Chapter 1: Cells - Detailed Notes
What Are Cells?
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They can be single, like bacteria, or part
of larger organisms like humans. Each cell varies in size, shape, and function based on its role.
Parts of a Cell
1. Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance inside cells that contains organelles.
It’s where important chemical reactions happen to keep life going.
Made up of water, salts, and proteins.
2. Cell Membrane
A protective, thin layer around the cell.
Controls what enters and exits the cell (like nutrients and waste).
Acts as a barrier for the cell.
3. Nucleus
The control center of the cell.
Contains DNA, which directs the cell's activities and reproduction.
Important for cell division.
4. Mitochondria
Known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Turn food into energy using oxygen.
5. Ribosomes
Small structures that make proteins needed by the body.
Extra Parts in Plant Cells
1. Cell Wall
A strong layer outside the cell membrane.
Made of cellulose, it provides support and shape to plant cells.
2. Vacuole
A large space filled with liquid.
Stores water, salts, and sugars, helping to keep the cell firm.
3. Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
Capture sunlight to make food through photosynthesis.
Bacterial Cells
Bacterial cells are usually smaller than animal and plant cells. They have a cell wall, but it’s
not made of cellulose. Unlike other cells, they don’t have a nucleus; their DNA is in the
cytoplasm. They have ribosomes but lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bacteria also have
plasmids, small DNA rings used in genetic engineering.
Special Types of Cells
1. Ciliated Cells
Found in the respiratory tract, they use tiny hair-like structures to move mucus and
trap dust and germs.
2. Root Hair Cells
Located in plant roots, these cells are long and thin to help absorb water and minerals
from the soil.
3. Palisade Cells
Located in leaves, these cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
4. Red Blood Cells
In blood, they lack a nucleus in humans and carry hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
5. Nerve Cells (Neurons)
Long cells that transmit electrical signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
6. Sperm Cells
Male reproductive cells with a tail for swimming to the egg and enzymes to penetrate
it.
7. Egg Cells
Female reproductive cells that are large and full of nutrients to support the embryo
after fertilization.
Levels of Organization in Living Things
1. Cell: The basic unit of life.
2. Tissue: A group of similar cells working together (e.g., muscle tissue).
3. Organ: Made of tissues working together to perform specific functions (e.g., heart, leaf).
4. Organ System: A collection of organs working together (e.g., digestive system).
5. Organism: A complete living being (e.g., human, tree).
Microscopy and Cell Study
Microscopes help us see cells by making them larger. Thin tissue samples are often stained to
improve the visibility of different parts.
Differences Between Plant, Animal, and Bacterial Cells
Feature Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell
Cell Wall No Yes (cellulose) Yes (not cellulose)
Chloroplasts No Yes No
Nucleus Yes Yes No (DNA floats
freely)
Vacuole Small or none Large, central No
vacuole
Key Definitions
Cell: The smallest unit of life.
Tissue: A group of similar cells with a shared function.
Organ: A structure made of tissues with a specific function.
Organ System: A group of organs working together.
Organism: A living thing made of organ systems.