Laboratory Normal Reference Ranges
Clinical Quick-Reference | Adult Patients | Values may vary slightly by laboratory
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Haemoglobin (Male) 13.5 – 17.5 g/dL
Haemoglobin (Female) 12.0 – 15.5 g/dL
RBC Count (Male) 4.5 – 5.9 × 10■/µL
RBC Count (Female) 4.0 – 5.2 × 10■/µL
WBC (Total Leucocyte Ct.) 4,000 – 11,000 cells/µL
Neutrophils 50 – 70 %
Lymphocytes 20 – 40 %
Monocytes 2–8 %
Eosinophils 1–4 %
Basophils 0–1 %
Platelets 1,50,000 – 4,00,000 cells/µL
Haematocrit / PCV (Male) 41 – 53 %
Haematocrit / PCV (Female) 36 – 46 %
MCV 80 – 100 fL
MCH 27 – 33 pg
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dL
RDW 11.5 – 14.5 %
ESR (Male) 0 – 15 mm/hr (Westergren)
ESR (Female) 0 – 20 mm/hr (Westergren)
2. Liver Function Test (LFT)
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Total Bilirubin 0.2 – 1.2 mg/dL
Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin 0.0 – 0.4 mg/dL
Indirect Bilirubin 0.2 – 0.8 mg/dL
SGPT / ALT 7 – 56 U/L
SGOT / AST 10 – 40 U/L
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 44 – 147 U/L
GGT (Male) 8 – 61 U/L
GGT (Female) 5 – 36 U/L
Total Protein 6.0 – 8.3 g/dL
Albumin 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL
Globulin 2.0 – 3.5 g/dL
A : G Ratio 1.0 – 2.0 ratio
Prothrombin Time (PT) 11 – 13 seconds
INR 0.8 – 1.2 (therapeutic 2–3)
3. Renal Function Test (RFT)
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 7 – 20 mg/dL
Serum Urea 15 – 40 mg/dL
Serum Creatinine (Male) 0.7 – 1.3 mg/dL
Serum Creatinine (Female) 0.5 – 1.1 mg/dL
eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m² (normal)
Uric Acid (Male) 3.5 – 7.2 mg/dL
Uric Acid (Female) 2.6 – 6.0 mg/dL
Serum Sodium (Na■) 136 – 145 mEq/L
Serum Potassium (K■) 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
Serum Chloride (Cl■) 98 – 106 mEq/L
Serum Bicarbonate (HCO■■) 22 – 29 mEq/L
Serum Calcium 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL
Serum Phosphorus 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL
Serum Magnesium 1.7 – 2.2 mg/dL
4. Lipid Profile
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Total Cholesterol < 200 mg/dL (desirable)
Total Cholesterol 200 – 239 mg/dL (borderline high)
LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL (optimal)
LDL Cholesterol 100 – 129 mg/dL (near optimal)
HDL Cholesterol (Male) > 40 mg/dL (low risk > 60)
HDL Cholesterol (Female) > 50 mg/dL (low risk > 60)
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL (normal)
Triglycerides 150 – 199 mg/dL (borderline high)
VLDL Cholesterol 5 – 40 mg/dL
Total Chol : HDL Ratio < 5.0 (ideal < 3.5)
Non-HDL Cholesterol < 130 mg/dL (optimal)
5. Complete Urine Examination (CUE)
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Colour Pale yellow – amber —
Appearance Clear / slightly turbid —
pH 4.5 – 8.0 —
Specific Gravity 1.003 – 1.030 —
Protein Absent / Trace < 150 mg/24 hr
Glucose Absent —
Ketones Absent —
Bilirubin Absent —
Urobilinogen 0.1 – 1.0 Ehrlich Units/dL
Blood / Hb Absent —
Nitrites Negative —
Leucocyte Esterase Negative —
RBCs (microscopy) 0–2 /HPF
WBCs (microscopy) 0–5 /HPF
Epithelial Cells Occasional /HPF
Casts Occasional hyaline /LPF
Crystals Absent (or occasional) —
Bacteria Absent —
6. Random Blood Sugar & HbA1c
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) < 140 mg/dL (normal)
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) 140 – 199 mg/dL (pre-diabetes range)
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) ≥ 200 mg/dL (diabetic range, with sx)
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) 70 – 99 mg/dL (normal)
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) 100 – 125 mg/dL (pre-diabetes)
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 126 mg/dL (diabetic, confirmed x2)
Post-Prandial (PP / 2 hr) < 140 mg/dL (normal)
HbA1c < 5.7 % Normal
HbA1c 5.7 – 6.4 % Pre-diabetes
HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % Diabetes (ADA criteria)
HbA1c (target, diabetic) < 7.0 % ADA therapeutic goal
* RBS ≥ 200 mg/dL with classic symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss) is diagnostic of DM without confirmatory repeat.
* HbA1c reflects average blood glucose over the past 2–3 months.
7. Coagulation Studies – PT & APTT
Parameter Normal Range Units / Notes
Prothrombin Time (PT) 11 – 13 seconds
INR (non-anticoagulated) 0.8 – 1.2 ratio
INR (warfarin therapy – AF/DVT) 2.0 – 3.0 ratio (therapeutic)
INR (mechanical heart valve) 2.5 – 3.5 ratio (therapeutic)
APTT / aPTT 25 – 35 seconds
APTT (therapeutic heparin) 60 – 100 seconds (1.5–2.5× control)
Thrombin Time (TT) 14 – 19 seconds
Fibrinogen 200 – 400 mg/dL
D-Dimer < 0.50 µg/mL FEU (< 500 ng/mL)
Bleeding Time (Ivy) 2–7 minutes
Clotting Time (Lee-White) 5 – 15 minutes
* PT/INR evaluates the extrinsic pathway (Factors I, II, V, VII, X).
* APTT evaluates the intrinsic pathway (Factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII).
* Reference intervals vary between laboratories; always compare with the lab's own control value.
This reference chart is intended for educational and clinical guidance purposes only. Values may differ between laboratories, age groups, and assay methods.
Always correlate with clinical findings and institutional reference intervals.