MIDTERM EXAM STUDY REVIEWER

Science, Technology, and Society

Chapters 3, 4, and 5

Covering: Science, Technology & Nation-Building | Impact of S&T in Human Development | Traditional
and Modern Good Life
CHAPTER 3: Science, Technology, and Nation-Building

I. Key Concepts and Definitions

Indigenous Science – The scientific knowledge and practices developed and used by indigenous
peoples. It includes multi-dimensional processes to acquire knowledge guiding human societies in their
interactions with natural phenomena, agriculture, medicine, and the environment.
Indigenous Knowledge System – A broader system encompassing indigenous science; practiced by
different groups during ancient civilization. In 1999, UNESCO recognized indigenous science as a
historical and valuable contribution to science and technology.

II. Pre-Colonial Period

Before Spanish colonization, early Filipino settlers already had:
• Inventions and tools for agriculture, fishing, and domestication of animals
• Rice Terraces of Cordillera – the most complicated engineering feat by indigenous
communities
• Trade relations with China dating back to the 10th Century (documented by historian Henry
Funtecha)
• Gender equality – women owned property, led territories, and had equal professional
opportunities
• 134 tribal communities and 135 languages that existed before modern colonization
• Diverse professions: hunting, fishing, mining, seafaring, weapon-making, weaving, textile-
making
• Islam as the major religion – introduced through trade around the 14th Century
• Sultanate of Sulu, Rajah's, and Datu's — governance systems before Magellan's arrival in
1521
• Rajah Sulayman of Manila and Datu Lapulapu of Cebu — greatest warriors against foreign
invasion
• Tausug Muslims — first group to resist foreign invasion; associated with Datu Lapulapu

III. Colonial Period

Spanish Period
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos — named the Philippines after King Philip II in 1543 (Dominican
Priest and Spanish explorer)
• discovered the Philippines in 1521
• Galleon Trade — brought new tools, crops, technology, and Western cultural practices
• modern construction of walls, roads, bridges; established schools; formal introduction
of S&T
• superstitious beliefs + Catholic doctrines halted the growth of science
American Period
• public educational system, Bureau of Science, University of the Philippines
• engineering works, public health hospitals, transportation, communication systems
• science as a formal subject in public and private schools
• mineral resources were explored and exploited

World War II Impact

• Caused massive damage to the Philippines; destabilized development
• Many Filipinos died; rebuilding was extremely difficult after the war

IV. Post-Colonial Period

• July 4, 1946
• ODA (Overseas Development Allocation) from the US and other countries
• Ferdinand E. Marcos — established PAGASA, NAST, and DOST; believed S&T is key to
nation-building

V. Key Agencies
Acronym Full Name
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
NAST National Academy of Science and Technology
DOST Department of Science and Technology
ODA Overseas Development Allocation
UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization
CHAPTER 4: Impact of Science & Technology in Human
Development and Technological Progress

I. Human Flourishing
Human Flourishing – An effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger
community, as a man of the world.
Martin Heidegger (German philosopher) – Stated that technology is a human activity resulting from
the achievement of science. Described modern technology as the age of switches, standing reserve,
and stockpiling for its own sake.
Aristotle – Human flourishing arises from components such as friendship, wealth, and power. Also said
technology means 'the making or producing something for a purpose.'
Nathan Sanders – Defined a modern man as well-rounded, skilled, adaptable, grounded, and a meek
servant leader who exercises body, mind, and spirit for others.

II. Science & Technology and its Impact in Modernity

Positive impacts:
• Abundant food, clean water, cured diseases
• Labour efficiency and easier communication
• Expanded knowledge of natural world and heavenly bodies
• Longer, healthier, and more productive lives

Negative/Unintended consequences:
• Technology displaced labour force from meaningful work
• Treating the human body as an object
• Instant communication created distance between people nearby
• Undermined family stability and community ties

III. Philosophy of Technology

Philosophy of Technology – Posits that technology is neutral; it has no preference between possible
uses. It is value-free, purely instrumental — a means serving subjective human goals.
Two Definitions of Technology (Heidegger): 1) A means to an end; 2) A human activity. He urged
people to envision technology as a mode of 'revealing' truth.
Calculative Thinking – Orders and puts a system to nature to understand and control it. Associated
with scientific/technical reasoning.
Meditative Thinking – Lets nature reveal itself to humans without forcing it; keeps humans rooted in
their core values.

IV. Socio-Economic Perspectives

• September 2000; targets 8 major concerns:
 • 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• 2) Achieve universal primary education
• 3) Promote gender equality and empower women
• 4) Reduce child mortality
• 5) Improve maternal health
• 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• 7) Ensure environmental sustainability
• 8) Develop a global partnership for development

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) – Signed in September 2015 in New York, USA. Main
purpose: eradicate poverty globally by 2030.
Key Statistic: Since 1980, global economy grew by 380% but the number of people living in poverty
increased by more than 1.1 billion.
Peter Edward (economist) – Argued rich countries should 'catch down' to have more appropriate
levels of development, using 'appropriately developed societies' as models.
Jason Hickel (anthropologist) – Proposed 'de-developing' of rich countries as an alternative model of
economic progress.
CHAPTER 5: The Traditional and Modern Way of Good Life

I. Moral Philosophy and the Good Life

Moral Philosophy – Aims to develop a set of principles and a view of human goals that allow
individuals to live with clarity and confidence. It covers not only morality but also the search for the good
life.
Good Life – Means a life well lived; the most desirable way to live. A complex moral concept that
requires holistic development (religious, political, economic, rational, and spiritual).

II. Key Philosophical Views

• Plato – Understanding the world runs parallel with understanding what makes the soul flourish
• Aristotle – The end of humans is the good life (happiness/prosperity) achieved through virtue.
Happiness is the ultimate end of human action (Nicomachean Ethics).
• Judaeo-Christian Ethics – Righteousness (not happiness) is the substance of morality
• Hedonists – Believed in the happy or pleasant life as the fundamental concern of ethics
• John Stuart Mill – Greatest Happiness Principle: an action is right if it maximizes happiness for
the greatest number of people

III. Concepts of Good, Values, and Ethics

The Three Intrinsic Values of Life (Middle Age philosophers):
• Truth — the ideal for knowledge or thinking
• Beauty — the ideal for feeling
• Goodness — the ideal of being willing

Values in different aspects of life:

• Happiness
• Justice
• Perfection

IV. Ethics vs. Morals

Aspect Ethics Morals
Origin Greek word 'ethos' meaning Latin word 'mos' meaning 'custom'
'character'
Source Social system – External Individual – Internal
Why we do it Because society says it is right Because we personally believe in
right/wrong
Flexibility Consistent within context, varies Usually consistent; may change if
 between contexts beliefs change

V. Perspectives on the Individual and Society

• Individualistic Perspective (John Stuart Mill): Individual is the only reality; society depends
on individuals
• Holistic Perspective (Marx & Hegel): Society is the only reality; individual is real only as part
of the whole
• Contemporary Perspective (Aristotle & Gandhi): Both individual and society are equally
important

VI. Technology, Ethics, and the Good Life

Borgmann's Philosophy of Technology – Life dominated by devices tends to become dull and
devoid of nobility; there is no more call for self-transcendence.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – As of August 2017, an estimated 1 million Filipino BPO workers were
affected by AI adoption (Santos, 2017). Unemployment is a major ethical concern.
J. Robert Oppenheimer – Led the invention of the nuclear weapon; over 100,000 people were killed in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings (1945).
Social Responsibility – Being accountable to the appropriate observance of ethical technological
standards.

VII. Traditional vs. Modern Way of Life

Traditional Modern
Telegram Internet
Gossip Twitter
Dinner Parties Facebook
Actual War Craft World of Warcraft
Fires on Hills iPhones
Tribal Chants MP3s
Superstition & Quack Doctors Post-Enlightenment Scientific Rigour
QUICK REVIEW: Key Figures and Their Contributions

Person / Term Key Contribution / Significance

Henry Funtecha Filipino historian; wrote about Ilonggos trading with other countries
since the 10th Century
Ferdinand Magellan Discovered the Philippines in 1521
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Named the Philippines after King Philip II in 1543
Rajah Sulayman Leader of Manila; one of the greatest warriors against foreign
invasion
Datu Lapulapu Leader of Cebu; first to resist foreign invasion; leader of the Tausug
Muslims
Ferdinand E. Marcos Established PAGASA, NAST, and DOST; key role in post-colonial
S&T
Martin Heidegger Technology as 'a means to an end' and 'a human activity';
calculative vs. meditative thinking
Aristotle Good life = happiness through virtue; human flourishing; technology
= 'making for a purpose'
Plato Understanding the world parallels knowing what makes the soul
flourish
John Stuart Mill Greatest Happiness Principle; individual is the only reality
(Individualistic Perspective)
Nathan Sanders Defined the modern man as well-rounded, adaptable servant leader
Peter Edward Economist who argued rich nations should 'catch down'
Jason Hickel Anthropologist who proposed 'de-developing' rich countries
J. Robert Oppenheimer Led invention of nuclear weapon; over 100,000 killed in Hiroshima
& Nagasaki (1945)
Borgmann Life dominated by devices lacks self-transcendence and nobility
 SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Science, Technology, and Society — Chapters 3, 4 & 5
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________ Score: ______

PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the blank provided.

1. What term refers to the scientific knowledge and practices developed and used by indigenous
peoples?
A. Modern Science
B. Indigenous Science
C. Colonial Science
D. Applied Science

2. In what year did UNESCO recognize indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution?
A. 1986
B. 1992
C. 1999
D. 2005

3. Who was the Filipino historian who documented that the Ilonggos began trading with other countries
as early as the 10th Century?
A. Jose Rizal
B. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
C. Ferdinand Magellan
D. Henry Funtecha

4. The Rice Terraces of Cordillera are considered:

A. A UNESCO World Heritage Site built by the Spanish
B. The most complicated engineering feat by indigenous communities
C. A symbol of American occupation
D. A structure built during the Metal Age

5. Who named the Philippine Islands after King Philip II in 1543?

A. Ferdinand Magellan
B. Henry Funtecha
C. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
D. Datu Lapulapu

6. Which trade system, though primarily beneficial to the Spaniards, brought additional technology and
development to the Philippines?
A. ODA Trade
B. Galleon Trade
C. ASEAN Trade
 D. Silk Road Trade

7. What government bureau was established by the Americans to nurture science and technology
developments?
A. Bureau of Science
B. Bureau of Technology
C. National Science Office
D. DOST

8. On what date did the Philippines become an independent state?

A. June 12, 1898
B. July 4, 1946
C. August 15, 1945
D. February 25, 1986

9. Which president is credited with establishing PAGASA, NAST, and DOST?

A. Manuel Quezon
B. Corazon Aquino
C. Ferdinand E. Marcos
D. Emilio Aguinaldo

10. According to Martin Heidegger, which type of thinking involves letting nature reveal itself to humans
without forcing it?
A. Calculative thinking
B. Meditative thinking
C. Analytical thinking
D. Rational thinking

11. The definition of human flourishing, according to the text, is best described as:
A. Acquiring maximum technological tools
B. Self-actualization and fulfillment within a larger community
C. Achieving financial success
D. Mastering modern gadgets

12. According to Nathan Sanders, a modern man is characterized as:

A. One who seeks luxury and comfort
B. A well-rounded, skilled, adaptable, meek servant leader
C. A person who avoids using technology
D. One who lives in traditional communities

13. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were signed in:

