🎓 Python Competency Test - Structured MCQs

SET 1: Core Python & DevOps (Q1-Q50)

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a DevOps goal?

Options:

A) Faster software delivery

B) Improved collaboration
C) Continuous integration
D) Keeping to regular working hours ✅

Answer: D

Explanation: DevOps goals focus on:

Speed (faster delivery)

Quality (automation, testing)
Collaboration (breaking silos)
Continuous improvement

Regular working hours is NOT a DevOps goal. DevOps often requires on-call rotations and flexibility.

Q2. What is the output of the following code?

python

name = input("Enter your input:")

print("Received input is :", name)

Input: Hi there

Answer:

Enter your input: Hi there

Received input is : Hi there
Explanation:

input() reads user input as a string

print() displays the received input

Q3. Kivy GUI library supports which operating systems? (Select all)

Options:

A) Android ✅
B) Windows ✅
C) iOS ✅
D) Linux ✅

Answer: All (A, B, C, D)

Explanation: Kivy is a cross-platform Python framework that supports:

Desktop: Windows, macOS, Linux

Mobile: Android, iOS
Best for touch-based and mobile applications

Q4. Which features are available in Django? (Select all)

Options:

A) Templating system ✅
B) Session, user management, role-based permissions ✅
C) Object Relational Mapping (ORM) ✅
D) Form handling ✅

Answer: All (A, B, C, D)

Explanation: Django is a full-stack web framework with:

Built-in templating engine (DTL)

Authentication system (users, sessions, permissions)
ORM for database operations
 Form handling and validation

Q5. The given code implementation represents which data structure?

Answer: Linked List

Explanation: (Based on typical patterns with nodes and pointers/references)

Q6. Which of the following is an incorrect way of creating a tuple?

Options:

A) (1, 2, 3)
B) tuple([1, 2])
C) ("python", "nodeJS")
D) ["python", "nodeJS"] ✅

Answer: D

Explanation:

A, B, C → Valid tuple creation

D → This creates a list, not a tuple
Square brackets [] create lists
Parentheses () create tuples

Q7. Which library is used to connect PostgreSQL with Python?

Answer: psycopg2

Explanation: psycopg2 is the most popular PostgreSQL adapter for Python.

python
 import psycopg2
conn = [Link](
host="localhost",
database="mydb",
user="postgres",
password="password"
)

Q8. What are the correct values after execution of the code?

Answer: x[1] = 47, y[1] = 47, w[0] = 53, u[0] = 53

Explanation: (Context needed from original code - likely demonstrates mutable vs immutable behavior)

Q9. What is the output of the following code?

python

print(List1 + List2)

Answer: [10, 30, 40, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Explanation: The + operator concatenates two lists.

python

List1 = [10, 30, 40]

List2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(List1 + List2) # [10, 30, 40, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Q10. What will be the output?

python

print(acc)

Answer: NameError: name 'acc' is not defined

Explanation:
 acc is treated as a variable, not a string

Variable is not defined, so Python raises NameError

To print the string "acc", use: print("acc")

Q11. What is the correct syntax to copy one list into another?

Answer: listA = listB[:]

Explanation:

python

listB = [1, 2, 3]
listA = listB[:] # Creates a shallow copy

# Wrong way:
listA = listB # This creates a reference, not a copy

Q12. Which function prints output to the console?

Answer: print

Explanation: print() is the built-in function to display output to the console.

Q13. Which paths are required while setting up PySpark environment? (Select all)

Options:

A) Spark_Home ✅
B) py4j ✅

Answer: A, B

Explanation: Environment variables needed:

SPARK_HOME → Points to Spark installation

PYTHONPATH → Includes py4j (Python-Java bridge)

Q14. Matplotlib contains ______ which acts as a container for plots.

Answer: Figure and axes

Explanation:

python

import [Link] as plt

fig, ax = [Link]() # Figure contains axes

Figure → Top-level container

Axes → Individual plot area

Q15. All subclasses are a subtype in Object-Oriented Programming.

Answer: True ✅

Explanation: In OOP, inheritance creates an "is-a" relationship. Every subclass is a subtype of its parent class.

Q16. How do you access the last element of a list named bikes?

Answer: bikes[-1]

Explanation:

python

bikes = ["Honda", "Yamaha", "Suzuki"]

print(bikes[-1]) # "Suzuki"

Negative indexing: -1 = last, -2 = second-last, etc.

Q17. If the connect() method fails, which exception is returned?

Answer: OperationalError

Explanation: In database connections (e.g., psycopg2, MySQL):

OperationalError → Connection failures, database unreachable

 ProgrammingError → SQL syntax errors

IntegrityError → Constraint violations

Q18. Flask application runs on which port by default?

Answer: 5000

Explanation:

python

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

if __name__ == "__main__":
[Link]() # Runs on [Link]

Q19. What is the output of the following code?

python

def pyfunc():
print("Hello function")
print(pyfunc)

Answer: <function pyfunc at 0x...>

Explanation:

pyfunc without () → prints function object (memory address)

pyfunc() with () → calls the function and prints "Hello function"

Q20. Which parameter of SparkContext is used to specify cluster URL?

Answer: Master

Explanation:

python
 from pyspark import SparkContext
sc = SparkContext(master="local", appName="MyApp")

master="local" → Local mode

master="yarn" → YARN cluster

master="spark://host:port" → Standalone cluster

Q21. What are data instances in Orange? (Select all)

Options:

A) Vectors ✅
B) Vectors accessed through index ✅
C) Vectors accessed through feature name ✅

Answer: A, B, C

Explanation: In Orange:

python

import Orange
data = [Link]("iris")
instance = data[0] # Access by index
value = instance["sepal length"] # Access by feature name

Q22. Which library helps Python work with RDDs?

Answer: pyspark

Explanation:

python

from pyspark import SparkContext

sc = SparkContext("local", "RDD App")
rdd = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])
Q23. Which cloud model provides virtual machines, storage, and infrastructure?

Answer: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

Explanation: Cloud service models:

IaaS → VMs, storage, networking (AWS EC2, Azure VMs)

PaaS → Platform for development (Heroku, Google App Engine)
SaaS → Ready-to-use software (Gmail, Salesforce)

Q24. How do NumPy arrays grow in size?

Answer: Fixed size

Explanation: NumPy arrays have fixed size after creation. To resize:

python

import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
# Cannot grow dynamically like lists
# Must create new array with [Link]() or [Link]()

Q25. Ways to access Neo4j through Python are:

Answer: All of the above

Explanation: Multiple libraries available:

neo4j → Official driver

py2neo → High-level library

REST API calls

Q26. SparkContext uses _____ to launch JVM and create JavaSparkContext.

Answer: py4j

Explanation: PySpark architecture:

 Python (PySpark) → Py4J → JVM (Spark Core)

Py4J enables Python to communicate with Java/Scala Spark engine.

Q27. Which file is NOT required while reading data through Orange?

Answer: prefix

Explanation: Orange requires:

Data file (.tab, .csv)

Feature names
Feature types

Prefix is NOT required.

Q28. Which SparkContext parameter is used to initialize a new JVM?

Answer: Gateway

Explanation:

python

from pyspark import SparkContext

sc = SparkContext(gateway=gateway_instance)

Gateway parameter manages the JVM connection.

Q29. Which PyAudio methods block execution until completion? (Select all)

Options:

A) [Link]() ✅
B) [Link]() ✅

Answer: A, B

Explanation: Both methods block (synchronous):

 python

import pyaudio
[Link](data) # Blocks until data is played
[Link](frames) # Blocks until frames are read

Q30. Which HTTP method is used to create a resource in REST?

Answer: POST (or PUT)

Explanation: REST HTTP methods:

POST → Create new resource

PUT → Update/create resource (idempotent)
GET → Retrieve resource
DELETE → Remove resource

Q31. [Link]() stores array with which extension?

Answer: .npy

Explanation:

python

import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
[Link]("myarray", arr) # Creates [Link]

Q32. DNS server accepting incorrect information is known as:

Answer: DNS spoofing

Explanation: DNS spoofing = DNS cache poisoning

Attacker provides false DNS information

Redirects users to malicious sites
Q33. What does [Link]() compute?

Answer: Length of the longest path from root to leaf

Explanation: (Based on tree height calculation algorithms)

Q34. What is the difference between tuple and list with same elements?

Answer: Tuples consume less memory than lists

Explanation:

python

import sys
lst = [1, 2, 3]
tup = (1, 2, 3)
print([Link](lst)) # 88 bytes
print([Link](tup)) # 72 bytes

Tuples are immutable → less memory overhead.

Q35. NumPy ndarray stores elements in row-major order.

