INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005

Review Article
Pharmaceutical Applications of Natural Gums,
Mucilages and Pectins - A Review
M. Ravindrakullai reddy and Kopparam Manjunath*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, Karnataka, India.
_________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT
Gums, mucilages and pectins are widely used natural excipients for conventional and novel dosage
forms. With the increasing interest in polymers of natural origin, the pharmaceutical world has
compliance to use most of them in the formulations. In recent years, there has been an tremendous
development in natural products which are need to be used for a variety of purposes. Nature has
provided us a wide variety of materials to help improve and sustain the health of all living things
either directly or indirectly. These natural materials have advantages over synthetic ones since they
are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. They can also be
modified in different ways to obtain tailor made materials for drug delivery systems and thus can
compete with the available synthetic excipients. Moreover, the tremendous orientation of pharma
world towards these naturally derived polymers has become a subject of increasing interest to
discover, extract and purify such compounds from the natural origin. Gums and mucilages are potent
candidate to be used in various pharmaceutical formulations as a potential candidate for novel drug
delivery system (NDDS). In this review, we describe the developments in natural gums, mucilages and
pectins for use in the pharmaceutical sciences.

INTRODUCTION Mucilage’s are physiological products of

In recent years, plant derived polymers have plants.4
evoked interest due to their diverse
pharmaceutical applications such as diluents, Advantages of natural gums and mucilages
binders, disintegrants in tablets, thickeners in in pharmaceutical sciences
oral liquids, protective colloids in suspensions, The following are a number of the advantages
gelling agents in gels, bases in suppository of natural plant–based materials
and also used in cosmetics, textiles, paints Local availability — In developing countries,
and paper-making . The plant based polymers governments promote the production of plant
have been studied for their application in like guar gum and tragacanth because of the
different pharmaceutical dosage forms like wide applications in a variety of industries.
matrix controlled system, film coating agents, Biocompatible and non-toxic — Chemically,
buccal films, microspheres, nanoparticles, nearly all of these plant materials are
viscous liquid formulations like ophthalmic carbohydrates composed of repeating sugar
solutions, suspensions, implants and their (mono saccharides) units. Hence, they are
applicability and efficacy has been proven. non- toxic.
These have also been utilized as viscosity Low cost — It is always cheaper to use
enhancers, stabilizers, disintegrants, natural sources. The production cost is also
solubilizers, emulsifiers, bioadhesives and much lower compared with that for synthetic
1-3
binders. material. India and many developing countries
are dependent on agriculture.
GUMS AND MUCILAGE Biodegradable — Naturally available
Gums are considered to be pathological biodegradable polymers are produced by all
products formed following injury to the plant or living organisms. They represent truly
owing to unfavorable conditions, such as renewable source and they have no adverse
drought, by a breakdown of cell walls (extra impact on humans or environmental health
cellular formation; gummosis). Mucilage’s are (e.g.,skin and eye irritation).
generally normal products of metabolism, Environmental friendly processing — Gums
formed within the cells of plants (intracellular and mucilages from different sources are
formation). Gums readily dissolve in water, easily collected indifferent seasons in large
whereas, mucilage form slimy masses. quantities due to the simple production
processes involved.

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Disadvantages of natural gums and Chemical nature of gums and mucilages

