Q1. What do you mean by the term Polymorphism? Explain with a suitable example. Ans:- Polymorphism is one of the important features of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). The word Polymorphism means "many forms”. In Java, the same method name can be used for different purposes by changing its parameters. Types of Polymorphism in Java: 1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading) 2. Run-time Polymorphism (Method Overriding) Eg:- class Addition { int add(int a, int b) { return a+b; } int add(int a, int b, int c) { returna+b+c; t t class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Addition obj = new Addition(); [Link]([Link](10, 20)); [Link]([Link](10, 20, 30)); } } Output :- 30 60 Q2. Describe Static polymorphism or Method Overloading technique with the help of a simple Java program. Ans:- Static Polymorphism is a type of polymorphism in which the method to be called is decided at compile time. It is achieved through Method Overloading. Method Overloading means defining multiple methods with the same name in a class but with different parameter lists . Eg:-class Display { void show() { [Link]("No argument method"); } void show(int a) { [Link]("Integer argument: " + a); t void show(String name) { [Link]("String argument: " + name); t } public class OverloadingDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Display obj = new Display(); [Link](); [Link](10); [Link]("Anuyj"); } } Output No argument method Integer argument: 10 String argument: Anuj Q3. Describe different type of inheritance in Java with the help of suitable diagrams. Ans:- Inheritance is an OOP feature that allows one class to acquire the properties and methods of another class. Types of Inheritance in Java 1. Single Inheritance Achild class inherits from one parent class. A | B 2. Multilevel Inheritance Aclass inherits from another class, which itself inherits from another class. A | B I Cc3. Hierarchical Inheritance Multiple child classes inherit from the same parent class. A JIN BCD 4. Multiple Inheritance ‘A class inherits from more than one parent class. AB \/ c 5. Hybrid Inheritance It is a combination of two or more types of inheritance. A /\ BC V/ D Q 4. Why Java does not support multiple inheritance? Justify your answer. Ans:- Multiple Inheritance is a feature in which a class inherits properties and methods from more than one parent class. A B \/ c java does not support multiple inheritance through classes because it can create ambiguity, known as the Diamond Problem. Eg:- class A { void show() { [Link]("Class A"); } } class B{ void show() { [Link]("Class B" } } class C extends A, B { }If we call: C obj = new C(); [Link](); The compiler cannot decide whether to execute show() from class A or class B. This creates ambiguity and confusion. That’s why java does not support multiple inheritance. Instead of multiple inheritance through classes, Java uses Interfaces. A class can implement multiple interfaces without ambiguity. Q5. With relevant examples describe abstraction and encapsulation. Write a java program that uses an abstraction and encapsulation. Ans:- Abstraction Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. Eg:- When we drive a car, we use the steering, wheel, brake, and accelerator without knowing the internal working of the engine. Encapsulation Encapsulation is the process of binding data and methods into a single unit (class) and restricting direct access to data using private access modifiers. Eg:- A student's marks are kept private and cannot be changed directly by anyone. The marks can only be accessed or modified through methods such as setMarks() and getMarks(). Java Program Using Abstraction and Encapsulation abstract class Animal { // Abstraction abstract void sound(); } class Dog extends Animal { void sound() { [Link]("Dog barks"); } } class Student { // Encapsulation private String name; public void setName(String name) { [Link] = name; } public String getName() { return name;} } public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { // Abstraction Animal a = new Dog(); [Link](); // Encapsulation Student s = new Student(); [Link]("Anuj"); [Link]("Student Name: " + [Link]()); } } Output Dog barks Student Name: Anuj Q6. Create a simple Java program to implement basic Calculator operations. Ans:- import [Link]; public class BasicCalculator { public static void main(String[] args) { double num1, num2; Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); [Link]("Enter the number num1 = [Link](); num2 = [Link](); [Link]("Enter the operator (+, -, *, /):"); char operator = [Link]().charAt(0); double result; switch (operator) { case '+': result = num1 + num2; break; case '-': result = num1 - num2; break; case '*": result = num1 * num2; break;break; default: [Link]("Invalid operator."); return; } [Link]("The final result:"); [Link](num1 + "'" + operator + +num2+"="+ result); } } Output: Enter the numbers: 2 2 Enter the operator (+,-,*,/) + The final result: 2.0+2.0=4.0 Q7. Write a java program using array to perform sum and average of all values in an array. Ans:- public class ArraySumAverage { public static void main(String[] args) { int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; int sum = 0; double average; for(int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) { sum = sum + arr[i]; } average = (double) sum / [Link]; [Link]("Sum =" + sum); [Link]("Average = " + average);Q 8. How can we overload the constructor? Explain by using multilevel inheritance. Ans:- Constructor overloading is a feature in Java where a class contains more than one constructor with the same name but different parameter lists. Example Using Multilevel Inheritance: class Person { Person() { [Link]("Person Constructor"); } Person(String name) { [Link]("Person Name: " + name); } } class Student extends Person { Student() { super("Anuj"); [Link]("Student Constructo! } } class Monitor extends Student { Monitor() { [Link]("Monitor Constructor"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Monitor m = new Monitor(); } } Output: Person Name: Anuj Student Constructor Monitor ConstructorQ 9. Explain Java security, Portability? Ans:- Java Security: Java provides a secure environment for developing and running applications. It protects systems from unauthorized access and malicious code. Features of Java Security 1. Bytecode Verification — Checks code before execution to ensure it is safe. 2. Exception Handling — Helps manage runtime errors safely. 3. Access Modifiers — private, protected, and public control access to data and methods Java Portabili Portability means a Java program can run on different platforms without modification. Java follows the principle: “Write Once, Run Anywhere" How Java Achieves Portability 1. Java source code is compiled into bytecode. 2. Bytecode runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). 3. Since JVM is available for different operating systems, the same program can run anywhere. Q10. What is the Structure of Java? Explain type of programs in Java. Ans:- Basic structure of java: class Hello { public static void main(Stringl] args) { [Link]("Hello World"); } } Types of Programs in Java 1. Application Program + Execution starts from the main() method. Example: class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { [Link]("Java Application"); } i2. Applet Program + It does not use the main() method. « Uses methods like init(), start(), and paint(). Example: import [Link]; import [Link]; public class MyApplet extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { [Link]("Hello Applet", 50, 50); } } Q11. Discuss about the super keyword in java with example. Ans:- The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the immediate parent class object. It is mainly used to access parent class variables, methods, and constructors. Eg:- class Animal { Animal() { [Link]("Animal Constructor"); } } class Dog extends Animal { Dog() { super(); [Link]("Dog Constructor"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Dog d = new Dog(); } } Output: Animal Constructor Dog ConstructorQ 12. Write the difference between Method Overriding and Method Overloading. Ans:- Method Overloading Method Overriding Occurs in the same class. Occurs in parent and child classes. Methods have the same name but different Methods have the same name and same parameters. parameters. Achieves Compile-time Polymorphism. Achieves Run-time Polymorphism. Inheritance is not required. Inheritance is required. Method call is resolved at compile time. Method call is resolved at runtime. Q 13. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM? Explain their roles. Ans:- JDK (Java Development Kit) JDK is a software package used to develop, compile, and run Java programs. Role: + Provides tools for Java development. + Contains JRE and development tools such as the Java compiler (javac). JRE (Java Runtime Environment) JRE is a software package used to run Java applications. Role: + Provides the environment required to execute Java programs. « Contains JVM and supporting libraries. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) JVM is a virtual machine that executes Java bytecode. Role: + Converts bytecode into machine code. « Makes Java platform independent.Q 14. Define a class and object in Java. Explain with suitable examples. Ans:- Class: Aclass is a blueprint or template used to create objects. It contains data members (variables) and methods (functions). Object: An object is an instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity and is used to access the members of the class. Eg:- class Student { String name = "Anuj"; void display() { [Link]("Name: "+ name); } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student s1 = new Student(); // Object creation [Link](); } } OUTPUT: Name: Anuj Q15. Explain the concept of encapsulation. How is it achieved in Java? Ans:- Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data and methods into a single unit called a class. It also restricts direct access to data and provides controlled access through methods. Encapsulation is achieved by: 1. Declaring variables as private. 2. Providing public getter and setter methods to access and modify the data. Eg:- class Employee { private int salary; public void setSalary(int salary) { [Link] = salary; } public int getSalary() { return salary;} } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Employee e = new Employee(); [Link](30000); [Link]("Salary = " + [Link]()); } } Output Salary = 30000 Q 18. What is the significance of using “this” keyword? Explain with example programs. Ans:- The ‘this’ keyword in Java refers to the current object of a class. It is used to distinguish between instance variables and local variables. Significance / Uses of this Keyword 1. Refers to the current object. 2. Resolves difference between instance variables and local variables. 3. Can be used to call current class constructors. 4. Can be passed as an argument to methods. Eg:- class Student { int rollNo; Student(int rollNo) { [Link] = rollNo; } void display() { [Link]("Roll No: " + [Link]); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student s1 = new Student(101); [Link](); } }Q19. Why do we use “static” and “public” keywords in the following statement —“public static void main(String args[ ] )” ? Ans:- Why is public Used? The public keyword is an access modifier that makes the main() method accessible from anywhere. Since the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for starting the execution of a program, it must be able to access and invoke the main() method. If the main() method is not declared as public, the JVM will not be able to call it, and the program will not execute. Why is static Used? The static keyword indicates that the main() method belongs to the class rather than to any object of the class. Therefore, the JVM can call the main() method directly without creating an object of the class. Q20. Why Java is called Architecture neutral language? Ans:- Java is called an Architecture Neutral Language because Java programs are not dependent on any specific hardware or processor architecture. The same Java program can run on different systems without modification. Reasons Why Java is Architecture Neutral « Java generates platform-independent bytecode. + Bytecode can run on any machine having a JVM. « Noneed to rewrite or recompile the program for different processors. + Supports the principle "Write Once, Run Anywhere ." Q. How can you create your own package in Java and add multiple classes inside that package and Explain with a suitable example program. Ans:- Steps to Create a User-Defined Package 1. Create a package using the ‘package’ keyword. 2. Add one or more classes inside the package. 3. Compile the package classes. 4. Import the package in another program using the ‘import’ statement. Package Class 1: [Link] package mypack; public class Addition { public void add(int a, int b) { [Link]("Sum =" + (a + b)); } tPackage Class 2: [Link] package mypack; public class Subtraction { public void sub(int a, int b) { [Link]("Difference = " + (a - b)); } } Main Program import [Link]; import [Link]; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Addition a = new Addition(); Subtraction s = new Subtraction(); [Link](20, 10); [Link](20, 10); } } Output Sum = 30 Difference = 10 Q. Explain multiple catch blocks in Java. Ans:- Multiple catch blocks in Java are used when a program may throw different types of exceptions. We can use more than one catch block with a single try block to handle different exceptions separately. Syntax:- try{ // code that may cause exceptions } catch(ExceptionTypel e) { // handling code } catch(ExceptionType2 e) { // handling code } catch(ExceptionType3 e) { // handling code }Q. Explain exception handling mechanism in Java with all keywords (try, catch, throw, throws, finally) and program. Ans:- Exception Handling is a mechanism in Java used to handle runtime errors so that the normal flow of the program is not interrupted. Keywords Used in Exception Handling 1. try The try block contains the code that may generate an exception. 2. catch The catch block handles the exception generated in the try block. 3. throw The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. 4. throws The throws keyword declares exceptions that may occur in a method. 5. finally The finally block always executes whether an exception occurs or not. Eg:- class ExceptionDemo { static void checkAge(int age) throws ArithmeticException { iflage < 18) { throw new ArithmeticException("Not Eligible for Voting"); } else { [Link]("Eligible for Voting"); } } public static void main(String[] args) { try{ checkAge(15); } catch(ArithmeticException e) { [Link]("Exception Caught: " + [Link]()); } finally { [Link]("Finally Block Executed"); } } i Output Exception Caught: Not Eligible for Voting Finally Block ExecutedQ. Explain exception handling in detail with user-defined exception with suitable example. Ans:- Exception Handling is a mechanism used to handle runtime errors and maintain the normal flow of a program. Java handles exceptions using: + try «catch «throw «_throws + finally User-Defined Exception:- Java allows programmers to create their own exceptions. Such exceptions are called User- Defined Exceptions or Custom Exceptions.A user-defined exception is created by extending the Exception class. Eg:- class AgeException extends Exception { AgeException(String message) { super(message); } } public class Voting { Static void checkAge(int age) throws AgeException { if(age < 18) { throw new AgeException("Age must be 18 or above"); } else { [Link]("Eligible for Voting"); } } public static void main(String[] args) { try{ checkAge(16); } catch(AgeException e) { [Link]("Exception Caught: " + [Link]()); } } } Output : - Exception Caught: Age must be 18 or aboveQ. Explain thread creation in Java using Thread class and using Runnable interface Ans:- 1. Thread Creation Using Thread Class In this method, a class extends the Thread class and overrides the run() method. The thread starts when the start() method is called. Program class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { [Link]("Thread is running"); Output:- } Thread is running public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread t = new MyThread(); tstart(); } } 2. Thread Creation Using Runnable Interface In this method, a class implements the Runnable interface and provides the implementation of the run() method. Program class MyRunnable implements Runnable { public void run() { [Link]("Thread is running"); } public static void main(String[] args) { MyRunnable r = new MyRunnable(); Thread t = new Thread(r); tstart(); } Output:- Thread is running }Q. Explain exception handling in Java with try, catch, finally with suitable program. Ans:- Exception Handling is a mechanism in Java used to handle runtime errors and maintain the normal flow of a program. Keywords Used 1. try The try block contains the code that may generate an exception. 2. catch The catch block handles the exception generated in the try block. 3. finally The finally block always executes whether an exception occurs or not. Program public class ExceptionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { try{ inta= 10/0; [Link](a); } catch (ArithmeticException e) { [Link]("Exception Caught: Division by Zero"); } finally { [Link]("Finally Block Executed"); } } } Output Exception Caught: Division by Zero Finally Block ExecutedQ. Design a Java program demonstrating inheritance, abstract class, interface, and String handling together. Ans:- // Interface interface Display { void show(); } // Abstract Class abstract class Person { String name; Person(String name) { [Link] = name; abstract void details(); } //\nheritance class Student extends Person implements Display { Student(String name) { super(name); } void details() { [Link]("Student Name: " + name); } public void show() { [Link]("Name in Uppercase: " + [Link]()); } } public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Student s = new Student("Anuj"); [Link](); // Abstract class method [Link](); _// Interface method // String Handling [Link]("Length of Name: " + [Link]()); } } Output Student Name: Anuj Name in Uppercase: ANUJ Length of Name: 4Q. Explain packages in Java including creation, importing, and access control in detail. Ans:- A Package in Java is a collection of related classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. Packages are used to organize Java programs and avoid naming conflicts. Creating a Package A package is created using the package keyword at the beginning of the Java file. Example package mypack; public class Addition { public void add(int a, int b) { [Link]("Sum =" + (a + b)); } } Importing a Package To use classes of a package in another program, we use the import keyword. Example import [Link]; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Addition obj = new Addition(); [Link](10, 20); } t Access Control in Packages Access Modifier Same Class Same Package Different Package private Yes No No default Yes Yes No protected Yes Yes Yes (through inheritance) public Yes Yes YesQ. Explain interface in Java and how multiple inheritance is achieved using it. Ans:- An interface is a blueprint of a class that contains method declarations but not their implementation. The implementation of these methods is provided by the class that implements the interface. Multiple Inheritance Using Interface Java does not support multiple inheritance through classes because it can create ambiguity (Diamond Problem). However, Java achieves multiple inheritance through interfaces. Example interface Father { void showFather(); } interface Mother { void showMother(); } class Child implements Father, Mother { public void showFather() { [Link]("Father's Method"); } public void showMother() { [Link]("Mother's Method"); } t public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Child c = new Child(); [Link](); [Link](); } } Output Father's Method Mother's MethodQ. Explain dynamic method dispatch and runtime polymorphism in detail. Ans:- Runtime Polymorphism is the process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile time. It is achieved through method overriding. Dynamic Method Dispatch is the mechanism by which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime. Java uses dynamic method dispatch to implement runtime polymorphism. class Animal { void sound() { [Link]("Animal makes. sound"); } } class Dog extends Animal { void sound() { [Link]("Dog barks"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Animal a = new Dog(); [Link](); } } Ans:- String Class Q. Explain String and StringBuffer classes with all important methods. StringBuffer Class The String class in Java is used to create and manipulate sequences of characters. String objects are immutable, which means their values cannot be changed after creation. The StringBuffer class is used to create mutable strings. Unlike String objects, creation. Eg:- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java"); Eg:- String str = "Hello"; Important Methods of String Class Eg:- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java"); Important Methods of StringBuffer Class StringBuffer objects can be modified after 1. length() 1. append() Returns the length of the string. Adds text at the end. 2. charAt() 2. insert() _ _ Returns the character at a specified index. ESL at a specified position. 3, toUpperCase() Replaces characters between indexes. Converts the string to uppercase. 4. delete() 4. toLlowerCase() Deletes characters from a string. Converts the string to lowercase. 5. reverse() 5. equals() Reverses the string. Compares two strings.Q. Describe different type of inheritance in Java with the help of suitable diagrams and Write a program showing multilevel inheritance. Ans:- Types of Inheritance in Java 1. Single Inheritance 2. Multilevel Inheritance | A class inherits from another class, and that class A child class inherits from only one parent | | further inherits from another class. class. A 7 | | B : | Cc 3. Hierarchical Inheritance 4. Multiple Inheritance Multiple child classes inherit from a single Aclass inherits from more than one parent class. parent class. A B A \/ JIN c BCD 5. Hybrid Inheritance Acombination of two or more types of inheritance. A /\ BC class Monitor extends Student { \V/ void displayMonitor() { EEE EE EEE EERE EEE EEE EEEEE} [Link]("| am a Monitor"); Java Program Showing Multilevel Inheritance } class Person { } void displayPerson() { Public class Test { [Link]("I am a Person"); palate sialic pod in rial | TES } Monitor m = new Monitor(); } [Link](); class Student extends Person { [Link](); void displayStudent() { [Link](); [Link]("| am a Student"); } } } } Output !am a Person lam a Student am a MonitorQ. Explain class relationships: association, aggregation, and instantiation. Ans:- 1. Association Association is a relationship where one class uses or interacts with another class. Program class Student { String name = "Anuj"; } class Teacher { void teach(Student s) { t } [Link]("Teaching " + [Link]); 2. Aggregation 3. Instantiation Aggregation is a special type of reference to another class. association where one class contains a Example Instantiation is the process of creating an object from a class using the ‘new’ keyword. Example class Teacher { String name; Teacher(String name) { [Link] = name; } } class Department { Teacher t; Department(Teacher t) { this.t = t; } void display() { [Link]([Link]); t } class Student { void display() { [Link]("Student Object Created"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student s = new Student(); // Instantiation [Link](); } } Output Student Object CreatedQ. Explain constructor overloading and method overloading with programs. Ans:- Constructor Overloading Constructor Overloading is a feature in which a class contains more than one constructor with the same name but different parameter lists. Method Overloading Method Overloading is a feature in which multiple methods have the same name but different parameter lists within the same class. [Link]("Default Constructor"); } Student(String name) { [Link]("Student Name: " + name); } } public class Test { public static void main(Stringl] args) { Student s1 = new Student(); Student s2 = new Student("Ani } Program Program class Student { class Addition { Student() { void add(int a, int b) { [Link]("Sum =" + (a +b); } void add{int a, int b, int c) { [Link]("Sum =" + (a +b +c)); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Addition obj = new Addition(); [Link](10, 20); [Link](10, 20, 30); } } } Output Default Constructor Student Name: Anuj Output Sum = 30 Sum = 60Q. Explain data types, operators, and control statements in Java. Ans:- 1. Data Types in Java A Data Type specifies the type of data that a variable can store. Types of Data Types (A) Primitive Data Types :- byte, short, char, Boolean, int, float, long, double (B) Non-Primitive Data Types:- String , Array , Class , Interface 2. Operators in Java Operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values. Types of Operators (A) Arithmetic Operators:- +,-,* ,/,% (B) Relational Operators:- (C) Logical Operators:- &&, ||, ! >, <,>5, <= (E) Increment/Decrement Operators:- ++, -- 3. Control Statements in Java Control statements control the flow of execution in a program. Types of Control Statements (A) Conditional Statements:- if statement, if-else statement, switch statement (B) Looping Statements:- for loop, while loop, do-while loop (C) Jump statements:- break, continue, return Q. Explain class, object, and constructor in detail. Ans:- 1, Class A Class is a blueprint or template used to create objects. It contains variables and methods that define the properties and behavior of an object. Syntax class ClassName { // variables // methods i2. Object An Object is an instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity and is used to access the members of a class. Syntax ClassName objectName = new ClassName(); 3. Constructor A Constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created. It is used to initialize the object. Types of Constructors (A) Default Constructor:- A constructor with no parameters. (B) Parameterized Constructor:- A constructor that accepts parameters. Q. What is inter-thread communication? Ans:- Inter-Thread Communication is a mechanism in Java that allows threads to communicate and coordinate with each other. It is used when one thread needs to wait for another thread to complete a task before proceeding. Java provides the following methods for inter-thread communication: « wait() + notify() « notifyAll() Q. Difference between throw and throws. throw throws re = Used to declare exceptions that a method may Used to explicitly throw an exception. throw. Followed by an exception object. Followed by exception class names. Used inside a method body. Used in the method declaration. Throws one exception at a time. Can declare multiple exceptions. Transfers control to the nearest catch _ Informs the compiler and caller about possible block. exceptions.Q. Define deadlock. Ans:- A Deadlock is a situation in multithreading where two or more threads are waiting indefinitely for each other to release resources, and none of them can proceed further. In other words: A deadlock occurs when two or more threads block each other permanently by waiting for resources held by one another. Q. Define thread life cycle. Ans:- The lifecycle of a thread in Java defines the various states a thread goes through from its creation to termination. Understanding these states helps in managing thread behavior and synchronization in multithreaded applications. States of a Thread 1. New (Born State), 2. Runnable State, 3. Running State, 4. Blocked / Waiting State, 5. Terminated (Dead State) Q. What is a thread in Java? Ans:- A Thread is the smallest unit of execution within a process. It is a lightweight process that allows a program to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. In Java, threads are used to achieve multithreading, which improves the performance and responsiveness of applications. Simple Program class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { [Link]("Thread is running"); } public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread t = new MyThread(); tstart(); } } Output Thread is runningQ. What is exception handling in Java? Ans:- Exception Handling is a mechanism in Java used to handle runtime errors so that the normal flow of the program is not interrupted. Example public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { try{ int a= 10/0; [Link](a); catch (ArithmeticException e) { [Link]("Cannot divide by zero"); } } } Output Cannot divide by zero Q. Explain importance of reusability in OOP. Ans:- Reusability is one of the main features of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It allows existing classes, methods, and code to be used again in new programs without rewriting them. Importance of Reusability in OOP 1, Reduces code duplication by reusing existing code. 2. Saves development time and effort. 3. Improves code maintainability. 4. Increases programmer productivity. 5. . Makes programs more reliable and less error-prone.Q. Explain package creation and access control in Java. Ans:- A Package is a collection of related classes and interfaces. It is used to organize Java programs, avoid naming conflicts, and improve code reusability. Creating a Package A package is created using the package keyword at the beginning of the Java file. package mypack; public class Student { public void display() { [Link]("Welcome to Package"); } } Access Control in Java Access Control determines the accessibility of classes, variables, methods, and constructors. Java provides access control through access modifiers. Types of Access Modifiers 1. Private (private): Accessible only within the same class. 2. Default (No Modifier): Accessible within the same package only. 3. Protected (protected): Accessible within the same package and in subclasses of other packages. 4. Public (public): Accessible from anywhere in the program. Q. Explain Scanner class for input. Ans:-The Scanner class is used to take input from the user during program execution. It is available in the [Link] package. Before using the Scanner class, we must import it:- import [Link]; Example Program import [Link]; Sample Output public class InputDemo { Enter your age: 20 public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); [Link]("Enter your age: "); int age = [Link](); [Link]("Age: " + age);Q. Difference between abstract class and interface. Ans:- Abstract Class An abstract class is declared using the abstract keyword. Methods can be private, protected, or public Acclass can extend only one abstract class. Constructors are allowed. Supports single inheritance Can have final methods Interface An interface is declared using the interface keyword. Methods are public by default Aclass can implement multiple interfaces. Constructors are not allowed. Supports multiple inheritance Cannot have final methods Q. Difference between String and StringBuffer. Ans:- String String objects are immutable Any modification creates a new object. Slower when frequent changes are required. Stored as fixed text. Uses the String class. Less memory efficient for repeated changes. StringBuffer StringBuffer objects are mutable Modifications are made to the same object. Faster for frequent modifications. Can be modified dynamically. Uses the StringBuffer class. More memory efficient for repeated changes.Q. What is an interface in Java? Ans:- An Interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that contains method declarations but not their implementation. The class that implements the interface provides the implementation of these methods. Q. Define dynamic method dispatch. Ans:- interface Animal { void sound(); t class Dog implements Animal { public void sound() { [Link]("Dog Barks"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Dog d = new Dog(); [Link](); } } Output Dog Barks class Animal { void sound() { [Link]("Animal Sound"); Dynamic Method Dispatch is the mechanism by which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile time. t } class Dog extends Animal { void sound() { [Link]("Dog Barks"); t } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Animal a = new Dog(); [Link](); } tQ. What is the final keyword in Java? Ans:- The final keyword in Java is used to restrict modification. It can be applied to variables, methods, and classes. + Final variable cannot be changed once assigned «__Final method cannot be overridden «Final class cannot be inherited Q. Define superclass and subclass in Java. Ans:- A Superclass (also called a Parent Class or Base Class) is the class whose properties and methods are inherited by another class. Example class Animal { void eat() { [Link]("Animal Eats Food"); } } A Subclass (also called a Child Class or Derived Class) is the class that inherits the properties and methods of another class using the extends keyword. Example class Dog extends Animal { void bark() { [Link]("Dog Barks"); } } Here, Dog is the Subclass because it inherits from Animal. Q. Explain different access specifiers in Java. Ans:- Access Specifiers (Access Modifiers) in Java are keywords used to control the accessibility of classes, variables, methods, and constructors. Java provides four types of access specifiers: 1, Private (private):- Accessible only within the same class. 2. Default (No Modifier):- Accessible only within the same package. 3. Protected (protected): Accessible within the same package. 4, Public (public):~ Accessible from anywhere in the program.Q. What is garbage collection? Ans:- Garbage Collection is the process of automatically removing unused objects from memory to free up space. It is performed by the Garbage Collector, which is a part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Q. What is inheritance in Java? Ans:- Inheritance is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) feature that allows one class to acquire the properties and methods of another class. Example class Animal { void eat() { [Link]("Animal Eats Food"); } } class Dog extends Animal { void bark() { [Link]("Dog Barks"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String] args) { Dog d = new Dog(); [Link](); // Inherited method [Link](); } } Output Animal Eats Food Dog Barks Q. Define static keyword in Java. Ans:- The static keyword in Java is used for memory management and belongs to the class rather than any specific instance. Uses of static Keyword 1. To create class-level variables. 2. To create methods that can be called without objects. 3. To share common data among all objects. 4. To save memory.Q. Explain encapsulation with example. Ans:- Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (variables) and methods (functions) into a single unit called a class. It also restricts direct access to data and provides controlled access through methods. Example Program class Student { private int marks; // private data member public void setMarks(int marks) { [Link] = marks; } public int getMarks() { return marks; } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Student s = new Student(); [Link](90); [Link]("Marks =" + [Link]()); } } Output Marks = 90 Q. What is a class and object in Java? Ans:- A Class is a blueprint or template used to create objects. It contains variables and methods that define the properties and behavior of objects. An Object is an instance of a class. It is used to access the variables and methods of a class. class Student { publicclassTest{ String name = "Anuj"; public static void main(String|] args) { void display() { Student s = new Student(); [Link]("Name: " + name); [Link](); } } } }