Answer: True ✅

Explanation: NumPy uses row-major (C-style) order by default.

python

arr = [Link]([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])

# Memory: 1,2,3,4,5,6 (row by row)

Q36. Method used to configure resolution bits in [Link]:

Answer: setResolutionBits()

Explanation:

python
 import mraa
aio = [Link](0)
[Link](12) # Set to 12-bit resolution

Q37. Seq2Seq models in TensorFlow are used for:

Answer: All of the above

Explanation: Sequence-to-Sequence models used for:

Machine translation
Text summarization
Chatbots
Speech recognition

Q38. Different ways of building RNN using TensorFlow:

Answer: All of the above

Explanation: TensorFlow provides multiple RNN implementations:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Q39. Which is NOT a communication channel used in web services?

Answer: MIME

Explanation: Web service channels:

HTTP/HTTPS ✅
SOAP ✅
REST ✅
MIME → Content type standard, NOT a communication channel
Q40. Example of a graph generator in NetworkX:

Answer: nx.petersen_graph()

Explanation:

python

import networkx as nx
G = nx.petersen_graph() # Creates Petersen graph

Q41. Each REST resource is identified by a URI.

Answer: True ✅

Explanation: REST principles:

Every resource has unique URI

Example: [Link]

Q42. The most refined and restrictive service model is:

Answer: CaaS (Container as a Service)

Explanation: Service models (most to least restrictive):

CaaS → Containers
PaaS → Platform
IaaS → Infrastructure

Q43. Best description of ValueError:

Answer: Invalid argument given

Explanation:

python
 int("abc") # ValueError: invalid literal
float("xyz") # ValueError

Q44. What happens in the following OpenCV code?

cpp

Mat A = imread("[Link]", IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);

Mat B(A);
Mat C = A;

Answer: B and C point to same Mat A with same header

Explanation: OpenCV Mat shallow copy:

B and C share same data with A

Header is copied, but data is shared

Q45. Broadcast variable is cached on _____ machines.

Answer: All

Explanation:

python

broadcast_var = [Link]([1, 2, 3])

Broadcast variables are cached on all worker nodes to avoid sending data repeatedly.

Q46. What does [Link]() do?

Answer: Lists files in current working directory

Explanation:

python
 import os
files = [Link]() # Lists current directory
files = [Link]("/path") # Lists specific directory

Q47. What is the output of the following code?

python

float("abc123")

Answer: ValueError

Explanation: Cannot convert non-numeric string to float.

Q48. Python-based machine learning visual tool:

Answer: Orange

Explanation: Orange provides:

Visual workflow builder

Drag-and-drop widgets
Machine learning algorithms

Q49. Which method decides topic of corpus?

Answer: [Link]

Explanation: LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) for topic modeling:

python

from [Link] import LatentDirichletAllocation

lda = LatentDirichletAllocation(n_components=5)
Q50. Classification algorithm in Orange uses: (Select all)

Options:

A) Learners ✅
B) Classifiers ✅

Answer: A, B

Explanation:

python

from [Link] import TreeLearner

learner = TreeLearner() # Creates learner
model = learner(data) # Creates classifier

SET 2: Advanced Python & ML (Q51-Q100)

Q51. PySpark reduce() output:

python

from pyspark import SparkContext

from operator import add
sc = SparkContext("local", "Reduce app")
nums = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
adding = [Link](add)
print("Adding all the elements -> %i" % (adding))

Answer: Adding all the elements -> 15

Explanation: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15

Q52. How to decide the topic of the corpus?

Answer: [Link]
Q53. Classification algorithm used in Orange:

Options:

[Link] ✅
[Link] ✅
[Link] ✅

Answer: All

Q54. Which is NOT a way to build environment?

Answer: Web Server

Explanation: Environment building includes:

Virtual Machines ✅
OS & Application Software ✅
Database server ✅
Web Server → Part of application, not environment building

Q55. Distance measure for categorical variables in k-NN:

Answer: [Link].hamming_loss

Explanation: Hamming distance for categorical data:

python

from [Link] import hamming_loss

Q56. Python-based machine learning visual tool:

Answer: Orange

Explanation:

Weka → Java-based
RapidMiner → Commercial
 Orange → Python-based ✅

Q57. Difference between tuples and lists (memory):

Answer: Tuples allocate less memory than lists

Q58. Parameter of SparkContext for initializing new JVM:

Answer: Gateway

Q59. Framework NOT used for web development:

Answer: PyFrame

Explanation: Valid frameworks:

Django ✅
Flask ✅
Pyramid ✅
PyFrame → Does not exist ❌

Q60. Standalone WSGI containers:

Answer: Gunicorn

Explanation: WSGI servers:

Gunicorn ✅
uWSGI ✅
Unicorn → Ruby server ❌
Tornado → Web framework, not WSGI ❌
SET 3: Image Processing, NLP & Web (Q61-Q100)

Q61. Can lambda expressions contain statements?

