG
NEW MONARCHS
MACHIAVELLIAN
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
NORTHERN HUMANISM
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
THOMAS MORE
UTOPIA
ERASMUS
IN PRAISE OF FOLY
THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHRIST
RABELAIS
GARGANTUA AND PANTAGRUEL
FLEMISH
LOW COUNTRIES
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY
GREAT SCHISM
CONCILIAR MOVEMENT
PLURALISM
ABSENTEEISM
BENEFICES
JULIUS II
LEO X
BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE
THOMAS À KEMPIS
THE IMITATION OF CHRIST
INDULGENCES
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
CHARLES V
MARTIN LUTHER

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 32

ALBERT OF MAINZ
JOHAN TETZEL
REMISSION OF SINS
NINETY-FIVE THESES
DIET OF WORMS
PROTESTANTISM
CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG
TRANSUBSTANTIATION
CONSUBSTANTIATION
PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS
PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY
YOUNG MAN LUTHER
GOOD WORKS
MONASTICISM
SACRAMENTS
ON CHRISTIAN LIBERTY
PEASANT REVOLTS
TWELVE ARTICLES
SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE
SCHMALKALDIC WARS
DYNASITC WAR
HABSBURG
HABSBURG-VALOIS WARS
PEACE OF AUGSBURG
JOHN CALVIN
CALIVINISM
GENEVA
INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
PREDESTINATION
GENEVAN CONSISTORY
MICHEL SERVETUS
ANABAPTISTS
WILLIAM TYNDALE
HENRY VIII
ACT OF SUPREMACY
EDWARD VI
THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER
MARY TUDOR
ELIZABETH I
JOHN KNOX
ULRICH ZWINGLI
THEOCRACY
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
COUNTER-REFORMATION
COUNCIL OF TRENT
POPE PAUL III
INQUISITION
URSULINE ORDERS
SOCIETY OF JESUS
IGNATIUS LOYOLA
HOLY OFFICE
INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS
HERESY
5. GEOGRAPHY
ITALY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
FRANCE
ROME & PAPAL STATES
FLORENCE
ENGLAND
THE LOW COUNTRIES
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
SWITZERLAND
SCOTLAND

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 33

 14. CONTENT REVIEW #2: RELIGIOUS WARS, ABSOLUTISM,
CONSTITUTIONALISM
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
Religious and Civil Wars in France and the Netherlands (September 18
The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 (September 21/24)
Absolutism in Western Europe (October 2)
The Development of French Absolutism (October 3)
French Absolutism under Louis XIV (October 4)
Louis XIV’s Wars (October 9)
English Constitutionalism 1 (October 10)
English Constitutionalism 2 (October 11)
17th century Society in Eastern Europe (October 23)
Absolutism in Prussia and Austria (October 23)
2. MAJOR IDEAS
 The events that altered Europe totally in the 16th century
 The change in the focus of warfare after the Hapsburg-Valois Wars
 The terms of the Concordat of Bologna
 The disorder that followed the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and how both the
 politiques and Henry of Navarre restored internal peace and paved the way for absolutism in
France
 The reign of Henry IV of France
 The Dutch civil conflict of 1568-78, and how it was resolved
 The role of Phillip II of Spain in the European religious struggles of the 16th century
 The causes, phases, and general results of the Thirty Years’ War
 The significance of the Treaty of Westphalia
 The two general ‘roads’ taken by European governments in the 17th & 18th centuries
 The general theories concerning the source of absolute power in the 17th-18th centuries
 The characteristics of absolute rulers in the 17th -18th centuries
 The concept of sovereignty, and what a ruler must monopoly power over to have it
 How Henry IV established the foundations of French absolutism
 How Richelieu contributed to the development of French absolutism
 The significance of the Frondes
 How Louis XIV established control over the French nobility and peasantry
 The economic policies of Louis XIV and Colbert
 The military innovations of Louis XIV
 The gains and losses of Louis’ wars
 How and why English social mobility was greater than in France
 The roles of James I and Charles I in antagonizing Parliament and Puritans
 The religious and political issues of the Civil War
 The rule of Cromwell
 The nature of the Stuart Restoration
 How and why Charles II and James II antagonized Parliament
 The cause and major events of the Glorious Revolution
 Why absolutism triumphed in Eastern Europe
 How the Great Elector and Frederick William I turned Prussia into a military society and a Great
Power
3. DATES TO KNOW
EDICT OF NANTES
DUTCH CIVIL WAR *
THIIRTY YEARS’ WAR
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
REIGN OF HENRY IV *
THE FRONDE
REIGN OF LOUIS XIV
TREATY OF UTRECHT
PETITION OF RIGHT
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
STUART RESTORATION
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
BILL OF RIGHTS

