II PUC BIOLOGY — CHAPTER 7
HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
Karnataka Board — Complete Answer Key (Previous Year Questions)
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Name the causative agent of Elephantiasis.
Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm)
2. What is an allergy?
An exaggerated/hypersensitive immune response of the body to certain antigens (allergens) present in the
environment.
3. What are benign tumors?
Tumors that remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Name the cells involved in cell mediated specific immunity.
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
5. Name a causative organism of pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
6. Name the plant from which cocaine is obtained.
Erythroxylum coca
7. Name the enzyme by which the HIV genome replicates in the host cell.
Reverse transcriptase
8. Name the disease diagnosed by Widal test.
Typhoid fever
9. What are interferons?
Antiviral proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
10. Name the causative agent of Elephantiasis.
Wuchereria bancrofti
11. From which plant Morphine is extracted?
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)
12. Name the type of antibodies produced during allergy.
IgE
13. Write the name of the toxic substance responsible for the fever and chill in Malaria.
Hemozoin (toxic glycolipid released when RBCs rupture)
14. Name the disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Causes respiratory infections such as pneumonia / meningitis
15. Mention the type of antibody present in the colostrum.
IgA
16. Write the infectious forms of plasmodium which enter human body through mosquito bite.
Sporozoites
17. Mention the role of alpha interferon in treatment of cancer.
It activates the immune system and helps limit the proliferation of cancer cells.
18. Name the plant from which cocaine is obtained.
Erythroxylum coca
19. Write the scientific name of the plant from which coca alkaloid is obtained.
Erythroxylum coca
20. Write an example for autoimmune disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis
21. Cancer patients are given substances called α-interferon, why?
It boosts the immune system's ability to attack tumour cells and limits cancer cell proliferation.
22. From which plant cocaine is obtained.
Erythroxylum coca
23. The disease Chikungunya is transmitted by:
(b) Aedes Mosquitoes
24. Elephantiasis is caused by:
(b) Filarial worm
10 (M-2024). Large group of Lymphoid tissue in respiratory, digestive and urogenital tract are
collectively called:
(a) MALT (Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
2 MARK QUESTIONS
25. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Body produces its own antibodies Ready-made antibodies given from outside
Slow response, long-lasting Quick response, short-lived
Induced by vaccination/infection Given via injection of antiserum/antibodies
26. Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of antibody.
An antibody (immunoglobulin) is Y-shaped, composed of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains joined by
disulfide bonds.
It has a variable region (antigen-binding site) at the tips and a constant region forming the base.
(Draw the Y-shaped structure showing 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, disulfide bonds, variable and
constant regions.)
27. Distinguish between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour.
Benign Tumour Malignant Tumour
Slow growing, localized Fast growing, invasive
Does not spread (no metastasis) Spreads to other parts (metastasis)
28. Draw a neat labelled diagram of antibody molecule.
Same Y-shaped structure as Q26 — 2 heavy chains + 2 light chains.
29. What is innate immunity? Mention the two types of barriers.
Innate immunity is non-specific defense present in the body from birth.
Two types of barriers: Physical barriers (skin, mucus membranes) and Physiological barriers (stomach
acid, saliva, tears containing lysozyme).
30. Draw a neat labelled diagram of structure of an antibody.
Same as Q26/Q28 — Y-shaped antibody structure.
31. What is an allergy? Name the two chemicals released by mast cells during allergy.
Allergy is an exaggerated immune response to allergens.
Chemicals released by mast cells: Histamine and Serotonin
32. Mention two examples for primary lymphoid organs.
Bone marrow and Thymus
25 (M-2024). Name the two chemicals secreted by Mast cells during allergic reactions in the body.
Histamine and Serotonin
3 MARK QUESTIONS
33. Briefly explain any three prevention and control measures of drug or alcohol abuse.
• Avoid undue peer pressure; seek support from family and friends.
• Education and counselling about the ill effects of drugs/alcohol from an early age.
• Avoid the company of drug-using friends; seek help from parents/teachers when needed.
• Watch for danger signs (loss of interest, withdrawal, aggression, changes in mood) and seek
professional/medical help.
34. Name any three types of natural barriers with an example each.
• Physical barriers – skin, mucus membrane
• Physiological barriers – stomach acid, saliva, tears
• Cellular barriers – neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, macrophages
35. Mention three types of innate barriers of defence with an example each.
• Physical barriers: Skin, mucus membranes of respiratory/GI/urogenital tracts
• Physiological barriers: Stomach acid, saliva, tears
• Cellular barriers: WBCs (neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages) that phagocytose pathogens
36. What is contact inhibition? Mention the types of tumours.
Contact inhibition: Property of normal cells where they stop dividing once they come in contact with other
cells, preventing overgrowth. Cancer cells lose this property.
Types of tumours: Benign and Malignant
37. Mention any three characteristics of cancer cell.
• Loss of contact inhibition
• Uncontrolled, rapid cell division
• Ability to metastasize (spread to other parts of the body via blood/lymph)
38. Name the pathogen, vector and symptoms of malaria.
Pathogen: Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. falciparum, etc.)
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito
Symptoms: High fever with chills and rigor occurring in cycles (every 3–4 days), caused by the rupture of
RBCs releasing a toxic substance (hemozoin).
