ANALYSIS OF

STATICALLY
DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
■ To show how structures can be idealized and modeled for analysis.
■ To define structural stability.
■ To show how to analyze statically determinate, planar, pin-connected
structures.

2.1 IDEALIZED STRUCTURAL

SUPPORTS AND CONNECTIONS
The exact internal loadings within a structure can never be determined,
because estimates always have to be made of the loadings, the points of
application, and the strength of the materials composing the structure. It
is important, therefore, that the structural engineer develop the ability to
model or idealize a structure so that they can perform a practical force
analysis of the members, and thereby obtain reasonably accurate, yet
conservative results. In this section we will consider how this is done by
modeling the supports and connections.

Notice that the deck of this concrete bridge is

made so that one section can be considered roller
supported on the other section.

35
 36 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

Structural members are joined together in various ways depending

on the intent of the designer. The three types of joints most often
specified are the pin connection, the roller support, and the fixed joint.
A pin-connected joint and a roller support allow some freedom for slight
rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows no relative rotation between the
connected members. Graphic examples of these joints, fashioned in
metal and concrete, are shown in Figs. 2–1 and 2–2, respectively. For most
timber structures, the members are assumed to be pin connected, since
bolting or nailing them will not sufficiently restrain them from rotating
2 with respect to each other.
Idealized models used in structural analysis that represent pinned and
fixed supports, and pin-connected and fixed-connected joints, are shown
in Figs. 2–3a and 2–3b. In reality, however, all connections exhibit some
stiffness toward joint rotations, owing to friction and material behavior.
In this case a more appropriate model for a support or joint might be
that shown in Fig. 2–3c. If the torsional spring constant k = 0, the joint is
Pin-connected steel members a pin, and if k → ∞, the joint is fixed.

weld

stiffeners

weld

typical “pin-supported” connection (metal) typical “fixed-supported” connection (metal)

(a) (b)

Fig. 2–1

typical “roller-supported” connection (concrete) typical “fixed-supported” connection (concrete)

(a) (b)

Fig. 2–2
 22.1 iDealiieD struCtural supports anD ConneCtions 37

pin support pin-connected joint fixed support fixed-connected joint

(a) (b)

k k

torsional spring support torsional spring joint 2

(c)

Fig. 2–3
When selecting a particular model for each connection, the engineer must
be aware of how the assumptions will affect the actual performance of the
member and whether the assumptions are reasonable for the structural
design. For example, consider the beam shown in Fig. 2–4a, which is used
to support a concentrated load P. The angle connection at support A is like
that in Fig. 2–1a and can therefore be idealized as a typical pin support.
Furthermore, the support at B provides an approximate point of smooth
contact and so it can be idealized as a roller. The beam’s thickness can be
neglected since it is small in comparison to the beam’s length, and therefore
the idealized model of the beam is as shown in Fig. 2–4b. The analysis of
the loadings in this beam should give results that closely approximate the
loadings in the actual beam. To show this, consider for example that the beam
is made of steel with P = 7500 lb and L = 20 ft. Design of the beam using
standard code procedures* indicates that a W10 × 19 would be adequate
for supporting this load. Using one of the deflection methods of Chapter 7 or
8, the rotation at the “pin” support becomes θ = 0.0103 rad = 0.591°. From
Fig. 2–4c, such a rotation only moves the top or bottom flange a distance
of ∆ = θ r = (0.0103 rad)(5.12 in.) = 0.0528 in. This small amount would
certainly be accommodated by the connection fabricated as shown in Fig. 2–1a,
and therefore the pin serves as an appropriate model for the support at A.

0.5918

P
P 0.0528 in.

A 5.12 in.
B A B
0.5918
5.12 in.
L
–– L
–– L L
–– ––
2 2 2 2

actual beam idealized beam 0.0528 in.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2–4
*Codes such as the Steel Construction Manual. American Institute of Steel Construction.
 38 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

TABLE 2.1 Supports for Coplanar Structures*

Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction Number of Unknowns
(1) u light cable
One unknown. The reaction is a
u u force that acts in the direction
u
of the cable or link.
F
weightless link
(2)
2
One unknown. The reaction is a
rollers
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
This support is assumed to be able to
exert a force in either direction.
F

rocker
(3)
One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
smooth contacting surface
F
(4)
One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.

smooth pin-connected collar

F
(5)
u u Fy
Two unknowns. The reactions are
Fx two force components.
smooth pin or hinge
(6)

M Two unknowns. The reactions are

a force and a moment.
F
slider

fixed-connected collar

(7) Fy
M Three unknowns. The reactions are
Fx a moment and two force
components.
fixed support

*The concentrated forces and moments shown in Table 2.1 actually represent the resultants of a small distributed surface loading on the
member. This representation is, of course, an idealization; however, it is used here since the surface area over which this distributed load acts
is considerably smaller than the total surface area of the member.
 Various Types of Structural Supports

Short link used to connect two Smooth support for concrete girders Smooth support for timber beams 2
bridge girders

Smooth support for a bridge girder Roller support for a bridge girder Rocker support for a bridge girder

Pin support for a steel beam Fixed support for a steel beam Fixed joint for concrete beams

Fixed joint for steel members Fixed bolted joint for steel members Fixed-connected steel frame
39
 40 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

Other types of connections most commonly encountered on coplanar

structures are given in Table 2.1. It is important to be able to recognize
the symbols for these connections and the kinds of reactions they exert
on their attached members. This can easily be done by noting how the
connection prevents any degree of freedom or displacement of the
member. In particular, any support will develop a force on the member
if it prevents translation of the member, and it will develop a moment if it
prevents rotation of the member. For example, a member in contact with
a smooth surface (3) is prevented from translating only in one direction,
2 that is, perpendicular or normal to the surface. Hence, the surface exerts
only a normal force F on the member in this direction. The magnitude of
this force represents one unknown. Furthermore, the member is free to
rotate on the surface, and so a moment cannot be developed by the surface
on the member. As another example, the fixed support (7) prevents both
translation and rotation of a member at the point of connection. Therefore,
this type of support exerts a force (or its two components) and a moment
on the member. Hence, there are three unknowns at a fixed support. I
would encourage you to explore the different bridges and buildings you
see under construction or already built and notice how the members are
connected and supported. Examples are shown in the photos.

Idealized Structure. Having stated the various ways in which the

connections and supports on a structure can be idealized, we are now
ready to discuss some of the ways to represent the various structural
systems by idealized models.
As a first example, consider the jib crane and trolley in Fig. 2–5a. For
the structural analysis we can neglect the thickness of the two main
members and will assume that the joint at B is fabricated to be rigid.
Furthermore, the support connection at A can be modeled as a fixed
support and the details of the trolley excluded. Thus, the members of the
idealized structure are represented by two connected lines, and the load
on the hook is represented by a single concentrated force F, Fig. 2–5b.
This idealized structure shown here as a line drawing can now be used to
determine the internal loading in each member.
3m 3m
B

F
4m
F 4m

A
A

actual structure idealized structure

(a) (b)
Fig. 2–5
 22.1 iDealiieD struCtural supports anD ConneCtions 41

Floor systems for buildings are composed of beams and girders. C

In particular, a girder is the main load-carrying element of the floor,
whereas the smaller elements having a shorter span and connected to B
the girders are called beams. For design, it is important to be able to
appropriately idealize a floor system so that we can determine, to a close
D
approximation, the forces acting in the members. Consider, for example, girder
the framing used to support a typical floor slab in a building, Fig. 2–6a. joist A
slab
Here the slab is supported by floor joists located at even intervals, and column
these in turn are supported by the two side girders AB and CD. For
analysis it is reasonable to assume that the ends of the joists are pin and/or (a) 2
roller connected to the girders and that the girders are pin and/or roller
connected to the columns. The top view of the structural framing plan
for this system is shown in Fig. 2–6b. It represents a structural “graphic”
where the “lines” representing the joists do not touch the girders and
the lines for the girders do not touch the columns. This symbolizes
pin- and/or roller-supported connections. If the framing plan is intended
to represent fixed-connected members, such as those that are welded
instead of simple bolted connections, then the lines for the beams or
girders would touch the columns as in Fig. 2–7. Similarly, a fixed-connected
overhanging beam would be represented in top view by the structural
graphic shown in Fig. 2–8. If reinforced concrete construction is used, the
width of the beams and girders is represented by double dashed lines, as
in Fig. 2–9. These systems are generally all fixed connected and therefore idealized framing plan
the members are drawn so that they touch the supports. For example,
the structural graphic for the cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor in (b)
Fig. 2–9a is shown in top view in Fig. 2–9b. Fig. 2–6

fixed-connected beam

idealized beam
Fig. 2–7

fixed-connected overhanging beam

idealized framing plan

(a) (b) idealized beam

Fig. 2–9 Fig. 2–8
 42 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

(a)

idealized framing plan

(b)

Fig. 2–10

Structural graphics and idealizations for timber structures are similar

to those made of metal or concrete. For example, the floor system
shown in Fig. 2–10a represents beam-wall construction, whereby the
roof deck is supported by wood joists, which deliver the load to a
masonry wall. The joists can be assumed to be simply supported on
the wall, so that the idealized framing plan would be like that shown
in Fig. 2–10b.

Tributary Loadings. When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or

roofs are supported by a structural frame, it is necessary to determine
how the load on these surfaces is transmitted to the various structural
elements used for their support. There are generally two ways in which
this can be done. The choice depends on the geometry of the structural
system, the material from which it is made, and the method of its
construction.
 22.1 iDealiieD struCtural supports anD ConneCtions 43

C 100 lb>ft2 B
A
2.5 ft

B
E 2.5 ft
C
D
2.5 ft
10 ft 5 ft 2
D
2.5 ft
F 5 ft
E F

idealized framing plan

(a) (b)

500 lb>ft

C D 2500 lb
1250 lb 1250 lb

A E
10 ft

2500 lb 2500 lb
5 ft 5 ft

idealized beam idealized girder

(c) (d)

Fig. 2–11

One-Way System. A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers

its load to the supporting members in one direction is often referred to
as a one-way slab. To illustrate the method of load transmission, consider
the framing system shown in Fig. 2–11a where the beams AB, CD, and EF
rest on the girders AE and BF. If a uniform load of 100 lb ft 2 is placed on
the slab, then the center beam CD is assumed to support the load acting
on the tributary area shown dark shaded on the structural framing plan
in Fig. 2–11b. Member CD is therefore subjected to a linear distribution
of load of (100 lb ft 2 )(5 ft) = 500 lb ft , shown on the idealized beam in
Fig. 2–11c. Each reaction on this beam (2500 lb) would then be applied
The structural framework of this building
to the center of the girders AE and BF, shown idealized in Fig. 2–11d. consists of concrete floor joists, which were
Using this same concept, note how the remaining portion of the slab formed on site using metal pans. These joists
loading is transmitted to the beams AB and EF, and then to the ends of are simply supported on the girders, which
the girder as 1250 lb. in turn are simply supported on the columns.
 44 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

An example of one-way slab construction Floor beams are often coped, that is, the top
of a steel frame building having a poured flange is cut back, so that the beam is at the
concrete floor on a corrugated metal deck. same level as the girder.
The load on the floor is considered to be
transmitted to the beams, not the girders.

For some floor systems the beams and girders are connected to the
columns at the same elevation, as in Fig. 2–12a. If this is the case, the slab
can in some cases also be considered a one-way slab. For example, if the
slab is reinforced concrete with reinforcement in only one direction, or
the concrete is poured on a corrugated metal deck, as in the above photo,
then one-way action of load transmission can be assumed. On the other
hand, if the slab is reinforced in two directions, then consideration must
be given to the possibility of the load being transmitted to the supporting
members from either one or two directions. For example, consider the
slab and framing plan in Fig. 2–12b. According to the American Concrete
Institute, ACI 318 code, with L2 ≥ L1 if the span ratio ( L2 L1 ) ≥ 2, the
slab will then behave as a one-way slab, since then the beams AB, CD,
and EF provide the greater capacity to carry “most” of the load.

Concrete slab is L2
A B
reinforced in
two directions,
beam joist girder poured on plane
~

forms. L1
L1
___
2
L1 C D
___
2 L1

E F
Idealized framing plan
for one-way slab action
requires L2 >L1 . 2.
column
(a) (b)

Fig. 2–12
 22.1 iDealiieD struCtural supports anD ConneCtions 45

10 ft
100 lb>ft2
10 ft
A B
C B 458 458
5 ft

500 lb>ft
10 ft 10 ft
2
D A B

5 ft 5 ft
C D
idealized framing plan idealized beam
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2–13

Two-Way System. If L2 ≥ L1 and L2 L1 < 2, then the load is assumed to

be transferred to the supporting members in two directions. When this is the
case the slab is referred to as a two-way slab. To show how to treat this case,
consider the square reinforced concrete slab in Fig. 2–13a, which is supported
by four 10-ft-long edge beams, AB, BD, DC, and CA. Here L2 /L1 = 1. As the
load on the slab intensifies, numerous experiments have shown that 45° cracks
form at the corners of the slab. As a result, the tributary area is constructed
using diagonal 45° lines as shown in Fig. 2–13b. This produces the dark shaded
tributary area for beam AB. Hence if a uniform load of 100 lb ft 2 is applied
to the slab, a peak intensity of (100 lb ft 2 )(5 ft) = 500 lb ft will be applied
to the center of beam AB, resulting in the triangular load distribution shown
in Fig. 2–13c. For other geometries that cause two-way action, a similar case
occurs. For example, if L2 L1 = 1.5 it is then necessary to construct 45° lines
that intersect as shown in Fig. 2–14a. This produces the dark shaded tributary
area for beam AB. A 100- lb ft 2 loading placed on the slab will then produce
trapezoidal and triangular distributed loads on members AB and AC,
Figs. 2–14b and 2–14c, respectively.