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 34

4. TERMS TO KNOW
HABSBURG-VALOIS WAR
TREATY OF CATEAU-CAMRESIS
HENRY II
TAILLE
CONCORDAT OF BOLOGNA
CALVINISM
HUGUENOTS
ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE
WAR OF THE THREE HENRYS
POLITIQUES
HENRY OF NAVARRE
HENRY IV
EDICT OF NANTES
NETHERLANDS
CHARLES V
PHILIP II
THE DUTCH CIVIL WAR
WILLIAM OF ORANGE
PHILIP II
ESCORIAL
THE DUTCH CIVIL WAR
WILLIAM OF ORANGE
UNION OF UTRECHT
ELIZABETH I
MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS
SPANISH ARMADA
PEACE OF AUGSBURG
DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
BOHEMIA
HABSBURGS
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS
CARDINAL RICHELIEU
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
SOVEREIGNTY
ABSOLUTISM
CONSTITUTIONALISM
DIVINE RIGHT
BUREAUCRACY
STANDING ARMY
JEAN BODIN
THOMAS HOBBES
BISHOP BOSSUET
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
POLITIQUES
IRST ESTATE
SECOND ESTATE
THIRD ESTATE
HENRY IV
EDICT OF NANTES
SULLY
LOUIS XIII
CARDINAL RICHELIEU
INTENDANTS
GENERALITÉS
NOBLESSE DE ROBE
NOBLESS D’EPEE
FRENCH ACADEMY
THE FRONDE
LOUIS XIV
THE SUN KING
VERSAILLES
ESTATES-GENERAL
TAX FARMERS
COLBERT
MERCANTILISM
GUILDS
CONCORDAT OF BOLOGNA
GALLICAN CHURCH
SUBSIDIES
REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES
CORVÉE
LOUIS XIV
LOUVOIS
FLANDERS

AP US HISTORY 2008 EXAM REVIEW GUIDE PAGE 35

TREATY OF NIJMAGEN
WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
GRAND ALLIANCE
PEACE OF UTRECHT
JEAN MARTINET
SPANISH NETHERLANDS
FRANCH-COMTÉ
LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG
WILLIAM OF ORANGE
BATTLE OF BLENHEIM
CONSTITUTIONALISM
CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
PRIMOGENITURE
GENTRY
TITLED NOBILITY
ELIZABETH I
TUDOR
JAMES I
STUART
THE TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHY
ANGLICAN
CHARLES I
PETITION OF RIGHT
FORCED LOAN
MARTIAL LAW
HOUSE OF COMMONS
HOUSE OF LORDS
PURITANS
PROTESTANT ETHIC
WILLIAM LAUD
SCOTTISH REVOLT
SHIP MONEY
SHORT PARLIAMENT
LONG PARLIAMENT
TRIENNIAL ACT
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
CAVALIERS
ROUNDHEADS
OLIVER CROMWELL
NEW MODEL ARMY
PRIDE’S PURGE
REGICIDE
RUMP PARLIAMENT
INTERREGNUM
STUART RESTORATION
COMMONWEALTH
REPUBLIC
PROTECTORATE
CHARLES II
CLARENDON CODE
TEST ACT
TREATY OF DOVER
EXCLUSION ACT
WHIG
TORY
JAMES II
DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
WILLIAM AND MARY
BILL OF RIGHTS
JOHN LOCKE
SECOND TREATISE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
CABINET SYSTEM
ROBERT WALPOLE
ACT OF UNION
CABINET SYSTEM
PRIME MINISTER
SERFDOM
HEREDITARY SUBJUGATION
AUSTRIA
PRUSSIA
HABSBURGS
BOHEMIA
BOHEMIAN ESTATES
CZECHS

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OTTOMAN TURKS
SIEGE OF VIENNA
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
CHARLES VI
THE HABSBURG STATE
HOHENZOLLERN
ELECTOR OF BRANDENBURG
BRANDENBURG
FREDERICK WILLIAM / THE GREAT ELECTOR
JUNKERS
FREDERICK WILLIAM I

5. GEOGRAPHY
HABSBURG EMPIRE
POLAND
RUSSIA
PRUSSIA

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 15. CONTENT REVIEW #3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION,
ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
The Scientific Revolution (November 5-6)
The Enlightenment (November 12)
The Enlightenment and Absolutism (November 13)
The French Revolution Part 1 1787-1789 (November 16)
The French Revolution Part 2 1789-1791(November 27)
The French Revolution Part 3 1971-1799(November 28 & 29)
2. MAJOR IDEAS
 the concept of world view, aka conceptual scheme, aka paradigm
 the general time period of Scientific Revolution
 the fundamental changes that took place as a result of the Scientific Revolution
 the view of science and the universe before the Scientific Revolution
 the events and factors that paved the way for the Scientific Revolution
 the innovations and implications of the work of Copernicus
 the innovations and implications of the work of Kepler
 the innovations and implications of the work of Galileo
 the innovations and implications of the work of Newton
 the basic assumptions of the Enlightenment
 the general time period of the Enlightenment
 the Enlightenment idea of progress, and why it had no precedent in classical or medieval
thought
 the major philosophes and their role in the Enlightenment
 the contributions and major works of Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, and Rousseau
 John Locke’s ideas about knowledge and government
 the economic application of Enlightenment thoughts
 the major ideas of classical liberalism
 why philosophes sought political, economic, and social reforms from despots
 the general reforms generally advanced by philosophes and enlightened despots
 the enlightened reforms of Frederick the Great, and the specific historical context of those
reforms
 the enlightened reforms of Catherine the Great, and the specific historical context of those
reforms
 the enlightened Habsburg rulers and the reforms they made
 why Poland was easily defeated in the 18th century
 the deterioration of French absolute power after 1715
 the ‘total’ nature of the French Revolution
 the contradictory impact of the French Revolution on democracy and totalitarianism
 the chronological overview of the Revolution
 Crane Brinton’s anatomy of revolution
 the French government’s financial problems in the 18th century
 the privileges of the First and Second Estates of France
 the social composition of the Third Estate
 the roles of economic distress and intellectual ferment in the coming of the French Revolution
 the application of the theory of the ‘revolution of rising expectations’
 the events of 1787-8 (revolt of the nobility) that led to the calling of the Estates-General
 the events in the Estates-General leading to the revolt of the bourgeoisie and the formation of
the National Assembly
 the activities of the lower classes from July to October 1789
 the revolution in the National Assembly 1789-91, and how its reforms impacted the lower
classes
 National Assembly policies concerning women and Catholicism
 The ideas of Edmund Burke on conservatism and the French Revolution
 The ideas of Thomas Paine on liberalism and the French Revolution
 The roles of King Louis XVI in the Revolution and the Terror
 The international response to the Revolution: intellectual and diplomatic/military
 The Second French Revolution
 The roles of the Mountain, the Paris Commune, and the sans culottes
 The major events leading to the Reign of Terror 1792-4
 The economic, military, and political activities of the Committee of Public Safety
 The Thermidorean reaction
 Why and how the Directory failed

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3. DATES TO KNOW
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION*
THE ENLIGHTENMENT*
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM *
THE CALLING OF THE ESTATES-GENERAL IN France
THE TENNIS COURT OATH
THE AUGUST 4 DECREES
THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
THE GREAT FEAR
THE PERIOD OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
THE ATTEMPTED ESCAPE OF THE KING
THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE EXECUTION OF KING LOUIS XVI
THE REIGN OF TERROR
THERMIDOR
18 BRUMAIRE
4. TERMS TO KNOW
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
WORLD VIEW
CONCEPTUAL SCHEME
PARADIGM SHIFT
RATIONALISM
GREAT MAN THEORY OF CAUSATION
OBJECTIVE FORCES THEORY OF CAUSATION
ARISTOTLE
CELESTIAL SPHERE
TERRESTRIAL (SUBLUNAR) SPHERE
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
GREAT CHAIN OF BEING
COPERNICUS
PTOLEMY
EPICYCLES
CRYSTALLINE SPHERES
ALCHEMY
ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
COPERNICAN HYPOTHESIS
ASTROLOGY
TYCHO BRAHE
JOHANNES KEPLER
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
ELLIPTICAL SPHERE
GALILEO
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
GALILEO’S TRIAL
ISAAC NEWTON
NEWTON’S SYNTHESIS
LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
ROYAL SOCIETY
FRANCIS BACON
RENÉ DESCARTES
EMPIRICISM
INDUCTIVE METHOD
DEDUCTIVE METHOD
VESALIUS
HARVEY
ROBERT BOYLE
ENLIGHTENMENT
RATIONALISM
PROGRESS
SECULAR
FONTENELLE
BAYLE
SCEPTICISM
JOHN LOCKE
TWO TREATISES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING
TABULA RASA
PHILOSOPHES
MONTESQUIEU
L’ESPRIT DES LOIS
SEPARATION OF POWERS
VOLTAIRE
DEISM

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ENCYCLOPEDIE
DIDEROT
ROUSSEAU
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
GENERAL WILL
QUESNAY
PHYSIOCRATS
ADAM SMITH
WEALTH OF NATIONS
LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM
SALONS
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
NATURAL RIGHTS
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
FREDERICK II (THE GREAT)
MARIA THERESA
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
PRUSSIA
SILESIA
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
CATHERINE THE GREAT
PETER III
PUGACHEV’S REVOLT
THE PARTITION OF POLAND
JOSEPH II
PARLEMENT OF PARIS
LOUIS XV
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION OF RISING EXPECTATION
TOTAL REVOLUTION
BRINTON’S ANATOMY OF REVOLUTION
BOURBON
REVOLT OF THE NOBILITY
ESTATES
FIRST ESTATE
CLERGY
SECOND ESTATE
MANORIAL RIGHTS
THIRD ESTATE
REVISIONIST HISTORIAN
LOUIS XVI
CAHIERS
ASSEMBLY OF NOTABLES
OLD REGIME
ESTATES-GENERAL
SIEYES’ WHAT IS THE THIRD ESTATE?
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
THE TENNIS COURT OATH
BASTILLE
GREAT FEAR
AUGUST 4 DECREES
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
LIBERAL REVOLUTION
THE POOR WOMEN OF PARIS
WOMEN’S MARCH TO VERSAILLES
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
DEPARTMENTS
ASSIGNATS
CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY
CONSTITUTION OF 1791
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
MAXMILLIEN ROBESPIERRE
EDMUND BURKE
REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN France
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
OLYMPE DE GOUGES
DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ
JACOBINS
THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION
REPUBLIC
NATIONAL CONVENTION
SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