mucilages Gums and mucilage, because of their
Reduced viscosity on storage — Normally, polysaccharide nature, produce an indefinite
when gums and mucilages come into contact number of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
with water there is an increase in the viscosity Depending on the type of hydrolysis products
of the formulations. Due to the complex nature obtained, they can be further classified into
of gums and mucilages (mono saccharides to pentosans (e.g. xylan) and hexosans (e.g.
polysaccharides and their derivatives), it has starch and cellulose). Gums are pathological
been found that after storage there is reduced products consisting of calcium, potassium and
in viscosity. magnesium salts of complex substances
Batch to batch variation — Synthetic known as ‘polyuronides’. Mucilages are
manufacturing is a controlled procedure with physiological products related to gums, but
fixed quantities of ingredients, while the they are generally sulfuric acid esters, the
production of gums and mucilages is ester group being a complex polysaccharide.
dependent on environmental and seasonal Both gums and mucilages are closely related
factors. to hemicelluloses in composition, except that
Microbial contamination — The equilibrium the sugars produced by hemicelluloses are
moisture content present in the gums and glucose, mannose and xylose, whereas those
mucilages is normally 10 % or more and, produced by gums and mucilages are
structurally, they are carbohydrates and, galactose and arabinose.7
during production, they are exposed to the
external environment and so there is a chance Applications of gums and mucilages
of microbial contamination. However, this can Gums and mucilages of different sources and
be prevented by proper handling and the use their derivatives represent a group of polymers
of preservatives. widely used in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Uncontrolled rate of hydration — Due to Various kinds of gums are used in the food
differences in the collection of natural industry and are regarded as safe for human
materials at different times, as well as consumption. However, there is growing
differences in region, species, and climate concern about the safety of pharmaceutical
conditions the percentage of chemical excipients derived from natural sources. Plant
constituents present in a given material may gums and exudates are now screened for their
vary. There is a need to develop suitable use as pharmaceutical adjuvants. Mucilages of
monographs on available gums and different origins are also used in conventional
mucilages.5 dosage forms of various drugs for their
binding, thickening, stabilizing and humidifying
Classification of gums and mucilages properties in medicine. Newer uses of different
Gums and mucilages are present in high gums and mucilages in cosmetics and textiles
quantities in verities of plants, animals, has increased the demand and screening of
seaweeds, fungi and other microbial sources, gums has become an important
where they perform a number of structural and pharmaceutical area. However, different gums
metabolic functions; plant sources provide the and mucilages used as pharmaceutical
largest amounts. The different available gums adjuvants have stringent specifications, which
and mucilages can be classified as follows: few natural agents can fulfill. Gums and
Animal origin: chitin and chitosan, chondroitin mucilages have the following applications.
sulfate,hyaluronic acid. Gums and mucilages have a variety of
Plant origin: (1) shrubs/tree exudates — gum applications in pharmacy. They are used in
arabica,gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum medicine for their demulcent properties for
tragacanth and khaya andalbizia gums; (2) cough suppression. They are ingredients of
seed gums — guar gum, locust beangum, dental and other adhesives and can be used
starch, amylase and cellulose; (3) extracts — as bulk laxatives. These hydrophilic polymers
pectin and larch gum; (4) tuber and roots— are useful as tablet binders, disintegrants,
potato starch. emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents,
Microbial origin (bacterial and fungal): stabilizing agents, thickening agents, film
xanthan, dextran, curdian, pullulan, zanflo, forming agents in transdermal and periodontal
emulsan, Baker’s yeast glycan, schizophyllan, films, buccal tablets as well as sustaining
lentinan, krestin and scleroglucan. agents in matrix tablets and coating agents in
Semi-synthetic: microcapsules including those used for protein
Starch derivatives—hetastarch, starch acetate delivery.8
and starch phosphates.6

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PECTIN 35 % of the cell wall of most terrestrial plants

Pectin can be described as a natural where alginates and carrageenans play a
component of all edible plant material. Pectin similar role for their marine counterparts. All
is available in the plant cell walls and in a layer green land plants contain pectin to a certain
between the cells named middle lamella. degree. Pectin content in dicotyledonous
Pectin gives firmness to the plants and affect (flowering) plants far outweighs that contained
on growth and water storage. in monocotyledonous (seed-bearing) plants
Pectin is a soluble dietary fiber. Pectin is a and grasses
polymer of galacturonic acid and with that an
acidic polysaccharide. Part of the acids is Pectin application
present as methyl ester. Pectin is a In history, Pectins have found use as general
hydrocolloid and keeps a large amount of texture modifiers and gelling agents. Among
water and creates thickening and gelling the more common applications, pectin is used
properties. extensively in jams, jellies, confectionaries,
deserts, and anti-diarrheal agents. Some of
Sources of pectin the more important modern uses include: 1)
2+
The usual, profitable sources of pectin have Ca sequestering agent in detergents, 2)
been citrus peel and apple pomace. Regularly, fillers in low calorie food products, 3) edible
this is a waste material from other industries acidifying agents, 4) rheology modification, 5)
like apple pomace from a cider producer.
biodegradable surfactants and emulsifiers, 6)
Citrus peel has often been the preferred
edible packaging, 7) dairy stabilizers, and 8)
material for pectin manufacturing due to its dietary fat replacements.9
high pectin content and good color properties.
Generally, lemon and lime peels are the REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
preferred sources of citrus pectin. The peel EXCIPIENTS
must be unlimed and it cannot be Synthetic gums used in pharmaceutical
enzymatically treated.
industries possess drawbacks of toxic effects
More recently other sources of pectin are and health problems. Natural gums are
beginning to find markets such as sugar beet currently being imported by India from other
pectin and sunflower pectin. Sugar beet pectin
countries such as Sudan (56 %), Chad (29 %)
in particular is finding a niche market due to its and Nigeria (10 %). To avoid drawbacks of
unusual emulsification properties. The amount synthetic gums and reduce import expences,
of pectin from these different sources varies alternative natural gums are to be explored.
considerably:
Gums attain from plants were used in India as
• Apple pomace: 10-15 %
excipients in food, pharmaceutical and
• Citrus peel: 25-35 %
cosmetic industries. India is the hub of
• Sugar beet: 10-20 %
medicinal plants and these are not
• Sunflower: 15-25 % commercially exploited much. Indian industries
Pectin is present in all plants but the content depend on the imported gums. Since common
and composition varies depending on the man will be involved in collecting the gums the
species, variety, maturity, plant part, tissue, society will be benefited.
and growing condition. Pectin comprises up to

