LINE CODING & DECODING

MANUAL
LINE CODING & DECOADING
INTRODUCTION

This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of
Frequency shift keying techniques on single PCB.

SPECIFICATION

Power supply requirement : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

Built in IC based power supply : +5 V and -5V

On Board Pattern generator bit length : 8 bits (11110000)

On board Modulator : Using Digital IC CD4053 , 4013, 7404, 7408

On board Demodulator : Using IC Flip Flop CD4013, 7404, TL082

Standard Accessories : : 1) A Training Manual

: 2) Connecting Patch cords.

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INTROCUCTION

1. To study theory of digital line coding.

2. To generate following different line coding & Decoding

CIRCUIT DETAILS

Circuit Details

 Bipolar NRZ
 Manchester
 Polar RZ
 Unipolar RZ
 NRZ-L
 Bipolar NRZ AMI

In addition to pulse shaping, there are a number of useful line codes that we can use to help reduce
our errors or to have other positive effects on our signal.

Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to be transported, by an amplitude- and time-
discrete signal that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel (and of the
receiving equipment). The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a
digital signal on a transmission link is called line encoding. The common types of line encoding are
unipolar, polar, bipolar and Manchester encoding.

Line codes are used commonly in computer communication networks over short distances.

There are numerous ways digital information can be coded onto a transmission medium. Some of
the more common

Each of the various line formats has a particular advantage and disadvantage. It is not possible to select
one, which will meet all needs. The format may be selected to meet one or more of the following
criteria:

• Minimize transmission hardware

• Facilitate synchronization

• Ease error detection and correction

• Minimize spectral content

• Eliminate a dc component

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The Manchester code

This is quite popular. It is known as a self-clocking code because there is always a transition
during the bit interval. Consequently, long strings of zeros or ones do not cause clocking problems.

The symbols `0’ and `1’ in digital system can be represented in various formats with different
levels and waveforms. The selection of particular format for communication depends on the system
bandwidth, systems’s ability to pass DC level information, error checking facility, ease of clock
regeneration & Synchronization at receiver, system complexity and cost [Link] most widely used
formats of data representation are given below. They are also available on ST2106 trainer. Every data
format has specific advantages and disadvantages associated with them.

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

codes are a bit awkwardly named, especially considering that the unipolar NRZ code does
return to a zero value. In essence, an NRZ code is just a simple square wave, assigning one value to a
binary 1, and amplitude to a binary 0.

NRZ codes are more bandwidth efficient than bipolar ones. However, their spectral components go all
the way down to 0 Hz. This prevents them from being used on transmission lines which are transformer
coupled, or for some other reason cannot carry DC.

Unipolar NRZ

Unipolar NRZ is simply a square wave with +AV being a binary 1, and 0V being a binary 0. NRZ is
convenient because computer circuits use unipolar NRZ internally, and it requires little effort to expand
this system outside the computer. Unipolar NRZ has a DC term, but a relatively narrow bandwidth

Bipolar NRZ

Bipolar NRZ operates using a bipolar voltage supply rail. Marks typically are represented using
negative voltages (e.g., -9V), while spaces with positive voltages (e.g., +9V). For example, RS-232C/EIA-
232 signaling relies on bipolar NRZ.

-5V +5V -5V +5V -5V -5V +5V -5V -5V

10 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

Bipolar NRZ has similar bandwidth and DC balance issues as unipolar NRZ.

AMI

AMI (alternate mark inversion) is another example of a bipolar line code. Each successive mark
is inverted and the average or DC level of the line is therefor zero.

AMI is usually implemented as RZ pulses, but NRZ and NRZ-I variants exist as well.

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 One of the weaknesses of this approach is that long strings of zeros cause the receivers to lose
lock. It is therefore necessary to impose other rules on the signal to prevent this. For example,
combining NRZ-M with AMI yields MLT-3, the line coding system used with 100-base-T Ethernet.

Manchester codes were an invention that allows for timing information to be sent along with
the data. In an NRZ code, if there is a long stream of one’s or zeros, the receiver could conceivably
suffer so much compound jitter that it would either lose or gain an entire bit time, and then be out of
sync with the transmitter. This is because a long stream of 1s or 0s would not "change state" at all, but
instead would simply stay at a single value. Manchester codes say that every single bit time will have a
transition in the middle of the bit time, so that a receiver could find that transition, and "lock on" to the
signal again, if it started to stray away from center. Because there are more transitions, however,
Manchester codes also require the highest bandwidth of all the line codes.

Unipolar encoding is a line code. A positive voltage represents a binary 1, and zero volts indicate
a binary 0. It is the simplest line code, directly encoding the bit stream, and is analogous to on-off
keying in modulation.

Its drawbacks are that it is not self-clocking and it has a significant DC component, which can be
halved by using return-to-zero, where the signal returns to zero in the middle of the bit period. With a
50% duty cycle each rectangular pulse is only at a positive voltage for half of the bit period. This is ideal
if one symbol is sent much more often than the other and power considerations are necessary, and also
makes the signal self-clocking.

NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) - Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non-return-to-

zero (NRZ) scheme, in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and the negative voltage defines bit 0. It
is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the middle of the bit. Compared with its
polar counterpart, polar NRZ, this scheme applies a DC bias to the line and unnecessarily wastes power
– The normalized power (power required to send 1 bit per unit line resistance) is double that for polar
NRZ. For this reason, unipolar encoding is not normally used in data communications today.

PROCEDURE

A-Switch on the Power Supply

B-Observe the data pattern

C-observe the waveform as per the connection shown bellow

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 CONNECTION DIAGRAM

1) BIPOLAR

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2) S P MANCHESTER

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3) POLAR RZ

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4) UNIPOLAR RZ

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5) NRZ- L

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6) BIOPOLAR NRZ AMI

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