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FIRST COALITION
GIRONDISTS
THE MOUNTAIN
GEORGES JACQUES DANTON
BATTLE OF VALMY
SANS-CULOTTES
COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
PLANNED ECONOMY
LEVEÉ EN MASSE
THE REIGN OF TERROR
THERMIDOREAN REACTION
THE DIRECTORY
18 BRUMAIRE

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 16. CONTENT REVIEW #4: NAPOLEON, INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
Napoleon 1 Domestic Policy (January 4)
Napoleon 2 Foreign Policy, 1799-1915 (January 7)
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (January 9)
The Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe (January 14)
The Industrial Revolution 3 Capital and Labor (January 15)
2. MAIN IDEAS
 the various facts and opinions concerning Napoleon’s impact upon the French Revolution
 Napoleon’s activities in the decade before taking power
 the trade-off inherent in the Constitution of 1801
 the major provisions of the Concordat of 1801, and describe Napoleon’s motives in making such
a deal
 the Napoleonic Code:
o what it was
o the major things it guaranteed
o what it said about women
o Napoleon’s motives for doing it
 why the French, after years of revolution, were willing and eager to give up their civil liberties to
Napoleon
 the four major foreign enemies of Napoleon
 Napoleon’s military strengths and weaknesses
 the battles in which Napoleon defeated
o the Austrians
o the Prussians
 how Napoleon dealt with the defeated Holy Roman Empire
 the background and major terms of the Peace of Tilsit
 the three parts of Napoleon’s Grand Empire, and the nations included in each
 Napoleon’s impact upon Europe, including
o his economic impact
o his impact upon French revolutionary ideals
o the meaning and role of nationalism
 the Battle of Trafalgar
o why England was a unique problem for Napoleon
o the significance of the battle
 the Continental System and why it failed
 Napoleon and Russia:
o why Napoleon attacked Russia
o the problems of invading Russia
o Napoleon’s plan for invasion, and how the Russians defeated it
o the consequences of Napoleon’s retreat from Russia
 the landmarks in the defeat, including
o the Wars of Liberation
o the two battles that defeated him
o why Napoleon was able to take power for the Hundred Days
 the Industrial Revolutions, and describe the changes in the following areas:
o sources of power
o basic means of production
o manufacturing methods
o where people lived
o social classes
 the dates and power source of the three Industrial Revolutions
 the roots of the Scientific Revolution in Britain and Europe, including
o what the Commercial Revolution was and how it aided industrialization
o the meaning of cottage industry, and how it led to industrialization
o the causes and results of the population explosion of the 18th century
 the relationship between population and industrialization
 the economic, political, and social reasons that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain
 the Enclosure Movement of the 17th & 18th centuries:
o what it was
o its consequences for industrial labor
o its consequences agricultural production, and how this aided industrialization
 why the European continent industrialized later than did Britain, including
o the two ways that political upheaval retarded the Continent’s growth
o the nature of Britain’s dominance in world commerce and technology
o the problems of Continental nations concerning finance, labor, and natural resources
 why the Continent began to catch up after 1815, including
o the advantage in technology
o the role of railroads, rivers, and coal/iron deposits

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 o the meaning and role of economic nationalism
o why Belgium in particular took off industrially after c.1830
o the role of the concept of limited liability in promoting industrialization
 the leading industrial nations of Europe by mid-19th century
 the leading industrial nations of Europe by late 19th century
 the regions/ nations that still had not industrialized by c.1900
 why Europe as a whole raised per capita industrial levels so much more than non-Western
nations
 the benefits of industrialization to Europeans in the areas of mortality, jobs, and standard of
living
 the ‘economic multiplier’ effect of the growth of the textile industry
 the problems of industrialization in terms of working and living conditions
 the conditions of child labor in British factories and mines
 why children were used as labor in the early days of the Industrial Revolution
 why many opposed the use of women to work in mines
 the regimentation of working and living that accompanied industrialization
 the changes that accompanied industrialization
o urbanization
o demand
3. DATES
The Napoleonic Era
Napoleon’s coup d’etat
Concordat of 1801
Treaty of Amiens
Battle of Trafalgar
height of Grand Empire
invasion of Russia
Hundred Days
Battle of Waterloo
Industrial Revolution in Britain
the specific date after which European (Continental) industrialization seriously began
Belgian independence
4. TERMS
Napoleon Bonaparte
Directory
Abbé Sieyès
plebiscite
Constitution of 1801
Civil Code of 1804/ aka Napoleonic Code
French bureaucracy
Concordat of 1801
Family monarchy
Joseph Fouché
Treaty of Amiens
Battle of Trafalgar
Lord Nelson
Battle of Austerlitz
German Confederation of the Rhine
Battles of Jena-Auerstädt
Treaty of Tilsit
Grand Empire
satellite state
Continental System
Russian retreat
Battle of Borodino
wars of liberation
Battle of Leipzig
Battle of the Nations
Louis XVIII
Bourbons
Hundred Days
Battle of Waterloo
Great Britain
Industrial Revolution
putting out system
cottage industry
Hargreave’s spinning jenny
Arkwright’s water frame
steam engine
James Watt
coke
Cort’s puddling furnace
Stephenson’s Rocket
Crystal Palace
proletariat