15 ft B
A

458 458
5 ft

10 ft 500 lb>ft 500 lb>ft

C A B A C
D
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
idealized framing plan idealized beam idealized beam

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2–14
 46 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

The ability to reduce an actual structure to an idealized form, as shown

by these examples, can only be gained by experience. To provide practice
at doing this, the example problems and the problems for solution
throughout this book are presented in somewhat realistic form, and the
associated problem statements aid in explaining how the connections
and supports can be modeled by those listed in Table 2.1. In engineering
practice, if it becomes doubtful as to how to model a structure or transfer
the loads to the members, it is best to consider several idealized structures
and loadings and then design the actual structure so that it can resist the
2 loadings for all the idealized models. A further discussion of structural
modeling is given in Chapter 17.
The separate regions of this concrete floor
consist of both one- and two-way slabs.

EXAMPLE 2. 1

The floor of a classroom is to be supported by the bar joists shown in

the photo. Each joist is 15 ft long and they are spaced 2.5 ft apart. The
floor itself is to be made from lightweight concrete that is 4 in. thick.
Neglect the weight of the joists and the corrugated metal deck, and
determine the load that acts along each joist.

SOLUTION
The dead load on the floor is due to the weight of the concrete slab. From
Table 1.3 for 4 in. of lightweight concrete it is (4)(8 lb ft 2 ) = 32 lb ft 2.
From Table 1.4, the live load for a classroom is 40 lb ft 2 . Thus the total
floor load is 32 lb ft 2 + 40 lb ft 2 = 72 lb ft 2 . For the floor system,
where L2 ≥ L1 , we have L2 = 15 ft and L1 = 2.5 ft. Since L2 L1 > 2
the concrete slab is treated as a one-way slab. The tributary area for each
joist is shown in Fig. 2–15a. Therefore the uniform load along its length is

w = 72 lb ft 2 (2.5 ft) = 180 lb ft Ans.

This loading and the end reactions on each joist are shown in
Fig. 2–15b.

2.5 ft
180 lb>ft

1350 lb
15 ft

(a) (b) 1350 lb

Fig. 2–15
 22.1 iDealiieD struCtural supports anD ConneCtions 47

EXAMPLE 2.2

The flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is intended
to support a total load of 2 kN m 2 over its surface. Determine the
roof load within region ABCD that is transmitted to beams BC and
DC. The dimensions are shown in Fig. 2–16a.
4m
D C 2

458 458
2m 3

A B
3m 1 2

D C
2m
458 458

A B
2m 2m
(a)
SOLUTION
In this case L2 = 7 m and L1 = 4 m ( L2 > L1 ). Since L2 L1 =
1.75 < 2, we have two-way slab action. The tributary loading along
each edge beam is shown in Fig. 2–16a, where the lighter shaded
trapezoidal area ① of loading is transmitted to member BC. The peak
intensity of this loading is (2 kN m 2 )(2 m) = 4 kN m . As a result,
the distribution of the load along BC is as shown in Fig. 2–16b. Ans.

4 kN>m 4 kN>m

B C D C
2m 3m 2m
2m 2m

(b) (c)
Fig. 2–16

This process of tributary load transmission should also be calculated

for the area ② to the right of BC shown in Fig. 2–16a, and this load
should also be placed on BC. See the next example.
A triangular distributed loading ③ acts on member DC, Fig. 2–16a.
It also has a maximum intensity of (2 kN m 2 )(2 m) = 4 kN m,
Fig. 2–16c. Ans.
 48 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.3

The concrete girders shown in the photo of the passenger car parking
garage span 25 ft and are spaced 15 ft on center. If the floor slab is
5 in. thick and made of stone concrete, and the specified live load is
50 lb ft 2, determine the distributed load the floor system transmits to
each interior girder.
2
SOLUTION
Here L2 = 25 ft and L1 = 15 ft ( L2 > L1 ), so that L2 L1 = 1.67 < 2.
We have a two-way slab action. From Table 1.2, for stone concrete,
the specific weight of the concrete is 144 lb ft 3 . Thus the design floor
loading is

 5 
p = 144 lb ft 3  ft + 50 lb ft 2 = 110 lb ft 2
 12 

A trapezoidal distributed loading is transmitted to an

interior girder AB from each of its two sides ① and ②, Fig. 2–17a.
The maximum intensity of each of these distributed loadings is
(110 lb ft 2 )(7.5 ft) = 825 lb ft , so that on the girder this intensity
becomes 2(825 lb ft) = 1.65 k ft, Fig. 2–17b (Ans.). Note: For design,
consideration should also be given to the weight of the girder.

7.5 ft 7.5 ft
10 ft

458
458 15 ft
7.5 ft 1

A B
1.65 k>ft
2

A B

10 ft
25 ft 7.5 ft 7.5 ft
(a) (b)

Fig. 2–17
 222 loaD path 49

2.2 LOAD PATH

The various elements that make up a structure should be designed in
such a way that they transmit the primary load acting on the structure
to its foundation in the most efficient way possible. Hence, as a first
step in any design or analysis, it is very important to understand how
the loads are transmitted through the structure if damage or collapse is
to be avoided. This description is called a load path, and by visualizing
how the loads are transmitted the engineer can sometimes eliminate
unnecessary members, strengthen others, or identify where there may be 2
potential problems. Like a chain, which is “as strong as its weakest link,”
so a structure is only as strong as the weakest part along its load path.
To show how to construct a load path, let us consider a few examples. In
Fig. 2–18a, the load acting on the floor of the building is transmitted from
the slab to the floor joists, then to the spandrel or edge girder, and finally
to the columns and foundation footings. In a similar manner, the loading
on the deck of the suspension bridge in Fig. 2–18b is transmitted to the
hangers or suspenders, then to the cables, and finally to the towers, piers,
or anchors.

floor beam
or joist
slab
spandrel or
edge girder floor
loading

girder
exterior
column

interior
column
foundation
slab
spread
footing
strip
footing

(a)

Fig. 2–18
 50 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

tower

cable

hanger deck
pier anchor

(b)
Fig. 2–18 (cont’d)

2.3 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

The principle of superposition forms the basis for much of the theory of
structural analysis. It may be stated as follows: The total displacement or
the internal loadings at a point in a structure subjected to several external
loadings can be determined by adding together the displacements or
internal loadings caused by each of the external loads acting separately.
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of superposition
to apply:

1. The material must behave in a linear elastic manner, so that

Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore the load will be proportional to
the displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change
when the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies.
Large displacements will significantly change the position and
orientation of the loads, as in the case of a fishing pole used to
support a large fish.

Throughout this book, these two requirements will be satisfied. Here

only linear elastic material behavior occurs; and the displacements
produced by the loads will not significantly change the directions
of applied loadings nor the dimensions used to compute the moments of
forces.
 224 equations of equilibrium 51

2.4 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

It may be recalled from statics that a structure or one of its members is in
equilibrium when it maintains a balance of force and moment. In general
this requires that the force and moment equations of equilibrium each be
satisfied along the x, y and z axes so that

ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0

(2–1)
ΣM x = 0 ΣM y = 0 ΣM z = 0
2

The principal load-carrying portions for most structures will lie in a single
plane, and since the loads are also within this plane, the requirements for
coplanar equilibrium are

ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0 (2–2)
ΣMO = 0

Here ΣFx and ΣFy represent, respectively, the algebraic sums of the x
and y components of all the forces acting on the structure or one of its
members, and ΣMO represents the algebraic sum of the moments of
these force components about an axis perpendicular to the x–y plane
(the z axis) and passing through point O.
Whenever these equations are applied, it is most important to first draw
a free-body diagram of the structure or its members.
If the internal loadings at a specified point in a member are to be
determined, the method of sections must be used. This requires that a
“cut” or section be made perpendicular to the axis of the member at the
point where the internal loading is to be determined. A free-body diagram
of either segment of the “cut” member is isolated and the internal loads
are then determined from the above equations of equilibrium applied to
the segment. In general, the internal loadings acting at the section will
consist of a normal force N, shear force V, and bending moment M, as
shown in Fig. 2–19.
We will cover the principles of statics that are used to determine the
support and joint reactions on structures in Sec. 2.6. Internal loadings in
structural members will be discussed in Chapter 4.

M M V

N N
V
internal loadings

Fig. 2–19
 52 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

2.5 DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

Before analyzing a structure, it is necessary to establish its determinacy
and stability.

Determinacy. The equilibrium equations provide both the

necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium. When all the forces
on a stable structure can be determined strictly from these equations,
the structure is referred to as statically determinate. Structures having
2 more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are called
statically indeterminate. As a general rule, a structure can be identified
as being either statically determinate or statically indeterminate
by drawing free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts
of its members, and then comparing the total number of unknown
reactive force and moment components with the total number of
available equilibrium equations.* For a coplanar stable structure there
are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so that if there
is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we
have a structure that is statically indeterminate if r > 3 n. The additional
equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by
relating the applied loads and reactions to the displacement or slope
at different points on the structure. These equations, which consist of
load–displacement relationships and compatibility equations,† must
be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy, that is, DI = r − 3 n.
For example, if a structure has two parts ( n = 2) and there are eight
unknown reactions ( r = 8) then DI = 8 − 3(2) = 2 , so the structure is
“indeterminate to the second degree.”
We will now consider some examples to show how to classify the
determinacy of a stable structure. The first example considers beams;
the second example, pin-connected structures; and in the third we will
discuss frame structures. Classification of trusses will be considered in
Chapter 3.

*Drawing the free-body diagrams is not strictly necessary, since a “mental count” of the
number of unknowns can also be made and compared with the number of equilibrium
equations.
†
Compatibility equations involve the geometric and physical properties of the structure
and will be discussed further in Chapter 9.
 225 DeterminaCy anD stability 53

EXAMPLE 2.4

Classify each of the beams shown in Figs. 2–20a through 2–20d

as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The
beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be
known and can act anywhere on the beams.
2
SOLUTION
Compound beams, i.e., those in Figs. 2–20c and 2–20d, which are
composed of pin-connected members must be disassembled. In these
cases, the unknown reactive forces acting between each member must
be shown in equal but opposite pairs on their free-body diagrams.
Applying r = 3 n or r > 3 n, the resulting classifications are indicated.

(a)

r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1) Statically determinate. Ans.

(b)

r = 5, n = 1, 5 > 3(1) Statically indeterminate to the second degree. Ans.

(c)

r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2) Statically determinate. Ans.

(d)

r = 10, n = 3, 10 > 3(3) Statically indeterminate to the first degree. Ans.

Fig. 2–20
 54 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.5

Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in Figs. 2–21a

through 2–21d as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If
statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy.
The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.

2 SOLUTION
Classification of pin-connected structures is similar to that of beams.
Applying r = 3 n or r > 3 n to each of the free-body diagrams, the
resulting classifications are indicated.

r = 7, n = 2, 7 > 6
(a) Statically indeterminate to the first degree. Ans.

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9
(b) Statically determinate. Ans.

r = 10, n = 2, 10 > 6
(c) Statically indeterminate to the fourth degree. Ans.

(d) r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9
Fig. 2–21 Statically determinate. Ans.
 225 DeterminaCy anD stability 55

EXAMPLE 2.6

Classify each of the frames shown in Figs. 2–22a through 2–22c B C

as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The
A D
frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be
known and can act anywhere on the frames.
2
SOLUTION
Unlike the beams and pin-connected structures of the previous (a)
examples, frame structures often consist of members that are
connected together by rigid joints and internal pins or hinges.
Sometimes the members form internal loops such as the loop ABCD
shown in Fig. 2–22a. The easiest way to classify this structure is to use
the method of sections and “cut” the loop apart through the internal
pin. The free-body diagrams of the sectioned parts are drawn and the
frame can then be classified. A second example of this is shown in
Fig. 2–22b. Although the frame in Fig. 2–22c has no closed loops, we
can use this same method, using vertical sections, to classify it. For
this case we can also just draw its complete free-body diagram. The
resulting classifications are indicated in each figure. r = 9, n = 2, 9 > 6
Statically indeterminate to the
third degree. Ans.

r = 20, n = 4, 20 > 12
(b) Statically indeterminate to the eighth degree. Ans.

(c)
r = 18, n = 4, 18 > 12 r = 9, n = 1, 9 > 3
(This frame has no closed Statically indeterminate to the Statically indeterminate to the
loops.) sixth degree. Ans. sixth degree. Ans.
Fig. 2–22
 56 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

P Stability. To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members,

it is not only necessary to satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the
members must also be properly held or constrained by their supports
regardless of how the structure is loaded. Two situations may occur
where the conditions for proper constraint have not been met.
Partial Constraints. Instability can occur if a structure or one of its
members has fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium that must
be satisfied. The structure then becomes only partially constrained. For
A example, consider the member shown in Fig. 2–23 with its corresponding
2
free-body diagram, which has only two reactions. Here the equation
ΣFx = 0 will not be satisfied for the loading condition shown, and
P therefore the member will be unstable.
Improper Constraints. In some cases there may be as many unknown
reaction forces as there are equations of equilibrium; however, instability or
movement of a structure or its members can develop because of improper
constraining either by the supports or through internal connections. For
example, this can occur if all the support reactions are concurrent at a point,
as shown in Fig. 2–24. From the free-body diagram of the beam it is seen
that the summation of moments about point O will not be equal to zero
A ( Pd ≠ 0); thus rotation about point O will take place. Another way in which
MA improper constraining leads to instability occurs when the support reactions
are all parallel. This is shown in Fig. 2–25, where the beam is supported by
FA
partial constraints

Fig. 2–23

O O

A B C

FA FC
d d

P P FB

concurrent reactions
Fig. 2–24
 225 DeterminaCy anD stability 57

B
P P

A B C
A

FB 2
P P

FA FB FC FA FC

parallel reactions parallel reactions

(a) (b)