Table 1: Characterization of Gums and Mucilages10

Test Observation Inference
Molish test: 100 mg of dried gum/mucilage powder +
Violet color observed at the Carbohydrate are
Molisch’s reagent+ concentration H2SO4 on the side of the test
junction of the two layers present
tube
Ruthenium test: Take a small quantity of dried mucilage/
gum powder, mount it on a slide with ruthenium red solution, Pink color observed Mucilage present
and observe it under microscope.
Iodine test: 10 mg of mucilage/gum powder add 1 ml 0.2 N Polysaccharide
No color observed in solution
iodine solution present
Enzyme test: Dissolve dried mucilage/gum powder in 20 ml
No blue color produced Enzyme absent
distilled water, add 0.5 ml of benzidine in alcohol.

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11
Table 2: Pharmaceutical applications of Gums, Mucilages and Pectin
Common name Botanical name Family Pharmaceutical applications
Binding, suspending agent and
Neem gum Azadiracta indica Meliaceae
transdermal film forming agent.
Binding, suspending and
Orange peel pectin Citrus aurantum Rutaceae
sustained release dosage form.
Banana peel mucilage Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Binding and suspending agent.
Emulsifying agent, sustained
Hibiscus mucilage Hibiscus esculentus
Malvaceae release agent and suspending
Linn
agent.
Cathartic, lubricant, demulcent,
Ispagol mucilage Plantago psyllium, laxative, sustaining
Plantaginaceae
Plantago ovata agent, binder, emulsifying and
suspending agent.
Binding agent and sustaining
Satavari mucilage Asparagus racemosus Aapocynaceae
agent in tablets.
Ocimum seed Ocimum gratissimum Suspending agent and binding
Labiatae
mucilage Linn agent.
Leucaena Emulsifying agent, suspending
Leucaena seed gum
leucocephata - agent, binder in tablets and
disintegrating agent in tablets.
Khaya gum Khaya grandifolia Meliaceae Binding agent and
Suspending agent.
Karaya gum Emulsifying agent,
Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae
sustaining agent in tablets and
bulk laxative
Fenugreek mucilage Trigonella foenum
Leguminoseae Gelling agent.
Cassia tora Cassia tora Linn Leguminosae Binding agent.
Cashew gum Anacardium
Anacardiaceae Suspending agent.
occidentale
Abelmoschus
Abelmoschus Binder in tablets and sustained
mucilage Malvaceae
esculentus release.
Albizia gum Albizia zygia Leguminoseae Tablet binder.

Tamarind seed Binding agent, emulsifier,

polysaccharide Tamarindus indica Leguminoseae suspending agent and sustaining
agent.

Bhara gum Terminalia bellerica roxb Combretaceae Microencapsulation.