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Commercial Revolution
population explosion
Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
tariff
laissez-faire
primogeniture
per capita
per capita industrialization
tariff protection
zollverein
Friedrich List
economic nationalism
corporate banks
limited liability
class-consciousness
capital
labor
William Blake
‘satanic mills’
William Wordsworth
Luddites
Friedrich Engels
standard of living
cottage workers
Robert Owen
Factory Act of 1833
Mines Act of 1842
Combination Acts
Chartist movement
standard of living
mortality
economic multiplier
regimentation
standardization
urbanization

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 17. CONTENT REVIEW #5: EUROPE, 1815-1914
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
Economic Liberalism (January 31)
Metternich & the Congress of Vienna (January 31)
Radical Ideas: Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism (February 5)
Romanticism (February 6)
Reforms and Revolutions (February 6)
The Revolutions of 1848 (February 19)
Napoleon III and France (February 19)
Italian Unification (February 21)
German Unification (February 26)
The Age of Mass Politics (February 27)
Russia in the late 19th century (February 28)
Marxism and the Socialist Movement (March 3)
19th century European culture and society (March 10)
2. MAJOR IDEAS
 the new ideologies that emerged in and dominated European society and politics during the
period following the French and Industrial Revolutions, including:
o the three kinds of liberalism
o the two general categories of socialism
o the two areas to which conservatives reacted
 the basic purposes and methods of mercantilism, and why economic liberals opposed it
 the basic ideas of CAPITALISM, including
o its meaning in opposition to mercantilism, and why its defenders were called ‘liberals’
o its meaning in opposition to socialism
 the major economic liberals of the late 19th century, and the major work (book or idea) of each
 the major ideas of Adam Smith
 the relationship between population and food supply as described by Thomas Malthus, and why
he says that government intervention will hurt rather than help
 Ricardo’s iron law of wages
 the general background to socialism, including
o the problems of the working classes in the 19th century
o why liberalism didn’t work as a solution to those problems
 UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
o the basic assumptions held in common by the Utopians
o the representative Utopian Socialists and the major ideas of each
 SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM
o its two founders, and their major work
o why Marx called it ‘scientific’
o the basic ideas of Marxism in the following areas:
 the meaning of Hegelian dialectics, and how Marx applied it to class struggle
 historical materialism
 the theory of labor
 what will happen after the Marxist revolution
 NATIONALISM, including
o its basic meaning in the context of 19th century Europe
o the political objectives of nationalism
o the ways in which liberalism, democracy, and nationalism were linked
o how early nationalism led to ideas of ‘us-them’ or even national superiority
 ROMANTICISM, including
o its general characteristics
o its application to music, and the most important Romantic composers
o its application to art, and the most important French and English Romantic artists
o its application to literature, and the most important German, English, and French Romantic
poets and novelists
o how Romanticism lent itself to both conservatism and liberalism, as well as to nationalism
 the background to the Congress of Vienna, and its overall purpose
 the two specific objectives of the Congress of Vienna
 the leading members of the Quadruple Alliance at the Congress,
 the three principles of settlement at Vienna, and the specific actions taken to ensure them
 the Concert of Europe of the period 1815-1848, including
o the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance
o how the Congress System was intended to work
o the members and objective of the Holy Alliance
 the role of the ‘dual revolution’ in European politics after 1815
 Metternich’s problem within the Austrian Empire, and how he dealt with it
 the general ways in which rulers, classes, and ideologies played out their objectives and conflicts
in the period between 1815 and 1848, including
o what the conservative rulers wanted
o what ideologies each class was most likely to belong to
o the different ideologies, and what each wanted in the Europe of 1815-1848

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 the upheavals that took place in Great Britain in the 1820’s, including
o the class objectives and activities of the Tory Party
o the role of the Corn Laws
o the repressive measures taken by the Tory government
 the upheavals that took place in Great Britain in the 1830’s, including
o the class objectives and activities of the Whig Party
o what the Reform Bill of 1832 did
o the objectives of the Chartists
o the reforms produced by both workers and middle class Whigs
 the upheavals that took place in France in the 1820’s, including
o the nature of Louis XVIII’s rule
o the nature of Charles X’s rule
o the July Revolution of 1830 and its consequences
o the nature of Louis Phillipe’s rule
 how the clash of rulers, classed, and ideologies played itself out in
o the German states
o Belgium
o Italy
o Russia
o Greece
 the background to and consequences of the Irish potato famine of the 1840’s
 the major European nations which experienced revolutions in 1848
 the major nations that did not experience 1848 revolutions
 the general pattern of revolution in 1848, including the roles of
o conservative monarchies
o the liberal bourgeoisie
o the urban workers and students
o nationalist
 the 1848 Revolution in France
o the background of the February Revolution
o the revolutionary coalition of the Second French Republic, and the reforms it produced
o the factors that caused the fragmentation of the revolutionary coalition and the June Days
o the activities of Louis Blanc and the National Workshop
o the events that ended the Revolution
o the ideological dimension of the June Days
 the 1848 revolts in Italy
o the dynasties that played the ‘conservative monarchy’ role
o the coalition that led the revolts against the Bourbons and Habsburgs
o the role of Mazzini
o the factors that fragmented the revolutionary coalition
 the 1848 Revolution in Austria
o the problems faced by liberals and nationalists in Austria
o the nationalities that comprised the Habsburg Empire
o the role of Hungary and Kossuth in the Revolution
o the revolutionary achievements in Hungary and Vienna
o why the revolutionary coalition fell apart
 the 1848 Revolution in Germany
o the role of the February Revolution in France
o what the liberals of Prussia wanted
o the Frankfurt Assembly
o why and how the revolution failed
 the triumph of ‘realpolitik’ after 1848, including
o what it means
o what it repudiated
o how it achieved liberal and socialist goals in the period after 1848
o the role of nationalism
 the steps by which how Louis Napoleon came to power in France, and how he used the approval
and objectives of the masses to do it
 the Second Empire of Napoleon, including
o the autocratic nature of his rule
o his political reforms
o his economic reforms
o the model he provided for similar European rulers
 Italian unification
o why Italy had not unified by the middle of the 19th century
o the role of Pope Pius IX
o the three approaches to unification after 1815, and why the Cavour/Piedmont Sardinia
approach was strengthened in 1848
o the role of Cavour in Italian unification
o the differences between North and South in Italy
o the two steps in Italian unification, including the roles of
 Napoleon III
 nationalists
 Garibaldi & the Red Shirts
 Victor Emmanuel