Fig. 2–25

rollers or parallel links. Here when the force P is applied, the summation of
forces in the horizontal direction will not equal zero.
In general, then, a structure will be geometrically unstable—that is, it will
move slightly or collapse—if there are fewer reactive forces than equations
of equilibrium; or instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactions
intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another. If the structure
consists of several members or components, local instability of one or
several of its members can generally be determined by inspection, by
noting the members that form a collapsible mechanism. An example is
shown in Fig. 2–25, where the applied force will cause a partial collapse
of each structure.
Therefore, if the structure has n members or components with r
unknown reactions, then since three equilibrium equations are available
for each member or component, we have

The K-bracing or chevrons on this frame

r < 3 n unstable provide lateral stability from wind and
r ≥ 3 n unstable if member reactions are (2–3) vertical support of the floor girders. The
concurrent or parallel or some of the framework has been sprayed with concrete
components form a collapsible mechanism grout in order to insulate the steel to keep it
from losing its stiffness in the event of a fire.
 58 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.7

Classify each of the structures shown in Figs. 2–26a through 2–26d as

stable or unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external
loads that are assumed to be known.

SOLUTION
2 B

(a)

Fig. 2–26
The member is stable since the reactions are nonconcurrent and
nonparallel. It is also statically determinate. Ans.

B
(b)

The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B.

Ans.
B
A C

(c)

The beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel. Ans.

B
A

D
C
(d)

The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that r < 3 n, 7 < 9.

Also, this can be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally
without restraint. Ans.
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 59

2.6 APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS

OF EQUILIBRIUM
Building frames and trusses are typical examples of where the members
are all pin connected at their joints. Provided a pin-connected coplanar
structure is properly constrained and contains no more supports or
members than are necessary to prevent collapse, the forces acting at the
joints and supports can be determined by applying the three equations of
equilibrium ( ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣMO = 0) to each member. Once these
2
forces are obtained, the size of the members, connections, and supports
can then be determined on the basis of design code specifications.
To illustrate the method of force analysis, consider the three-member
frame shown in Fig. 2–27a, which is subjected to loads P1 and P2 . The
free-body diagrams of each member are shown in Fig. 2–27b. In total
there are nine unknowns; however, nine equations of equilibrium can be
written, three for each member, so this structure is statically determinate.
For the actual solution it is also possible, and sometimes convenient, to
consider a portion of the frame or its entirety when applying some of
these nine equations. For example, a free-body diagram of the entire
frame is shown in Fig. 2–27c. One could determine the three reactions
A x , A y , and C x on this “rigid” pin-connected system, then analyze
any two of its members, Fig. 2–27b, to obtain the other six unknowns.
Furthermore, the answers can be checked in part by applying the three
equations of equilibrium to the remaining “third” member. To summarize,
this problem can be solved by writing at most nine equilibrium equations
using free-body diagrams of any members and/or combinations of
connected members. Any more than nine equations written would not be
unique from the original nine and would only serve to check the results.

By Dy Ay

Bx Dx Ax

Dy
Dx
By
P1 Ay
D A Bx
B Ex
Ax
P1 Ey

Ex P1
E
P2 P2
Ey Cx P2
C Cx

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2–27
 60 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

Consider now the two-member frame shown in Fig. 2–28a. Here the
free-body diagrams of the members reveal six unknowns, Fig. 2–28b;
however, six equilibrium equations, three for each member, can be
written, so again the structure is statically determinate. As in the previous
case, a free-body diagram of the entire frame can also be used for part
of the analysis, Fig. 2–28c. Hence, if desired, all six unknowns can be
determined by applying the three equilibrium equations to the entire
frame, Fig. 2–28c, and also to either one of its members.
Comparing these two examples, notice that if the structure remains
2 rigid (noncollapsible) when the supports are removed, Fig. 2–27c, then
all three support reactions can be determined directly by applying
the three equilibrium equations to the entire structure. However, if
the structure appears to be nonrigid (collapsible) after removing the
supports, Fig. 2–28c, it must be dismembered and equilibrium of one of
its members must also be considered in order to obtain enough equations
to determine all the support reactions.

P1

A
B

P2 P1
C
Bx Ax
(a)

By Ay

Bx
P1

Ax
B By

Cx
Ay P2

Cx Cy
P2 (b)

Cy

(c)

Fig. 2–28
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 61

PR OCE DUR E FO R A N A LY S I S
The following procedure provides a method for determining
the joint reactions for structures composed of pin-connected
members.

Free-Body Diagrams
• Disassemble the structure and draw a free-body diagram of
2
each member. Also, it may be convenient to supplement a
member free-body diagram with a free-body diagram of the
entire structure. Some or all of the support reactions can then
be determined using this diagram.
• Recall that reactive forces common to two members act with
equal magnitudes but opposite directions on the respective
free-body diagrams of the members.
• All two-force members should be identified. These members,
regardless of their shape, have no external loads on them, and
therefore their free-body diagrams are represented with equal
but opposite collinear forces acting on their ends.
• In many cases it is possible to tell by inspection the proper
arrowhead sense of direction of an unknown force or moment;
however, if this seems difficult, the directional sense can be
assumed.

Equations of Equilibrium
• Count the total number of unknowns to make sure that an
equivalent number of equilibrium equations can be written for
solution. Except for two-force members, recall that in general
three equilibrium equations can be written for each member.
• Many times, the solution for the unknowns will be
straightforward if the moment equation ΣMO = 0 is applied
about a point (O) that lies at the intersection of the lines of
action of as many unknown forces as possible.
• When applying the force equations ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0,
orient the x and y axes along lines that will provide the simplest
reduction of the forces into their x and y components.
• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative
magnitude for an unknown force or moment, it indicates that
its arrowhead sense of direction is opposite to that which was
assumed on the free-body diagram.
 62 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

How Important Is the Free-Body Diagram? For any

structural analysis it is very important! Not only does it greatly reduce the
chance for errors, by accounting for all the forces and the geometry used
in the equilibrium equations, but it is also a source of communication
to other engineers, who may check or use your calculations.
To emphasize the importance of the free-body diagram, consider the
case of the collapse of the second and fourth story walkways that crossed
an open atrium in the Kansas City Hyatt Regency Hotel. This event
occurred in July 1981, when about 1600 people assembled in the atrium
2 for a dance contest. Some of the observers gathered on the walkways,
which suddenly collapsed, resulting in the death of 114 people, and more
than 200 injuries.
The main reason for the failure was the faulty design of the connections
used to support the walkways. The original design, shown in Fig. 2–29a,
called for single tie or hanger rods that were attached to the roof and
passed through holes in fabricated box beams, each made from two
channels welded together, Fig. 2–29c. The connection of the rods to the
beams required a nut and washer. During construction, a dispute arose
between the contractor and the engineering firm over this design, since
it required unconventional fully threaded rods. As a result the design was
weld
changed to end-threaded rods as shown in Fig. 2–29b.
To understand why failure occurred, study the free-body diagrams
of each design, along with the equilibrium analysis of the anticipated
180 kN loading shown in Figs. 2–29a and 2–29b. Notice that the altered
design requires the load supported by the top washer (180 kN) to be
twice that of the original design, 90 kN. Since this new design was not
before failure properly analyzed, it resulted in the box beam splitting open at the weld
seam and the rod pulling the washer through, resulting in the collapse,
Fig. 2–29c.
Also, since the design of the box beam and tie rod assembly was
substandard, and did not meet code, the engineers at the firm were found
to have performed with gross negligence and unprofessional conduct.
Consequently, they lost their license and the firm went bankrupt. It
seems needless to say, but engineers are responsible for their design and
after failure will be held accountable if anything goes wrong. So be neat and accurate
(c) in your work, and draw your free-body diagrams!

