USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY

SOKOTO
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
PRESENTATION
COURSE: DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUIT
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 2
Good day everyone.
We are Group 2, and today we will be presenting our
topic, which is Encoder and Decoder.
In this presentation, we will explain the meaning, how
they work, their examples, and where they are used in
real life
INTRODUCTION
In digital electronics, all systems work using binary numbers, which are 0 and 1.
These binary values represent two states, which are OFF and ON.

Every digital device like computers, phones, and calculators uses this system to
process information.

However, in many cases, we have a large number of input signals, and handling
all of them directly can be difficult and confusing.

Because of this, we need a way to organize and simplify these signals so that the
system can work efficiently.

This is where Encoder and Decoder come in.

They help us convert signals from one form to another in a simple and organized
way.
The basic idea of encoder and decoder is very simple and easy to understand.
An encoder takes many input signals and reduces them into a smaller number of
outputs in binary form.
On the other hand, a decoder takes a small number of binary inputs and expands
them into many output signals.
For example, imagine we have 8 switches.
Instead of sending 8 different signals, an encoder can reduce them into just 3
binary outputs.
This makes the system simpler and easier to manage.
So, in simple terms:
Encoder reduces information,
while Decoder expands information.
This makes digital systems easier to design, faster to operate, and more efficient
Encoder Definition
An Encoder is a combinational circuit that converts many input signals into a
smaller number of outputs in binary form.
What this means is that instead of sending many signals separately, the encoder
combines them and produces a binary code.
This binary code represents which input is active.
So, we can say that the encoder helps to reduce the number of lines needed in a
system.
An encoder works opposite to a decoder.
It takes many input lines and converts them into a smaller number of outputs in
binary form.
For example, if we have four buttons and only one is pressed at a time, the
encoder will tell us exactly which button is pressed using a binary number.
So instead of sending four separate signals, we send only two signals.
In general, an encoder converts 2ⁿ inputs into n outputs.
One important condition is that only one input should be active at a time,
so the output will be correct.
The encoder does not just reduce inputs, it also identifies which input is
[Link] then gives the binary position of that input as output.
So, the output is not random, it actually tells us exactly which input is ON.
Let us look at a simple example, which is a 4-to-2 encoder.
This encoder has four input lines, which are I0, I1, I2, and I3, and two
output lines.
At any given time, only one of the inputs should be active, meaning it
should have a value of 1.
The encoder will then convert that active input into a binary number at the
output
This is a 4-to-2 encoder.
It has four inputs, I0 to I3, and two outputs.
The two outputs represent the binary code of the active input.
SIMPLE Truth Table
Active Input Output (O1 O0)
I0 I1 I2 I3 O0 O1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1

This means the encoder is not just reducing signals, but also giving us
useful information about which input is active.
So, it works like an identification system.
This is the truth table of the 4-to-2 encoder.
Each row shows one input being active at a time.
For example:
When I0 is 1, the output is 00
When I1 is 1, the output is 01
When I2 is 1, the output is 10
When I3 is 1, the output is 11

The encoder does not just reduce inputs, it also identifies which input is
active.
the encoder converts the input position into binary form, It then gives the
binary position of that input as output.
So, the output is not random, it actually tells us exactly which input is ON
How Encoder Works
The encoder works by checking all the input lines and detecting which
one is active.
Once it finds the active input, it converts that input into its binary
equivalent and sends it as output.
This process helps to reduce the number of signals and makes the
system easier to manage.
However, if more than one input is active, the encoder may not give a
correct output.
For example, if I2 is ON, the encoder immediately converts it to 10 and
sends it as output.
So, it is fast and automatic.
Real-Life Example
A very good example of an encoder is a computer keyboard.
A keyboard has many keys, such as letters, numbers, and symbols.
If each key had its own connection, the system would be very complex.
So, when a key is pressed, the encoder converts that key into a binary code.
This binary code is then sent to the computer, and the computer understands
which key was pressed.
This makes the system more efficient and easier to use
When you press the letter ‘A’ on your keyboard, the encoder converts it into a
binary code.
This code is then sent to the computer processor, which understands it and
displays ‘A’ on the screen.
Without the encoder, the system would be too complex to manage.
Another good example of an encoder is a TV remote control.
When you press a button, the remote converts that button into a binary
signal and sends it to the TV.
The TV then understands the signal and performs the correct action, like
changing the channel or increasing volume.
Problem of Encoder
One major problem with a normal encoder is that it cannot handle multiple
active inputs.
If two or more inputs are ON at the same time, the encoder will not know
which one to choose.
This can lead to incorrect output and errors in the system.
For example, if I1 and I3 are both ON at the same time, the encoder will
not know which one to choose, and this can lead to a wrong output.
Priority Encoder
To solve this problem, we use a priority encoder.
A priority encoder gives importance to one input over others, usually the highest
input.
So, even if multiple inputs are active, it will select only the highest one and
ignore the rest.
This makes the system more reliable and prevents errors.
For example, if I3 and I1 are ON together, the priority encoder will choose I3
because it has higher priority.
This helps to avoid confusion and errors.
Advantages of Encoder
Encoders have several advantages.
They reduce the number of wires needed in a system, which saves cost and
space.
They also make systems faster and more efficient.
Because of these benefits, encoders are widely used in digital systems.
Introduction to Decoder
A decoder is a combinational circuit that performs the opposite function of an
encoder.
It takes a small number of binary inputs and converts them into many output
lines.
Each output corresponds to a specific input combination.
So, the decoder expands input signals into multiple outputs.
Let us look at a simple example, which is a 2-to-4 decoder.
This decoder has two inputs, A and B, and four outputs, Y0 to Y3.
Each combination of input values activates only one output line.
You can think of it like selecting one option from many.
The input decides which output will be active
This is a 2-to-4 decoder.
It has two inputs, A and B, and four outputs.
SIMPLE Truth Table
Active Input Output
A B Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

For each input combination, only one output is active, while the others remain OFF.
This table shows how the decoder works.
When the input is 00, output Y0 is ON
When the input is 01, output Y1 is ON
When the input is 10, output Y2 is ON
When the input is 11, output Y3 is ON
So, the decoder takes the binary input and activates the correct output line
How Decoder Works
The decoder works by reading the binary input and comparing it with all
possible combinations.
When it finds a match, it activates the corresponding output line.
Only one output is ON at a time, while all others remain OFF.
Real-Life Example
A common example of a decoder is in digital displays like clocks and calculators.
These systems use binary numbers internally, but humans cannot easily understand
binary.
In digital clocks, the system uses binary numbers internally.
The decoder converts those binary numbers into digits like 1, 2, 3, so that we can
read the time easily.
Without the decoder, we would only see binary numbers.
Another example is an elevator system, where the decoder helps select the correct
floor.
In computer memory systems, decoders are used to select specific memory locations.
For example, when the computer wants to read data from a particular location, the
decoder activates only that location.
This helps the system to work accurately and efficiently
Applications
Encoders and decoders are used in many applications such as:
• keyboards
• Remote Control
• Digital displays
• memory systems
• elevators
• and communication systems.
They are very important in modern digital technology.
Conclusion
In conclusion, encoder and decoder are very important circuits in digital
electronics.
An encoder reduces many inputs into a smaller binary code, while a
decoder takes that code and activates the correct output.
Encoder and decoder work together in many systems to send and receive
information efficiently.
They help systems to be simple, fast, and efficient.

Thank you very much for listening