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 o the major events, from 1848 to 1871
 German unification
o why Prussia led the successful drive toward German unification
o the meaning of Bismarck’s promise that Germany would be united by ‘blood and iron’
o the steps to unification prior to 1864
o the role of the Danish War of 1864
o how Bismarck won the Austro-Prussian war of 1866
o the organization of the German confederation
o why and how Bismarck fought the Franco-Prussian War
o why the result of the Franco-Prussian war shocked Europe and infuriated France
 the main characteristics of the age of mass politics, including
o why ordinary working people felt increasingly loyal to authoritarian governments
o the kinds of reforms made by authoritarian governments in this period
o the ‘dark side’ of the age
 the German Empire after 1871
o the political structure of the empire, and the main ‘players’ /parties
o why the middle classes were more or less left out
 how and why Bismarck sought to destroy Catholics, and why he failed
 how and why Bismarck sought to destroy the German Socialists, the social policy he
implemented to do so, and why he failed
 the background and events of the Paris Commune, and how it ultimately unified the 3rd Republic
 the reforms of the Third Republic
 the challenges to the Third Republic, including
o the background of the Boulanger crisis, why it failed, and how it strengthened the Republic
o the Dreyfus Affair, and how it strengthened the Republic, discredited the Right, and ended
the centuries-old rapprochement between the Church and the government in France
 the main players, parties, and issues in England after 1865
 the problems and divisions faced by Britain and the Irish question before 1914
 how the Austrian Empire was the only major nation to be weakened rather than strengthened by
nationalism
 the formation of the Dual Monarchy
 Russia just before the Crimean War
 the Crimean War, and the major lesson learned by Russia after its defeat
 the reforms of Czar Alexander II, including
o why the serfs were freed
o what the mirs and the zemstvos were meant to achieve, and how they limited the effect of
the serfs’ liberation
o the results of the railroad construction program
o the assassination of Alexander, and its political effect
 the reforms of Count Witte
 the Revolution of 1905, including
o the role of the Russo-Japanese War
o the divergent demands of the middle class, proletariat, peasants, and national groups
o the role of Bloody Sunday
o the reforms and role of the October Manifesto
 the general objectives of Marxism, and why it opposed both nationalism and war
 the leaders or parties of Socialism in Germany, France, and England
 the meaning and growth of the Internationals
 the problems faced by conventional Marxism in the late 19th century, including
o why workers were progressively less radical
o the role of nationalism
 the major ideas of Revisionism, and identify its most prominent theorist
 the main themes in 19th century culture and society, including
o the social changes: urbanization, social structure, family
o the cultural changes: science, social science, literature, and art
 urbanization
o its background
o the problems of the sudden increase in urban population
 the public health movement, including
o its founder and his orientation
o the role of breakthroughs by Pasteur and Lister
 the changes in urban planning and transportation that took place in Paris and other ,major cities
 the middle classes:
o how industrial and technological progress increased the stature of the middle class
o the hierarchy within the middle class
o the behavioral characteristics
 the divisions within the working classes
 the role of sports and music hall in working class structure
 changes in the 19th century family
o the role of romantic love
o sex and illegitimacy
o the roles of women
o organization of women for change
o child rearing
 the major scientific changes of the late 19th century, including