180 kN 180 kN
180 kN 180 kN 180 kN 180 kN 180 kN 180 kN
180 kN 180 kN

90 kN 180 kN
90 kN 90 kN 90 kN 90 kN
180 kN 180 kN 180 kN 180 kN
90 kN 90 kN Load on
90 kN 90 kN 90 kN washer is
Load on 180 kN.
washer is
original design 90 kN. alternate design
(a) (b)

Fig. 2–29
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 63

EXAMPLE 2.8

Determine the reactions on the beam shown in Fig. 2–30a.

60 k
1 ft 608 50 k?ft
B 2
A
10 ft 4 ft 7 ft

(a)

Fig. 2–30

SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. 2–30b, the 60-k force is
resolved into x and y components. Also, the 7-ft dimension line is not
needed since a couple moment is a free vector and can therefore act
anywhere on the beam for the purpose of calculating the reactions.

60 sin 608 k
1 ft
60 cos 608 k 50 k ? ft
Ax A

B
10 ft 4 ft
Ay By

(b)

Equations of Equilibrium. Applying Eqs. 2–2 in a sequence, using

previously calculated results, we have

+
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax − 60 cos 60° = 0 Ax = 30.0 k Ans.
a + ΣM A = 0; − 60 sin 60°(10) + 60 cos 60°(1) + B y (14) − 50 = 0 B y = 38.5 k Ans.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; − 60 sin 60° + 38.5 + Ay = 0 Ay = 13.4 k Ans.
 64 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.9

Determine the reactions on the beam in Fig. 2–31a.

15 kN>m

5 kN>m
2

A
12 m

(a)
Fig. 2–31

SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. 2–31b, the trapezoidal
distributed loading is segmented into a triangular and a uniform load.
The areas under the triangle and rectangle represent the resultant forces.
These forces act through the centroid of their corresponding areas.

1
—
2
(10 kN>m)(12 m) 5 60 kN
(5 kN>m)(12 m) 5 60 kN

10 kN>m
Ay
Ax 5 kN>m

MA A
4m
6m
(b)

Equations of Equilibrium.
+
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax = 0 Ans.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − 60 − 60 = 0 Ay = 120 kN Ans.
a + ΣM A = 0; − 60(4) − 60(6) + M A = 0 M A = 600 kN ⋅ m Ans.
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 65

EXAMPLE 2. 10

Determine the reactions on the beam in Fig. 2–32a. Assume A is a pin

and the support at B is a roller (smooth surface).

B
2
500 lb>ft
4 ft

A
7 ft 3 ft
(a)

Fig. 2–32

SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. 2–32b, the support at B
exerts a normal force on the beam at its point of contact. The line of
action of this force is defined by the 3–4–5 triangle.

5
3
3500 lb 4 ft 4
NB

Ax
A
3.5 ft 6.5 ft
Ay
(b)

Equations of Equilibrium. Resolving N B into x and y components

and summing moments about A yields a direct solution for N B . Using
this result, we can then obtain Ax and Ay .

a + ΣM A = 0; −3500(3.5) + ( 45 ) N B (4) + ( 53 ) N B (10) = 0 Ans.

N B = 1331.5 lb = 1.33 k
+
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax − 4
5 (1331.5) = 0 Ax = 1.07 k Ans.

3
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − 3500 + 5 (1331.5) = 0 Ay = 2.70 k Ans.
 66 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.11

The compound beam in Fig. 2–33a is fixed at A. Determine the reactions

at A, B, and C. Assume that the connection at B is a pin and C is a roller.

400 lb>ft
6000 lb?ft
2
A
B C
4 ft 3 ft

(a)

Fig. 2–33
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagrams. The free-body diagram of each segment is
shown in Fig. 2–33b.
1600 lb

MA 6000 lb ?ft
Bx Bx
Ax
A C
Ay 2 ft 2 ft 3 ft
By By Cy

(b)

Equations of Equilibrium. There are six unknowns. Applying the six

equations of equilibrium, using previously calculated results, we have
Segment BC:
a + ΣMC = 0; − 6000 + B y (3) = 0 B y = 2000 lb = 2.00 k Ans.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; − 2000 + C y = 0 C y = 2000 lb = 2.00 k Ans.
+
→ ΣFx = 0; Bx = 0 Ans.

Segment AB:
a + ΣM A = 0; M A − 1600(2) + 2000(4) = 0
M A = −4.80 k ⋅ ft Ans.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − 1600 + 2000 = 0 Ay = − 400 lb Ans.
+
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax − 0 = 0 Ax = 0 Ans.

The negative values for M A and Ay indicate that these loadings act in
the opposite sense of direction shown in Fig. 2–33b.
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 67

EXAMPLE 2. 12

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the

pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame shown in Fig. 2–34a.

8 kN 3 kN>m
4 5
B C
3
2m 2
2m
1.5 m

2m
(a)
By 6 kN
8 kN
4 5
C
3 Bx Bx Cx
1m 1m
2m By
1.5 m Cy

A Ax (b)

2m
Ay

Fig. 2–34
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagrams. The free-body diagram of each member is shown
in Fig. 2–34b. Note that equal but opposite reactions must occur at B.
Equations of Equilibrium. Applying the six equations of
equilibrium in the following sequence allows a direct solution for each
of the six unknowns.

a + ΣMC = 0;
Member BC:
− B y (2) + 6(1) = 0 B y = 3 kN Ans.

a + ΣM A = 0;
Member AB:
− 8(2) − 3(2) + Bx (1.5) = 0 Bx = 14.7 kN Ans.
+ 3
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax + 5 (8) − 14.7 = 0 Ax = 9.87 kN Ans.
4
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − 5 (8) −3= 0 Ay = 9.40 kN Ans.
Member BC:
+ Ans.
→ ΣFx = 0; 14.7 − C x = 0 C x = 14.7 kN
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; 3 − 6 + Cy = 0 C y = 3 kN Ans.
 68 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

EXAMPLE 2.13

The side of the building in Fig. 2–35a is subjected to a wind loading

that creates a uniform normal pressure of 15 kPa on the windward side
and a suction pressure of 5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections
2 A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.