Cordia gum Novel oral sustainedrelease
Cordia obliqua willed Boraginaecae
matrix forming agent in tablets.
Sustainedrelease and peptide
Hakea
Hakea gibbosa — mucoadhesive for buccal
delivery.
Mucuna gum Mucuna flagillepes Papillionaceae Microspheres.
Ophthalmic drug delivery,
Gellan gum sustaining agent,
Pseudomonas elodea —
beads, hydrogels, floating in-situ
gelling and controlled release.
Emulsifying agent, suspending
Leucaena seed gum Leucaena leucocephata Fabaceae agent, binder in tablets and
disintegrating agent in tablets.
Binding, sustaining and
Badam gum Prunus amygdalus Rosaceae
transdermal film forming agent.
Grewia gum Grewia mollis Malvaceae Suspending agent and binder.
Sesbania gum Sesbania grandiflora Leguminosae Gelling agent.
Hupu gum (gum kondagogu) Cochlospermum gossypium Cochlospermaceae Gastric floating drug delivery.
Katira gum Cochlospermum religiosum Bixaceae Colon drug delivery.
Malva nut gum Scaphium scaphigerum Sterculiaceae Stabilizer and thickening agent.
Welan gum Alcaligenes species Alcaligenaceae Thickening agent.

LIST OF GUMS AND MUCILAGES WAS (bark, leaves, root and fruit) serves a certain
USED IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL purpose. Neem gum contains mannose,
DOSAGE FORMS glucosamine, arabinose, galactose, fructose,
1. Neem Gum xylose and glucose. In a study Neem gum
Neem gum is obtained from the trees of used as a binder in pharmaceutical dosage
Azadirachta indica belongs to the family forms. A sustained release matrix tablets of
Meliaceae. Each and every part of the tree

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Nimesulide using the fruit mucilage of this study establish the fundamental
Azadirachta indica was studied.12-14 characteristics of mango gum. Gum of
mangifera indica (mango) as a tablet binder
2. Moringa Oleifera Gum employing paracetamol as a model drug,resin
Moringa oleifera is a small genus of quick of mangifera indica (mango) as a tablet
growing tree distributed in India. The stem of retardant polymer in the formulation
the tree exudates a gum which is initially white development of sustained release of drugs,
in colour but changes to reddish brownish employing diclofenac sodium as a model drug
black on exposure. It is sparingly soluble in was studied. Mouth dissolving tablets of
water but swells in contact with water giving a metformin hydrochloride was prepared using
18
highly viscous solution. It is a polyuronide mango gum powder as disintegrant.
constituting of arabinose, galactose and
glucoronic acid in the preparation of 6. Cordia Mucilage
10:7:2,rhamnose present in traces. In a study Cordia Mucilage is obtained from raw fruits of
potentials of moringa olifera gum as gelling Cordia Obliqua, willed family Boraginaceae.
agent , binder, release retardant in tablet The mucilaginous substance of the fruit used
formulations, and the effect of calcium sulpha as gum an expectorant and is effective in
dehydrate, lactose diluents on release of treating the disease of the lungs and the raw
propronolol hydrochloride. Another study was gum can be used beneficially in gonorrhoea.
made moringa gum used as a disintegrant.15 Efficacy of cordia obliqua fruit mucilage as
pharmaceutical excipient as tablet binder and
19
3. Bhara Gum emulsifier was studied.
Bhara Gum is a yellowish natural gum of plant
Terminalia bellerica belonging to family 7. Hibiscus Mucilage
Combretaceae. Bahara gum, extracted from Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn of the Malvaceae
the bark of Terminalia bellerica, is a waste family is also known as the shoe flower plant,
material. Main chemical constitutents are China rose, and Chinese hibiscus. Mucilage of
tannins which mainly include ß- sitosterol, Hibiscu rosasinensis contains L-rhamnose, D-
gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl galactose, D-galactouronic acid and D-
glucose and chebulaginic acid. A new glucuronic acid.20
sustained release microencapsulated drug
delivery system employing bhara gum has 8. Alginates
been proposed .The microcapsules were Alginates are natural polysaccharide polymers
formulated by ionic gelation technique using isolated from the brown sea weed
Famotidine as the model drug16. (Phaeophyceae). Alginic acid can be
converted into its salts, of which sodium
4. Hakea Gum alginate is the major form currently used.
Hakea gum a dried exudate from the plant Alginates offer various applications in drug de-
Hakea gibbosa family Proteaceae. Gum livery, such as in matrix type alginate gel
exudates from species have been shown to beads, in liposomes, in modulating
consist of L-arabinose and D-galactose linked gastrointestinal transit time, for local
as in gums that are acidic arabinogalactans. applications and to deliver the bio molecules in
21
Molar proportions (%) of sugar constituents tissue engineering applications.
Glucuronic acid, Galactose, Arabinose,
Mannose, Xylose is 12:43:32:5:8. The exuded 9. Tamarind gum
gum is only partly soluble in water. Hakea gum Tamarind gum is obtained from endosperm of
was investigated as a sustained release and seeds of the tamarind tree, which is a seed
mucoadhesive component in buccal tablets gum. Chemically tamarind kernel powder is
with drug chlorpheniramine maleate . These highly branched carbohydrate polymer. Its
results demonstrate that H. gibbosa, may not backbone consists of D-glucose units joined
only be used to sustain the release but can with (1-4) b-linkages similar to that of cellulose.
also act as bioadhesive polymer.17 It consists of a main chain of b-D- (1-4)-
galactopyranosyl unit with a side chain of
5. Mango Gum single xylopyranosyl unit attached to every
Mango gum is a dried gummy exudate second, third and fourth of D-glucopyranosyl
polysaccharide obtained from the bark of unit through a-D- (1-6) linkage. Tamarind
Mangifera indica, belongs to the family kernel powder disperses and hydrates quickly
Anacardiaceae. Physical, thermal, sorption in cold water but does not reach maximum
and functional properties of a mango gum viscosity unless it is heated for 20-30 mins.
were characterized. The results obtained in Tamarind gum was also evaluated in

