Computer Networks
Signal Encoding Techniques (Digital to Digital)
Amitangshu Pal
Computer Science and Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Analog Signal
Analog Signal
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
Digital Signal
Signal Encoding Techniques
Digital Data → Digital Signals
Digital Data → Digital Signals
Evaluation Criterias of Encoding Techniques
❑Signal spectrum, DC component and bandwidth
❑ No DC component is desirable
❑ Encoding with less bandwidth is preferable
❑Clocking
❑ Transmitted signal can be used by the receiver for synchronizing
❑Error detection
❑ Encoding scheme can have some inbuilt error detection mechanism
NRZ-L
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2(πfTb)
0 = High level
1 = Low level
• Problems:
• Lack of clock recovery during long string of 0 or 1s
• Has d.c. component
NRZ-I
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2(πfTb)
1 = change of signal level (on-off or off-on)
0 = no change of signal level
• Fixes clocking problem for long string of 1 bits
• Problems:
• Lack of clock recovery during long string of 0 bits
• Has d.c. component
Performance of Encoding Schemes
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2(πfTb)
Bipolar-AMI
Uses 3 signal levels: +V, 0, -V PSD(f) = A Tbsinc (πfTb)sin (πfTb)
2 2 2
0 = no signal (0 voltage)
1 = alternating +V and -V
• No d.c. component (alternating +V and -V)
• Can detect some bit errors (consecutive +V or -V)
• Problems:
• Loss of synchronization during long string of 0 bits
• Inefficient usage: 3 signal levels is used to represent 2
bits
Pseudoternary
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2(πfTb)sin2(πfTb)
Same as Bipolar-AMI except reverses signaling:
1 = no signal (0 voltage)
0 = alternating +V and -V
Performance of Encoding Schemes
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2(πfTb)sin2(πfTb)
Manchester Encoding
Always transition in middle of bit period:
0 = high-to-low transition πfTb πfTb
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2 sin2
1 = low-to-high transition 2 2
Transition at beginning of bit period when necessary
• Good clock recovery, error detection capability, no d.c.
component
• Bandwidth requirement is higher
Differential Manchester Encoding
πfTb πfTb
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2 sin 2
2 2
0 = transition at beginning of bit period (low-to-high or high-
to-low, depending on previous output level)
1 = no transition at beginning of bit period
• Similar properties as Manchester encoding
• Bandwidth requirement is higher
Performance of Encoding Schemes
πfTb πfTb
PSD(f) = A2Tbsinc2 sin2
2 2
B8ZS
❑Based on Bipolar-AMI
❑8 consecutive 0s are encoded as:
• If the last voltage pulse preceding this octet was + → encode as 000+-0-+
• If the last voltage pulse preceding this octet was - → encode as 000-+0+-
HDB3
❑Based on Bipolar-AMI
Advantages B8ZS and HDB3
• No d.c. component
• Fixes clocking problem for long string of both 0 and1s
• Error detection capability
Comparison of Encoding Schemes
Unipolar vs Polar Encoding
❑Polar
• One logic state represented by positive voltage and the other by negative voltage
❑Unipolar
• All signal elements have the same sign
Summary
❑Signal encoding techniques (Digital data → Digital signals):
• Different encoding techniques discussed
• NRZ-L and NRZ-I
• Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary
• Manchester and Differential Manchester
• B8ZS and HDB3
• Comparison of the encoding schemes