Solutions
Mixture
1. Mixtures refer to those substances which consist of two or more elements or
compounds, mixed together in any ratio and do not give rise to new compound.
For example: sea water, air, chocolate milk etc.
2. Mixture is composed of two or more substances mixed together in any ratio i.e.
the composition is variable and do not possess properties like fixed melting or
boiling point.
3. Mixture shows the properties similar to that of its constituents and they can be
separated by using physical and chemical methods.
4. There are two types of mixtures:
i. Homogeneous mixtures: Such mixtures have only one phase. They have the
same composition throughout and there is no visible separation of line between
the constituents. For example: sugar solution, vinegar etc.
ii. Heterogeneous mixture: Mixtures which has more than one phase is known
as heterogeneous mixture. There is a visible boundary of separation between
the components and they do not have the same composition throughout.
5. Homogeneous mixtures are of three types: (i) Solid homogeneous mixture
(alloys), (ii) Liquid homogeneous mixture (solution of alcohol in water) and
(iii) Gaseous homogeneous mixture (air).
6. Heterogeneous mixtures are of three types: (i) Solid heterogeneous mixture
(mixture of sand and sugar), (ii) Solid-liquid heterogeneous mixture (solution
of chalk in water) and (iii) Gaseous heterogeneous mixture (smoke in air).
Substance – Cannot be separated into its constituent particles by any physical
process
Solution – Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Alloys – Homogeneous mixture of metals
Solution:
The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is
called solvent (present in larger amount).
The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is called
solute (present in lesser quantity).
Properties of solution:
Homogeneous mixture
Particles are extremely small, not visible to the naked eye
Light path not visible
Solute particles cannot be separated by filtration
Solubility:
Solubility of a substance is the maximum amount of the substance that can be
dissolved in a specified amount of a solvent at a specified temperature.
Solubility of a solid in a liquid:
-Effect of temperature (Le Chatelier’s principle) –
When the dissolution process is endothermic, the solubility will increase
with increase in temperature.
When the dissolution process is exothermic, the solubility will decrease with
increase in temperature.
-Effect of pressure: Pressure does not affect solubility.
Solubility of a gas in a liquid:
Henry’s law → The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas.
Or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.
Where, KH → Henry’s law constant
Some applications of Henry’s law –
-The solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water is increased by sealing the
bottles under high pressure.
-At high pressure underwater, scuba divers have to cope with high
concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air.
-At high altitudes, climbers become weak and are unable to think clearly, which
are symptoms of a condition called anoxia
Effect of temperature –
With increase in temperature, the solubility of gases in liquids
decreases.
Vapour pressure of liquid solutions:
Vapour pressure of liquid–liquid solutions:
Raoult’s law → For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of
each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
(For an ideal solution at constant temperature)
Vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids:
Ideal and non-ideal solutions:
Ideal solutions –
Solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentrations
-In an ideal solution, the solute–solute and solvent–solvent interactions are
nearly equal to the solute–solvent interactions.
Non-ideal solutions – Solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law over the entire
range of concentrations
-Positive deviation from Raoult’s law –
-Vapour pressure of the solution is higher than that predicted by Raoult’s
law.
-Solute–solvent interactions are weaker than solute–solute and solvent–
solvent interactions.
-Negative deviation from Raoult’s law –
-Vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that predicted by Raoult’s
law.
-Solute–solute and solvent–solvent interactions are weaker than solute–
solvent interactions.
(For a two-component solution showing positive deviation
from Raoult’s law)
(For a two-component solution showing negative deviation
from Raoult’s law)
Colligative properties and determination of molar mass:
Relative lowering of vapour pressure:
Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
i.e.,
However,
Where, n2 = Number of moles of solute
n1 = Number of moles of solvent
Now,
For dilute solution, n1 >> n2
Therefore,
Or,
Or,
Elevation of boiling point:
Here, = Elevation of boiling point
Where,
Tb = Boiling of solution
= Boiling point of solvent
ΔTb ∝ m (for dilute solution)
⇒ ΔTb = Kbm
Where,
m = Molality
Kb = Proportionality constant known as Boiling Point Elevation Constant
or Molal Elevation Constant or Ebullioscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol−1)
However,
Where,
w2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molar mass of solute
w1 = Mass of solvent
Now,
Or,
Where, Kb= Boiling-point elevation constant
Or, Molal elevation constant
Or, Ebullioscopic constant
Depression of freezing point:
Here, = Depression of freezing point
Where,
= Freezing point of solvent
Tf= Freezing point of solution
For dilute solution (ideal solution),
ΔTf ∝ m
⇒ ΔTf = Kf m
Where,
m = Molality
Kf = Proportionality constant known as Freezing Point Constant or Molal Depression
Constant or Cryoscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol−1)
However,
Where,
w2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molar mass of solute
w1 = Mass of solvent
Now,
Or,
The value of Kb and Kf can be determined by the following relations:
Where,
M1 = Molar mass of the solvent
R = Gas constant
ΔvapH = Enthalpy of vaporisation
ΔfusH = Enthalpy of fusion
Osmosis and osmotic pressure:
If two solutions have the same osmotic pressure at a given temperature,
then the solutions are called isotonic solutions.
Abnormal molar masses: Molar mass lower or higher than expected or normal
value
Van’t Hoff factor, i: Expresses the quantitative extent to which a solute is
dissociated or associated
Modification of the equations for colligative properties: