Topic X Integration

7
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Apply the rules of integration to solve integration problems;
2. Calculate the indefinite integrals; and
3. Apply the substitution technique for a complex problem.

X INTRODUCTION
Calculus is divided into two broad areas-differential calculus, which was
discussed in the previous topic, and integral calculus which will be discussed in
this topic. Derivative is a rate of change of a function with respect to an
independent variable. Therefore, if given a derivative of a function, then the
function itself can be determined. The process of obtaining the original function
is an inverse process of differentiation, known as integration. Geometrically, a
definite integral refers to the area under a curve.

7.1 ANTI-DERIVATIVES

ACTIVITY 7.1
An inverse of differentiation is integration. Is there a mathematical process
which does not have an inverse?
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 121

d
If F x f x then the integration of a function f (x) is F (x), because of their
dx
inverse relationship.

The notation for integration:

³f x dx F x c

where

³ : Integral sign c : The constant of integral

f (x) : Integrand F'(x) : Anti-derivative
dx : With respect to variable x F'(x) = f(x)

Consider the following derivatives:

d 2 d 2 d 2
1. x 2x 2. x 4 2x 3. x  100 2x
dx dx dx

Therefore, 2x is not the only derivative of x 2 , but also a derivative of x 2  4

and x 2  100 . Thus, having an arbitrary number c representing all the different
numbers, x 2  c is the anti-derivative of 2x and is written as ³ 2 x dx x 2  c.
Integration of a function f (x) is therefore F (x) + c and the process of finding
F ( x) is called integration.

The following rules are derived from reversing the process and can be applied
to solve integration problems.

Integration Rules

1. ³ k dx kx  c, k is a constant.
x n 1
³ x dx  c , n z 1 .
n
2.
n 1
Special case ( when n = 1 )
1
³ x dx ³ x dx ln x  c
1

3. ³ k f ( x) dx k ³ f ( x) dx , k is a constant.
122 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

4. ³ f ( x )  g ( x ) dx ³ f ( x) dx  ³ g ( x) dx
5. ³ f ( x )  g ( x ) dx ³ f ( x) dx  ³ g ( x) dx
6. ³e ex  c
x
dx

ek x
³ e dx c
kx

7. k , k is a constant.

Example 1: Applying Rule 1

(a) ³1dx = xc

(b) ³ 5dx = 5 x  c
(c) ³100 dx = 100 x  c
(d) ³ S dx Sxc

(e) ³ e dx ex  c

Example 2: Applying Rule 2

x2
³ x dx ³ x dx
1
(a) c
2
x 31 x4
³ x dx
3
(b) c c
3 1 4
3
1 x 2 2 32
(c) ³ x dx ³ x 2 dx 3 3
x c
2
1 x 2 1
³ x3 dx ³ x dx
3
(d) c c
2 2 x 2
1
(e) ³ x dx ln x  c
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 123

Example 3: Applying Rule 3, 4 and 5

³ 3x dx 3³ x dx (Take the constant out as stated in Rule 3)

3 3
(a)

x 31 x4
3 c 3 c
3 1 4

1 1 1 1
(b) ³ 5 xdx 5³ x
dx
5
ln x  c (Take the constant out as stated in Rule 3)

³ 3x 3  1 dx ³ 3x dx  ³1dx
3
(c) (Applying Rule 4)

3 4
x  xc
4

³ 2 x 5  x 2 dx ³ 2 x dx  ³ x dx
5 2
(d) (Applying Rule 5)

2 6 1 3 1 6 1 3
x  x c x  x c
6 3 3 3

(e) ³ 2 x  x x  1 dx

³ 2 x 2  x  1 dx (Expand first as there is no rule for product integration)

= ³ 2 x 2 dx  ³ x dx  ³ 1dx (Expand using Rule 3 and 4)

x3 x 2
2   x  c (Integrate one at a time)
3 2

(e) ³ x x 2  1 dx
1
§ 52 1
·
³ ³ ¨©
2
x 2
x  1 dx = x  x 2
¸ (dx Expand first)
¹
5 1

³ x 2 dx  ³ x 2 dx
5 1
1 1
x2 x2
  c (Integrate one at a time)
5 1
1 1
2 2
124 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