B
2m
2m 60 kN>m 20 kN>m

B 3m

3m

60 kN>m 20 kN>m 3m
3m

C A C
4m
A 3m
4m 3m 3m 3m
wind
(a) (b)

Fig. 2–35

SOLUTION
Since the loading is evenly distributed, the central gable arch supports a
loading acting on the walls and roof of the dark-shaded tributary [Link]
represents a uniform distributed load of (15 kN m 2 )(4 m) = 60 kN m
on the windward side and (5 kN m 2 )(4 m) = 20 kN m on the leeward
side, Fig. 2–35b.

Free-Body Diagrams. Simplifying the distributed loadings, the

free-body diagrams of the entire frame and each of its two parts are
shown in Fig. 2–35c.
 226 appliCation of the equations of equilibrium 69

B
254.6 kN 84.9 kN
458 458

3m
180 kN
60 kN
1.5 m
Ax Cx
A 3m C
1.5 m 1.5 m 2
Ay Cy

(c)

Equations of Equilibrium. Simultaneous solution of equations

is avoided by applying the equilibrium equations in the following
sequence using previously calculated results.*
Entire Frame:
a + ΣM A = 0; −(180 + 60)(1.5) − (254.6 + 84.9) cos 45°(4.5)

− (254.6 sin 45°)(1.5) + (84.9 sin 45°)(4.5) + C y (6) = 0

C y = 240 kN Ans.

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; − Ay − 254.6 sin 45° + 84.9 sin 45° + 240.0 = 0 B Bx

254.6 kN 2.12 m
Ay = 120 kN Ans. 458
By

Member AB: 4.5 m

a + ΣM B = 0; − Ax (6) + 120.0(3) + 180(4.5) + 254.6(2.12) = 0

180 kN
Ax = 285 kN Ans. 1.5 m
Ax
+ A
→ Σ Fx = 0; −285.0 + 180 + 254.6 cos 45° − Bx = 0
1.5 m 1.5 m
Bx = 75 kN Ans. Ay

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; −120.0 − 254.6 sin 45° + B y = 0

Bx B
B y = 300 kN Ans. 84.9 kN

By 458
Member CB:
+
→ ΣFx = 0; −C x + 60 + 84.9 cos 45° + 75.0 = 0

C x = 195 kN Ans. 60 kN

*The problem can also be solved by applying the six equations of equilibrium only Cx
to the two members. If this is done, it is best to first sum moments about point A on C
member AB, then point C on member CB. By doing this, one obtains two equations to
be solved simultaneously for Bx and B y . Cy
 70 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

F U N DAMEN TAL PRO B L EM S

F2–1. Determine the horizontal and vertical components F2–4. Determine the horizontal and vertical components
of reaction at the pins A, B, and C. of reaction at the roller support A and fixed support B.

10 kN 8 kN>m
2m 2m
1m
3 kN>m
2 B
A C

A B
4m 2m

3m Prob. F2–4

F2–5. Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction at pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame.
C
300 lb
Prob. F2–1 B

F2–2. Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction at the pins A, B, and C.
3 ft

10 kN>m C
A
B
A 2 ft 2 ft 4 ft
2m
Prob. F2–5
4m
458 C
F2–6. Determine the components of reaction at the roller
support A and pin support C. Joint B is fixed connected.

Prob. F2–2 6 kN

F2–3. Determine the horizontal and vertical components 2m 2m

of reaction at the pins A, B, and C.
A
B
2m
C
2 kN

10 kN>m 2m
608
C
A
B
2m 2m

Prob. F2–3 Prob. F2–6

 funDamental problems 71

F2–7. Determine the horizontal and vertical components F2–9. Determine the components of reaction at the fixed
of reaction at the pins A, B, and D of the three-member support D and the pins A, B, and C of the three-member
frame. The joint at C is fixed connected. frame. Neglect the thickness of the members.

8 kN 8 kN 2 k>ft

2m 2m 2m

B C 2

3 kN>m B C 4 ft
0.5 k>ft

4m
D

D 2 ft
A
A

3m 8 ft

Prob. F2–7 Prob. F2–9

F2–8. Determine the components of reaction at the fixed F2–10. Determine the components of reaction at the fixed
support D and the pins A, B, and C of the three-member support D and the pins A, B, and C of the three-member
frame. Neglect the thickness of the members. frame. Neglect the thickness of the members.

6 kN 6 kN
8 kN 8 kN
6 kN 6 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

B C
B C
3m

4 kN 6m
1.5 kN>m

3m

A D A D

Prob. F2–8 Prob. F2–10

 72 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

P R OBLEMS

Sec. 2.1 2–6. The frame is used to support a 3-in.-thick plywood

floor of a residential dwelling. Sketch the loading that acts
2–1. The steel framework is used to support the stone along members BG and ABCD. Set a = 4 ft, b = 10 ft.
concrete slab that is used for an office lobby. The slab is Hint: See Tables 1.2 and 1.4.
150 mm thick. Sketch the loading that acts along members
BE and FED. Take a = 3 m, b = 8 m. Hint: See Tables 1.2 2–7. Solve Prob. 2–6 with a = 5 ft, b = 5 ft.
2 and 1.4. *2–8. Solve Prob. 2–6 with a = 5 ft, b = 9 ft.
2–2. Solve Prob. 2–1 with a = 4 m, b = 5 m.

D
D

E C
C E

F B
F
a
a B A
G
b a
a
A b H
a

Probs. 2–1/2
Probs. 2–6/7/8
2–3. The floor system used in a hotel public room
consists of a 6-in. stone concrete slab. Sketch the loading
that acts along the joist BF and side girder ABCDE. Set
2–9. The steel framework is used to support the 4-in.
a = 12 ft, b = 30 ft. Hint: See Tables 1.2 and 1.4.
stone concrete slab that carries a uniform live loading of
*2–4. Solve Prob. 2–3 with a = 12 ft, b = 12 ft. 400 lb ft 2 . Sketch the loading that acts along members BE
and FED. Set a = 9 ft, b = 12 ft. Hint: See Table 1.2.
2–5. Solve Prob. 2–3 with a = 12 ft, b = 18 ft.
2–10. Solve Prob. 2–9 with a = 6 ft, b = 18 ft.

b
a
E D
a
D
a
E
C F a C
B F
A
a
B
a b
A

Probs. 2–3/4/5 Probs. 2–9/10

 problems 73

Sec. 2.2–2.5 *2–12. Classify each of the structures as statically

determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If
2–11. Classify each of the structures as statically indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.
determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.

2
(a)
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Prob. 2–12
(b)
2–13. Classify each of the structures as statically
determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.

(c)
(a)

(d)

(b)

(e)
(c)
Prob. 2–11 Prob. 2–13
 74 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

2–14. Classify each of the structures as statically 2–15. Classify each of the structures as statically
determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

(d) (d)

Prob. 2–14 Prob. 2–15

 problems 75

*2–16. Classify each of the structures as statically 2–17. Classify each of the structures as statically
determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)
(c)

(d) (d)
Prob. 2–16 Prob. 2–17
 76 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

Sec. 2.6 2–21. Determine the reactions at the supports A and B of

the compound beam. Assume there is a pin at C.
2–18. Determine the reactions on the beam.