A. September 1990
B. September 2000
C. September 2010
D. September 2015
14. According to the text, since 1980, the global economy grew by 380% but the number of people in
poverty:
A. Decreased by 1.1 billion
B. Remained the same
C. Increased by more than 1.1 billion
D. Was completely eradicated

15. Peter Edward argued that instead of pushing poorer countries to 'catch up', rich countries should:
A. Donate their technologies
B. De-develop their economies
C. 'Catch down' to more appropriate levels of development
D. Maintain their economic standing

16. Moral Philosophy is defined as aiming to develop:

A. Economic policies for development
B. A set of scientific laws
C. Principles and human goals for living with clarity and confidence
D. Government laws and regulations

17. According to Aristotle, the ultimate end of human action that defines the good life is:
A. Wealth
B. Power
C. Knowledge
D. Happiness

18. According to John Stuart Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle, an action is right when it:
A. Benefits only the individual performing it
B. Maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people
C. Follows religious commandments
D. Goes against societal norms

19. The word 'ethics' comes from which Greek word?

A. mos
B. ethos
C. logos
D. pathos

20. According to Borgmann's Philosophy of Technology, life dominated by devices:

A. Leads to greater self-transcendence
B. Creates a more noble society
C. Tends to become dull and devoid of nobility
D. Promotes human flourishing

21. As of August 2017, approximately how many Filipino BPO workers were estimated to be affected by
the adoption of AI?
A. 500,000
B. 750,000
 C. 1 million
D. 2 million

22. Which philosopher proposed that both individual and society are equally important?
A. John Stuart Mill and Hegel
B. Aristotle and Gandhi
C. Marx and Hegel
D. Plato and Aristotle

23. The Philosophy of Technology posits that technology is:

A. Inherently good
B. Inherently evil
C. Neutral with no preference between uses
D. Always beneficial to society

24. J. Robert Oppenheimer is associated with:

A. The invention of the internet
B. The discovery of penicillin
C. The invention of the nuclear weapon
D. The establishment of the United Nations

25. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were signed in:

A. September 1990
B. September 2000
C. September 2010
D. September 2015
PART II: ENUMERATION
Directions: Enumerate the items being asked. Write your answers on the spaces provided.

A. Enumerate the EIGHT (8) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) signed in September 2000:

1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________

B. Give FIVE (5) examples of indigenous knowledge practiced during ancient civilization:

1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________

C. List the THREE (3) intrinsic values of life according to Middle Age philosophers and what
each represents:

1. _______________________________________________ (ideal for _______________)

2. _______________________________________________ (ideal for _______________)
3. _______________________________________________ (ideal for _______________)

D. Name the THREE (3) perspectives on the relationship between an individual and society, and
their proponents:

1. _______________________________________________ —
_______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________ —
_______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________ —
_______________________________________________

E. Give FOUR (4) contributions of the Americans to science and technology in the Philippines:
1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
 ANSWER KEY
(For Teacher's Use Only)

Part I: Multiple Choice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C D B C B A B C B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B B C C C D B B C
21 22 23 24 25
C B C C D

Part II: Enumeration — Answer Key

A. Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development

B. Five Examples of Indigenous Knowledge:

1. Use of herbal medicines
2. Preserving foods
3. Selecting seeds for planting
4. Building local irrigation systems
5. Classifying different types of soil for planting
(Also acceptable: producing wines/juices, backyard farming)

C. Three Intrinsic Values of Life:

1. Truth — ideal for knowledge/thinking
2. Beauty — ideal for feeling
3. Goodness — ideal of being willing

D. Three Perspectives on Individual and Society:

1. Individualistic Perspective — John Stuart Mill
2. Holistic Perspective — Marx and Hegel
3. Contemporary Perspective — Aristotle and Gandhi

E. Four Contributions of Americans to S&T in the Philippines:

1. Established the public educational system
2. Improved engineering works
3. Established public health hospitals
4. Established government agencies and the Bureau of Science
(Also acceptable: University of the Philippines, introduced science as a formal subject, improved
transportation and communication)