7 3 7 3
x2 x2 2x 2 2x 2
 c  c
7 3 7 3
2 2

x4  x2
(f) ³ x 4 dx
1
³1  x 2
dx (Simplify the expression, as there is no rule for division integration)

= ³ 1dx  ³ x 2 dx (Need to be expressed in the form of F n )

x 2 1
x c
2  1
x 1 1
x c x c
1 x

Example 4: Applying Rule 6 and 7

x
(a) ³ e dx ex  c

2x e2 x
(b) ³ e dx 2
c

100 x e100 x
(c) ³e dx
100
c

x
x e 2 x
³e
2
(d) dx c 2e 2
c
1
2
2 4 x 4e2 4 x
(e) ³ 4e dx
4
c e 2  4 x  c
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 125

EXERCISE 7.1
Integrate each of the following:

1. ³ S dx 2. ³ e dx
³ 8 p dx ³ ex dx
3 2
3. 4.
§ 3 1
·
5. ³ u 3  3u 2 du 6. ³© ¨ x  x  3 x 4
 x 2 ¸ dx
¹
5 2
§ x  2x  1 ·
³ x 1 x ³ ¨© x4 ¸¹ dx
3
7. dx 8.

³e ³e
0.07 t 3s  4
9. dt 10. ds
1  x2 2 x §4 x ·
³ ³ ¨© x  4  e
x
11. 3
dx 12. ¸ dx
x ¹

7.2 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Suppose f (x) is a function which is defined between interval [a, b]

and F (x) is the anti-differentiation for f (x). The definite integrals for f
(x) between interval [a, b] is given by:

b b
³
a
f x dx ¬ª F x ¼º a F b F a

where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit of the integration.

Example 1:

³1 x
3 3
dx

Solution :
3
3 ª x4 º ª 34 14 º
³
3
x dx « » «  »
1
¬ 4 ¼1 ¬4 4¼
ª 81 1 º 80
« 4  4» 4
20
¬ ¼
126 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

Example 2:
1
³ 0
e 2 x dx

Solution:
1
1 ª e2 x º e2 1 e2 0
³
2x
e dx « » 
0
¬ 2 ¼0 2 2
e 2 e0 e2 1
 
2 2 2 2

Example 3:
e 1
³ 1 x
dx

Solution:

>ln x @1
e
ln e  ln1 1  0 1

RULES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Suppose ³ f dx and ³ g dx are defined between interval (a, b), where

a, b and c are constants. Hence,
b b
1. ³a
cf x dx c ³ f x dx
a

b b b
2. ³a
f x  g x dx ³a
f x dx  ³ f x dx; and
a

b b b
3. ³a
f x  g x dx ³a
f x dx  ³ f x dx
a

Example 4:
3
³ 1
3x3 dx
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 127

Solution:
3
3 ª x4 º § 34 1 · § 81 1 ·
³1
3
3 x dx 3 « » 3 ¨  ¸ 3¨  ¸
¬ 4 ¼1 © 4 4¹ © 4 4¹
§ 80 ·
3 ¨ ¸ 3 20 60
© 4 ¹

Example 5:

e §1 ·
³ 1 ¨  2 x ¸ dx
©x ¹

Solution :

e §1 · e 1 e
³ 1 ¨  2 x ¸ dx
©x ¹
³ 1 x
dx  ³ 2 x dx
1

>ln x @1  ª¬ x 2 º¼1
e e

>ln e  ln1@  ¬ªe2  1¼º

>1  0@  ª¬e2  1º¼
2  e2

ACTIVITY 7.3

What is the term given to the values of a and b for the interval [a, b]?

EXERCISE 7.2
Find the values of the following integrations:
3 2
1. ³ 2
x3 dx 2. ³ 1
x 1  x 3 dx
2 2 ª1 2 4 º
3. ³ 1
(t 2  2t  8)dt 4. ³ 1 « x 3  x 2  x » dx
¬ ¼
9 4
5. ³ ª 2 y y ºdy 6. ³ e5 dx
4 ¬ ¼ 1

8ª4º 4 ª x  1º
7. ³ 1 « y»
¬ ¼
dy 8. ³ 1 «
¬ x ¼
»dx
128 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

7.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Integration by substitution is one of the techniques used to integrate more
complex functions. It will change the basic variable (usually x) to another
variable (usually u). The relationship between these two variables must be
specified. Once there is changing of the variable, the integration will be easier to
handle.