39. Mention the types of carcinogen with an example for each.
• Physical carcinogens: UV rays, X-rays / ionizing radiation
• Chemical carcinogens: Tobacco smoke, asbestos
• Biological carcinogens: Oncogenic viruses (e.g., HPV, Hepatitis B virus)
40. a) Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. b) Define allergy.
a) (Same table as Q25)
b) Allergy is an exaggerated immune response of the body to certain allergens present in the environment.
41. Sketch the diagram representing the replication of Retro virus in animal cell.
HIV enters → attaches to receptor on host cell (macrophage/T-helper cell) → releases reverse
transcriptase → viral RNA is converted to viral DNA → viral DNA incorporates into host DNA → directs
formation of new viral RNA → assembles into new virus particles → released by budding from host cell.
42. What is biopsy test? Mention any two techniques of cancer detection.
Biopsy: A small piece of suspected tissue is surgically removed and examined under a microscope to
check for cancer cells.
Detection techniques: Biopsy & histopathological study of tissue; Radiography (X-rays), CT scan, MRI;
blood and bone marrow tests for blood cancers.
43. What are carcinogens? Mention two groups of carcinogens with one example each.
Carcinogens: Agents responsible for causing cancer.
• Physical carcinogens (e.g., UV radiation)
• Chemical carcinogens (e.g., tobacco smoke)
44. Name the diseases caused by the following organism:
a) Rhino virus → Common cold
b) Wuchereria bancrofti → Elephantiasis (Filariasis)
c) Haemophilus influenzae → Pneumonia / Meningitis
45. Mention the common approaches for the treatment of cancer.
• Surgery (removal of tumour)
• Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy (e.g., using α-interferons to boost the immune system)
46. What is allergy? Name two drugs used to reduce the symptoms of allergy.
Allergy is an exaggerated immune response to allergens.
Drugs: Antihistamines, bronchodilators (corticosteroids and adrenaline also used in severe cases).
47. a) Write the infectious forms of Plasmodium which enter human body through mosquito bite.
(1) b) Draw a neat labelled diagram of structure of an antibody molecule. (2)
a) Sporozoites
b) Y-shaped structure with 2 heavy chains + 2 light chains (as in Q26).
5 MARK QUESTIONS
48. Write the diagrammatic representation of life cycle of HIV.
1. HIV enters the body through body fluids (blood, semen).
2. The virus attacks macrophages and replicates within them.
3. It enters helper T-lymphocytes (T4 cells); reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into viral DNA.
4. Viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and directs formation of viral RNA.
5. RNA is translated to produce viral proteins, and new virus particles assemble.
6. New viruses bud out of the cell, progressively decreasing T-helper cell count, eventually leading to
AIDS.
49. Name the disease caused by following organisms:
a) Rhinovirus → Common cold
b) Epidermophyton → Ringworm
c) Salmonella typhi → Typhoid
d) Wuchereria malayi → Elephantiasis (Filariasis)
e) Plasmodium vivax → Malaria
50. a) Define immunity and name two different types of immunity. b) Draw a neat labeled diagram
of structure of an antibody molecule.
a) Immunity: The overall ability of the body to fight off disease-causing organisms/foreign substances.
Types: Innate immunity (non-specific, present from birth) and Acquired immunity (specific, develops after
exposure to a pathogen/antigen).
b) Y-shaped antibody structure with 2 heavy chains + 2 light chains joined by disulfide bonds.
51. a) Mention four types of Innate barriers of defense with an example each. [4+1] b) Define
allergy.
a) • Physical barriers: Skin, mucus membranes
• Physiological barriers: Stomach acid, saliva, tears
• Cellular barriers: Neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages (phagocytosis)
• Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete interferons that protect non-infected cells
b) Allergy is an exaggerated immune response of the body to environmental allergens.
52. Sketch the diagram representing the replication of Retrovirus.
Same as Q41 above — HIV replication cycle.
53. a) Distinguish between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. b) Mention any two physical
carcinogens. c) What is active immunity?
a) (Same table as Q27)
b) UV radiation, X-rays (ionizing radiation)
c) Active immunity: Immunity developed by the body itself in response to an antigen
(infection/vaccination), providing long-lasting protection.
54. Name the disease caused by following organisms:
a) Entamoeba histolytica → Amoebiasis (dysentery)
b) Epidermophyton → Ringworm
c) Salmonella typhi → Typhoid
d) Wuchereria malayi → Elephantiasis (Filariasis)
e) Plasmodium vivax → Malaria
39 (M-2024). Write the scientific name of the organism responsible to cause following diseases.
a) Typhoid → Salmonella typhi
b) Pneumonia → Streptococcus pneumoniae
c) Common cold → Rhinovirus
d) Malaria → Plasmodium (vivax/falciparum)
e) Amoebiasis → Entamoeba histolytica
47. With the help of schematic representation illustrate how an infected animal cell can survive
while viruses are being replicated and released.
In a retrovirus infection, the host cell is not immediately destroyed. The viral genetic material (DNA, after
reverse transcription) integrates into the host genome.
Using the host cell's own machinery, viral proteins and RNA are continuously produced.
New virus particles are assembled and bud off from the cell membrane (taking a bit of host membrane
with them) rather than bursting (lysing) the cell.
This allows the host cell to survive for a while and keep producing more virus particles continuously —
which is what makes retroviruses like HIV particularly persistent.
End of Chapter 7 Answer Key — II PUC Biology, Human Health and Diseases