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 o the major changes in bacteriology, chemistry, and electromagnetism, and the scientists who
produced them
o the changes in physics, the scientists who produced them, and how they changed traditional
views of the universe, energy and matter
 the major work in social science, including the contributions of
o August Comte
o Charles Darwin
o Sigmund Freud
 Realism
o its background and major theme
o the two cultural manifestations of realism
o its main literary practitioners in France, England, and Russia
o major realist artists
 the characteristics and major artists of the Impressionist movement
3. DATES
publication of Wealth of Nations
the general period of Utopian Socialism and Romanticism
the general period of Marxism
Congress of Vienna
Carlsbad Decrees
Peterloo Massacre
Greek independence
English Reform Bill
Irish potato famine
July Revolution in France
February Revolution
June Days
Austrian Revolution
Frankfort Assembly
the Second French Republic
the Second French Empire
the unification of Italy
Crimean War
freeing of Russian serfs
the rule of Bismarck
Kulturkampf
Paris Commune
Third Republic
Dreyfus Affair
Bloody Sunday
Revolution of 1905
Revisionism
4. TERMS
mercantilism
monopoly
capital
free trade
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
invisible hand
economic liberalism
Thomas Malthus
Essay on the Principle of Population
David Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages
the dismal science
liberalism
classical liberalism
nationalism
Jules Michelet
socialism
Henri de Saint-Simon
Charles Fourier
Louis Blanc
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
Utopian socialists
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Communist Manifesto
bourgeoisie
proletariat
class struggle
Hegel
dialectical process
materialism
theory of surplus value

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dictatorship of the proletariat
Romanticism
classicism
sturm und drang
Gothic
Beethoven
Schubert
Berlioz
Chopin
Liszt
Dvořák
Wagner
Tchaikovsky
Delacroix
Géricault
Constable
Turner
Goethe’s Sorrows of Young Werther
Grimm’s Fairy Tales
Scott, Ivanhoe
Percy Shelley
Byron
Wordsworth
Coleridge
Hugo
liberalism
conservatism
nationalism
Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
Jeremy Bentham
Congress of Vienna
dual revolution
Metternich
Quadruple Alliance
Castlereagh
Talleyrand
Czar Alexander I
balance of power
Congress System
Holy Alliance
German Confederation
Carlsbad Decrees
Austrian Empire
Tories
Whigs
Corn Laws
Peterloo Massacre
Six Acts
Reform Bill of 1832
Chartism
people’s charter
Louis XVIII
Charter of 1814
Charles X
reactionary
July Revolution
Louis Phillipe
bourgeois monarchy
Mazzini
Decembrist revolt
Nicholas I
Alexander Yspilanti
Navarino
Ottoman Turks
Greek Orthodox
rotten boroughs
Ten Hours Act
the Great Famine
dual revolution
revolutionary coalition
Louis Philippe
bourgeois monarchy
Second French Republic
Utopian socialism
depression of 1848

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Louis Blanc
national workshops
Constituent Assembly
June Days
Louis Napoleon
Mazzini
Habsburgs
Bourbons
Ferdinand I
Austrian Empire
Franz Joseph
Hungary
Croats
Serbs
Romanians
Czechs
Magyar
Louis Kossuth
Frederick William IV
Frankfurt Assembly
plebiscite
Piedmont- Sardinia
Giuseppe Mazzini
Vincenzo Gioberti
Victor Emmanuel
Pope Pius IX
Count Cavour
Napoleon III
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Red Shirts
German Confederation
Zollverein
Frankfurt Assembly
William I
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor
‘blood and iron’
Schleswig-Holstein
Danish War
Austro-Prussian War
Seven Weeks’ War
Battle of Sadowa
North German Confederation
reichstag
Ems Dispatch
Franco-Prussian War
Battle of Sedan
Treaty of Frankfurt
Alsace-Lorraine
German Empire
German Confederation
anti-Semitism
German Empire
Bismarck
Reichstag
Kulturkampf
Pius IX
Catholic Center Party
protective tariff
Junkers
Social Democratic Party
social security laws
William II
Third Republic
Paris Commune
Adolf Thiers
Léon Gambetta
Jules Ferry
Boulanger crisis
Pope Leo XIII
Dreyfus Affair
Zola J’Accuse
anti-clerical campaign
Conservatives
Disraeli
Liberals

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Gladstone
Reform Bill of 1867
Reform Bill of 1884
The People’s Budget
Home Rule
Ulster
Dual Monarchy
modernization
Crimean War
Alexander II
mir
collective responsibility
zemstvo
Alexander III
Sergei Witte
Revolution of 1905
Bloody Sunday
October Manifesto
Duma
Peter Stolypin
Fabian Society
Socialist International
Second International
standard of living
bread-and-butter issues
revisionism
Eduard Bernstein
Evolutionary Socialism
Jean Jaurès
Edwin Chadwick
Benthamites
sanitary idea
public health movement
miasmatic theory of disease
germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur
Joseph Lister
Georges von Haussmann
antiseptic principle
Napoleon III
middle classes
working classes
labor aristocracy
illegitimacy explosion
Mendeleev
Marie Curie
Ernest Rutherford
Max Planck
quantum theory
Albert Einstein
theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
defense mechanisms
thermodynamics
organic chemistry
Michael Faraday
August Comte
positivism
evolution
Charles Lyell
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Origin of Species
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
realism
Emile Zola
Honore dé Balzac
Gustave Flaubert
George Eliot Edouard Manet
Thomas Hardy Impressionism
Leo Tolstoy Claude Monet
Henrik Ibsen
Gustave Courbet Camille Pissarro
Pierre-Auguste Renoir Edgar Degas