Example 1:

³ 2x x 2  1 dx

Solution:
Step 1: Identify u and du,
u = g(x), u is assumed without power. Therefore, u = x2 + 1 and hence,
du = 2x dx.

Step 2: Substitute the integration from x to u.

1 1 1

³ 2 x x  1 2 dx ³ ³ u 2 du
2
x 2  1 2 2 x dx

Step 3: Integrate with respect to u.

1
2 32
³ u 2 du 3
u c

Step 4: Substitute back to x.

3
2 2
x 1 2 c
3

Example 2:
x
³ x2  3
dx

Solution:
Step 1: Identify u and du,
1
u x2  3 du 2 x dx ? x dx du
2
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 129

Step 2: Substitute the integration from x to u.

1
du
x 2 1  12
³ x 3 2
dx ³ 1
2³
u du
2
u

1  12
2³
Step 3: Integrate u du with respect to u.

§ 1 ·
1 ¨ u2 ¸ 1

¨ ¸  c u2  c
2¨ 1 ¸
© 2 ¹

Step 4: Substitute back to x.

1
x3  3 2 c

Example 3:
ln x
³ x
dx

Solution:
dx
Step 1: Identify u and du, u ln x, du
x

Step 2: Substitute the integration from x to u.

dx
³ ln x x ³ u du
Step 3: Integrate with respect to u.

u2
c
2

Step 4: Substitute back the u to x.

2
ln x
c
2
130 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

Example 4:
x
³x 2
1
dx

Solution:
Step 1: Identify u and du.
du
u x2  1 du 2 x dx ? x dx
2

Step 2: Substitute the integration from x to u.

du
1 du
³ u2
x x dx
³ x2  1 dx ³ x2  1 2³ u

Step 3: Integrate with respect to u.

1
ln u  c
2

Step 4: Substitute back the u to x.

1
ln x 2  1  c
2

ACTIVITY 7.4

1. What do you think needs to be done in order to be an expert in

recognising the u and du?
2. Visit: [Link] for more
examples on integration by substitution.
 TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION W 131

EXERCISE 7.3
Integrate the following:
3x
1. ³ t 3  2 t 4  8t  2 dx 2. ³ 4x2  5
dx

x2  x
³e e x  2 dx ³
x
3. 4. 4
dx
4  3x 2  2 x3
s x 1
5. ³ 3
1  2s 2
ds 6. ³x 2
 2x  1
dx

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

x
1. ³ x
dx

3
x2 2 2 2 12 3 32
A. 3
c B. x c C. x c D. x c
x 2 3 3 2

3
2. ³e 5x
dx

5 3 3 4
A.  e 5 x  c B.  e 5 x 1  c C.  e 5 x  c D.  e 5 x  c
3 5x  1 5 5

3x 2
3. ³ ( x3  8)2 dx

1 x3 1 x3
A.  c B.  c C.  c D.  c
8  x3 (8  x3 )3 8  x3 3(8  x3 )3

³ 3x
2
4. ( x 3  5) 20 dx

( x 3  5) 21 x3 ( x3  5) 21
A. c B. c
21 21
( x 3  5) 21 x 3 ( x 4  5) 21
C. c D. c
63 21
132 X TOPIC 7 INTEGRATION

3
1
5. ³ 6 x  3dx
1

1 1 1 1
A. B. In 6 C.  D. ln 6
15 15 2 6

x Integration may be applied to determine a function given by its rate of

change.
x Basic integration rules include the following:
(i) ³ k dx kx  c, k is a constant.

x n 1
³ x dx  c , n z 1 .
n
(ii)
n 1
A special case when n = 1 is as follows:
1
³x ³ x dx
1
dx ln x  c

(iii) ³k f ( x) dx k ³ f ( x) dx , k is a constant.
(iv) ³ f ( x)  g ( x) dx ³ f ( x) dx  ³ g ( x) dx
(v) ³ f ( x)  g ( x) dx ³ f ( x) dx  ³ g ( x) dx
³e ex  c
x
(vi) dx

ek x
³ e dx  c , k is a constant.
kx
(vii)
k
x Integration by substitution is one of the techniques used to integrate more
complex functions.

Indefinite integrals Integration by substitution