18 kN
12 k 4 kN>m
6 k>ft

3 k>ft
A C B
2 A B

12 ft 12 ft 6m 2m 2m
Prob. 2–18
Prob. 2–21

2–19. Determine the reactions on the beam. 2–22. Determine the reactions at the supports.

8 k>ft 200 lb>ft

100 lb>ft
5 k>ft

A B
A B
5 ft 4 ft

6 ft 9 ft
Prob. 2–22

Prob. 2–19
2–23. The cantilever footing is used to support a wall near
its edge A so that it causes a uniform soil pressure under the
footing. Determine the uniform distribution loads, w A and
*2–20. Determine the reactions at the smooth support C w B , measured in k ft at pads A and B, necessary to support
and pinned support A. Assume the connection at B is fixed the wall forces of 20 000 lb and 8000 lb.
connected.

20 000 lb

C 8000 lb
0.25 ft
80 lb>ft
1.5 ft

308 10 ft B
A
A
B
wA wB
6 ft 2 ft 8 ft 3 ft

Prob. 2–20 Prob. 2–23

 problems 77

*2–24. Determine the reactions on the beam. The support 2–27. Determine the reactions at the pin A and smooth
at B can be assumed to be a roller. supports B, D, and F. The members are pin connected at C
and E.

18 k
8k
4 k>ft 2 k> ft
2 k>ft
C E
A F
B D
A 2
B 8 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft
2 ft
12 ft 6 ft
Prob. 2–27
Prob. 2–24

*2–28. Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction at the pins A and C.
2–25. Determine the reactions at the supports A, B, C,
and D. The members are pin connected at E and F.

50 kN
30 kN
20 kN>m
2 k>ft 8k 3 k>ft
B
A D A
B E F
C 5
4
12 ft 12 ft 9 ft 12 ft 12 ft 1m 3m 1m 3
3 ft C

Prob. 2–25
Prob. 2–28

2–26. Determine the reactions at the truss supports A and B.

The distributed loading is caused by wind. 2–29. The construction features of a cantilever truss bridge
are shown in the figure. Here it can be seen that the center
truss CD is suspended by the cantilever arms ABC and
DEF. C and D are pins. Determine the vertical reactions at
600 lb>ft the supports A, B, E, and F if a 15-k load is applied to the
400 lb>ft center truss.

20 ft

A B

C D
A B 15 k E F
200 ft 200 ft 150 ft 150 ft
48 ft 48 ft 100 ft 100 ft

Prob. 2–26 Prob. 2–29

 78 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

2–30. Determine the reactions at the supports A and B of 2–33. Determine the horizontal and vertical components
the compound beam. There is a pin at C. of reaction at the supports A and C.

4 kN> m

A
C B
6 kN >m B
2
6m 4.5 m

Prob. 2–30
4m
2–31. Determine the reactions at the supports A and B.
The floor decks CD, DE, EF, and FG transmit their loads
to the girder on smooth supports. Assume A is a roller
and B is a pin.
A C
10 k
3 k>ft
3 ft 1 ft 3m
D E F G
C
Prob. 2–33
B
A

4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft

Prob. 2–31
2–34. Determine the reactions at the supports A, B, and E.
Assume the bearing support at B is a roller.
*2–32. Determine the horizontal and vertical components
of reaction at the supports A and C. Assume the members
are pin connected at A, B, and C.

6 kN
3 kN>m
8 k>ft

0.3 m
A B A C
B
3m 6 ft 5k
5
4
3
E
C D
6 ft 3 ft 6 ft 2 ft
4m 2m

Prob. 2–32 Prob. 2–34

 problems 79

2–35. Determine the reactions at the supports A and B of 2–37. Determine the reactions at the smooth support A
the frame. Assume that the support at A is a roller. and the pin support B. The joint at C is fixed connected.

5k 7k 10 k 2k
8 ft 6 ft 6 ft

A 150 lb> ft
2

C
8 ft B
10 ft
5 ft
0.5 k
A
6 ft
608

B
Prob. 2–37

Prob. 2–35

*2–36. Determine the reactions at the supports A and C.

The frame is pin connected at A, B, and C, and the two
2–38. Determine the reactions at the fixed support A and
joints D and E are fixed connected.
pin B.

8 kN
6 kN
10 kN>m

2 kN>m
B 6k 10 k
D E

B
4m D

20 ft
500 lb>ft
A C

A C
3m 2m 1m 30 ft 15 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Prob. 2–36 Prob. 2–38

 80 Chapter 2 a n a ly s i s of s ta t i C a l ly D e t e r m i n a t e s t r u C t u r e s

2–39. Determine the horizontal and vertical force 2–41. Determine the reactions at the pin support A and
components at the pin support B and the vertical reaction roller B.
at the smooth support A.

6 k>ft 700 lb>ft

20 ft
2
18 k 500 lb>ft B
A
C
4.5 ft
30 ft

9k A

48 ft 48 ft
4.5 ft
Prob. 2–41

12 ft

Prob. 2–39 2–42. Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction at the supports A and B.

*2–40. Determine the horizontal and vertical components

of reaction at the supports A and B. Assume the joints at
20 kN>m
C and D are fixed connected.

D C

40 kN
30 kN
20 kN
4m

12 kN >m
6m 8 kN>m
C D
4m B
7m
A

A
B

6m 8m 5m

Prob. 2–40 Prob. 2–42

 projeCt problem 81

2–43. The bridge frame consists of three segments which *2–44. Determine the horizontal and vertical reactions at
can be considered pinned at A, D, and E, rocker supported the connections A and C of the gable frame. Assume that
at C and F, and roller supported at B. Determine the A, B, and C are pin connections. The purlin loads such at D
horizontal and vertical components of reaction at all these and E are applied perpendicular to the center line of each
supports due to the loading shown. girder.

400 lb 400 lb
600 lb E F 600 lb
800 lb 800 lb
2 k> ft
D G
B 5 ft 2
A 120 lb>ft
E
B D
15 ft 30 ft 15 ft
20 ft
10 ft

C F A C

5 ft 5 ft 6 ft 6 ft 6 ft 6 ft

Prob. 2–43 Prob. 2–44

P R OJECT PROB LEM

2–1P. The railroad trestle bridge shown in the photo is P P

supported by reinforced concrete bents. Assume the two 8 ft
simply supported side girders, track bed, and two rails have
a weight of 0.5 k ft and the load imposed by a train is
7.2 k ft . Each girder is 20 ft long. Apply the load over the
entire bridge and determine the compressive force in the
B C
columns of each bent. For the analysis assume all joints are
pin connected and neglect the weight of the bent. Are these
realistic assumptions?

18 ft

758 758
A D

Prob. 2–1P