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 18. CONTENT REVIEW #6: EUROPE, 1914-1992
1. SOURCES
bCLASS NOTES
bMCKAY TOPIC GUIDES:
Western Imperialism
The First World War
The Russian Revolution
European Politics in the 1920’s
Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarianism
Stalin and the Soviet Union
Mussolini and Italian Fascism
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Axis Aggression and the Beginning of World War II, 1933-1942
Conclusion of World War II, 1942-1945
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1953
The Western Renaissance, 1945-1968
Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945-1968
The Decline of Communism
2. MAIN IDEAS
 difference between political and economic imperialism
 the general consequences and targets of the new imperialism
 which countries controlled what in pre-1880 Africa
 what happened between 1880 and 1900
 the background and consequences of the Boer War
 the role of Leopold II
 the purpose and principles of the Berlin Conference
 the activities of the Germans, French, and British in the 1880’s
 the British-Muslim conflicts of the 1880’s and 1890’s
 the lessons of the British conquest of the Sudan
 the nations that extended political control over Asia
 the factors and arguments contributing to the late 19th century rush for territory, including
o economic motives, and the limits of economic gain through imperialism
o the political and diplomatic advantages of imperialism
o Treitschke’s warnings about colonies
o the roles of Darwinism and racism
o the role of technological and military advances
o the role of government propaganda and special interests
o Kipling’s argument for imperialism
 Hobson’s arguments against imperialism
 Why France posed a threat to Bismarck’s Germany
 the eastern empires and why they were a threat to Bismarck’s Germany
 the purposes of Bismarck’s alliance system, and the alliances he formed
 why and how Russia and France became allies
 the reasons for the Anglo-German rivalry that developed by 1904
 the Moroccan crisis, and its diplomatic results for Germany and Europe
 why war in the Balkans seemed inevitable
 the background of the assassination at Sarajevo
 how the assassination of Franz Ferdinand led to a war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary
 why Germany and Russia got involved in the conflict, and why England was expected not to
 how ‘the diplomatic situation…got out of control” in July of 1914
 the role of the Schlieffen Plan in the outbreak of war
 the degree to which Austria-Hungary was responsible for the outbreak of the War
 the degree to which Germany was responsible for the outbreak of the War, and the
historiographic debate over Germany’s aggression
 the role of nationalism in the outbreak of World War I
 the significance of the Battle of the Marne
 how the war turned into one of trench warfare, and how this in turn became slaughter and
stalemate
 the typical gains and losses of trench warfare
 the effect of trench stalemate and slaughter on the generation that fought in it
 how the Eastern Front was different from the Western one
 the fate of Russia on the eastern front
 the background and significance of the entrance of the United States
 Why the Russian Revolution was such a momentous event in modern history
 why Russia mobilized less effectively for WWI than other warring nations
 why Nicholas’ decision to go to the front was a fateful decision, and the circumstances that led
to the March Revolution
 the nature of the March Revolution, and its immediate effects upon Russian authoritarianism
 how and why Kerensky and the Provisional Government won the suspicion of the lower classes
 the roles of the Petrograd Soviet and Army Order No. 1 in the collapse of the Provisional
Government
 Lenin’s ideas on revolution, including
o how capitalism would be destroyed

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 o socialism in a backward and relatively pre-industrial country
o the role of the party
o how he saw the World War
 how Kerensky and Kornilov blew it in the summer of 1917
 why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in November, 1917
 what the peasants wanted and got in 1917
 what the urban workers wanted and got in 1917
 why Lenin pushed for peace at any price in World War I, and the specific price of that peace
 how Lenin dealt with electoral defeats in the Constituent Assembly
 the nature of the Civil War (who the Whites were, who the Reds), and why the Bolsheviks won it
against considerable odds, including the roles of the following:
o Trotsky
o war communism
o revolutionary terror and the Cheka
o foreign intervention


3. DATES
New Imperialism
Boer War
Berlin Conference
the outbreak of World War I
the First Battle of the Marne
the entrance of the United States
March Revolution
abdication of the Tsar
November/Bolshevik Revolution
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Civil War

4. TERMS
imperialism
political empire
economic empire
new imperialism
Boers
Afrikaners
Great Trek
Boer War
Cecil Rhodes
Leopold II
Berlin Conference
Jules Ferry
Otto von Bismarck
Khartoum
Battle of Omdurman
Darwinism
quinine
‘white man’s burden’
J.A. Hobson
First World War
Bismarck
Ottoman Empire
Three Emperor’s League
Triple Alliance
William II
Algeciras Conference
Moroccan crisis
Congress of Berlin
the Balkans
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Slavs
Serbia
First Balkan War
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Black Hand
Pan-Slavism
Schlieffen Plan
Nicholas II
Belgium
Triple Entente
First Battle of the Marne
trench warfare
over the top
Battle of the Somme

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Verdun
Passchendaele
Erich Maria Remarque
western front
eastern front
Paul von Hindenberg
Erich Ludendorff
Central Powers
Dardanelles
Lusitania
submarine warfare
Woodrow Wilson
The Russian Revolution
Tsar Nicholas II
Duma
Tsarina Alexandra
Rasputin
provisional government
Alexander Kerensky
July Offensive
Petrograd Soviet
Army Order No. 1
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
Kornilov revolt
Leon Trotsky
November Revolution
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Communists
Socialist Revolutionaries
Constituent Assembly
Russian civil war
Whites
Reds
war communism
Cheka

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