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controlled release bioadhesive tablets. It was The genus Albizzia containing some twenty-six
showed that lactoferrin tablet prepared with species is a member of the Mimosaceae, a
tamarind gum showed longest residence time family which also includes the gum-bearing
in oral cavity as compared with xanthan gum genera Acacia and Prosopis. Only two species
and carboxymethyl cellulose but an unpleasant of Albizia, [Link] and A. sassa, are however,
taste gradually developed. known to produce gum. Albizia gum has been
It is used as potential polysaccharide having investigated as a possible substitute for gum
high drug holding capacity for sustained arabic as a natural emulsifier for food and
release of verapamil hydrochloride. The pharmaceuticals. These gums were tried as
release pattern was found to be comparable coating materials in compression-coated
with matrices of other polysaccharide polymers tablets, which degraded, by the colonic
such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose microflora, thereby releasing the drug25.
and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, as well as
the commercially available sustained release 13. Lepidium sativum
tablets (isoptin SR). It is also used as suitable In a different study a gel forming husk powder
polymer for sustained release formulations of obtained from Lepidium sativum seeds was
low drug loading. Sustained release behaviors used to prepare solid controlled release oral
of both water soluble (acetaminophen, unit dose pharmaceutical composition,
caffeine, theophylline and salicylic acid) and comprising one or more of therapeutic
water insoluble (indomethacin) drugs on agent/drug. The gel forming husk powder
tamarind seed polysaccharide was examined. obtained from Lepidium stivum seeds is
Studies showed that tamarind seed present in the range of 10 to 70 % of the total
polysaccharide could be used for controlled weight of dosage form, the cross-linking
release of both water-soluble and water enhancer selected from xanthan gum, karaya
insoluble drugs22. gum and the like in amounts of between 3 to
10 % by weight of the dosage form to give a
10. Tragacanth release profile between 4 to 20 hours. The
This gum is obtained from the branches of total excipients present are between 10 to 40
Astragalus gummifer, Family Leguminosae. % by weight of the total dosage form26.
Tragacanth when used as the carrier in the
formulation of 1 and 3 layer matrices produced CONCLUSION
satisfactory release prolongation either alone Now-a-days natural polymers play a very
or in combination with other polymers23. important role almost in all kind of
formulations. The pharmaceutical scientists
11. Honey locust gum have achieved a great success in developing
It is known botanically as Gleditsia triacanthos, the most therapeutic systems with suitable
and belongsto the order Leguminosea natural polymers. The use of natural gums for
(suborder Mimoseae). The gum is obtained pharmaceutical applications is attractive
from the seeds of the plant. The seed contains because they are economical, readily
proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fibers. Honey available, non-toxic, and capable of chemical
locust gum (HLG) was used to produce matrix modifications, potentially biodegradable and
tablets at different concentrations (5% and with few exceptions, also biocompatible. They
10%) by wet granulation method Theophylline have a major role to play in pharmaceutical
was chosen as a model drug. The matrix industry. Therefore, in the years to come, there
tablets containing hydroxyethylcellulose and is going to be continued interest in the natural
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as sustaining excipients to have better materials for drug
polymers at the same concentrations were delivery systems.
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