Answer: No ❌

Explanation: Lambda expressions can only contain expressions, NOT statements.

Valid:

python

lambda x: x + 1 # Expression ✅
lambda x: x if x > 0 else -x # Conditional expression ✅

Invalid:

python

lambda x: return x + 1 # ❌ return is a statement

lambda x: print(x) # ❌ print is a statement (Python 2)
lambda x: for i in range(x) # ❌ for is a statement

Q62. findall() in Python:

Answer: Finds all non-overlapping matches in a string

Explanation:

python

import re
text = "I have 2 apples and 10 oranges"
result = [Link](r"\d+", text)
print(result) # ['2', '10']

Key Points:

Returns a list of matches

Part of re module (regular expressions)
Non-overlapping matches only
Q63. GUI in Python - Standard library:

Answer: Tkinter

Explanation:

python

import tkinter as tk
root = [Link]()
[Link]("My GUI")
label = [Link](root, text="Hello, Python GUI!")
[Link]()
[Link]()

Comparison:

Library Built-in Best For

Tkinter ✅ Yes Beginners, exams

PyQt ❌ No Professional apps

Kivy ❌ No Mobile/touch apps

Q64. Jython (J Python):

Answer: Python implementation written in Java

Explanation:

Runs Python code on JVM

Direct access to Java classes
No need for Py4J bridge

python

# Jython example
from [Link] import Date
d = Date()
print(d)
Key Differences:

Jython → Python runs inside JVM

CPython → Standard Python (written in C)
Py4J → Bridge between separate Python & Java processes

Q65. DevOps Goals:

Answer: Speed + Quality + Automation + Collaboration

Core Goals:

1. ⚡ Faster Delivery
2. 🤝 Improved Collaboration
3. 🤖 Automation
4. 📊 High Reliability
5. 🔄 Continuous Feedback
6. 📈 Scalability

NOT a DevOps Goal: Regular 9-5 working hours ❌

Q66. PyNeo4j - Backend protocol:

Answer: Bolt protocol

Explanation:

python
 from neo4j import GraphDatabase

driver = [Link](
"bolt://localhost:7687",
auth=("neo4j", "password")
)

with [Link]() as session:

result = [Link]("RETURN 'Hello Neo4j' AS msg")
print([Link]()["msg"])

Libraries:

neo4j → Official driver (Bolt protocol) ✅

py2neo → High-level, easier syntax

Q67. [Link] characteristics:

Answer: JavaScript runtime, non-blocking I/O, event-driven

Key Features:

Built on Chrome's V8 engine

Single-threaded but highly scalable
Asynchronous by default
npm ecosystem

Comparison:

Feature [Link] Python

Language JavaScript Python

I/O Non-blocking Blocking (default)

Best for APIs, real-time Data, ML

Package Manager npm pip

Q68. NumPy deals with:

Answer: Numerical and scientific computing

What NumPy Handles:

Multidimensional arrays (ndarray)

Mathematical operations
Linear algebra
Matrices & vectors
Fast numerical computation

python

import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr * 2) # [2 4 6 8]

Q69. print() returns:

Answer: None

Explanation:

python

x = print("Hello")
print(x)
# Output:
# Hello
# None

Common Trap:

print() displays output ✅

print() does NOT return the string ❌

Always returns None

Q70. Python features:

Answer: High-level, interpreted, dynamically typed, object-oriented, platform-independent

Main Features:

1. ✅ Simple & Easy to Learn

2. ✅ Interpreted Language
3. ✅ High-Level Language
4. ✅ Dynamically Typed
5. ✅ Object-Oriented
6. ✅ Platform Independent
7. ✅ Large Standard Library
8. ✅ Open Source

Q71. Clone image with mask method:

Answer: [Link]()

Explanation:

python

import cv2
import numpy as np

src = [Link]("[Link]")
dst = [Link]("[Link]")
mask = [Link]("[Link]", 0)
center = (300, 300)

output = [Link](
src, dst, mask, center, cv2.NORMAL_CLONE
)
[Link]("[Link]", output)

Cloning Types:

cv2.NORMAL_CLONE → Normal blending

cv2.MIXED_CLONE → Mixed blending

 cv2.MONOCHROME_TRANSFER → Monochrome transfer

Q72. [Link]() file extension:

Answer: .npy

Explanation:

python

import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
[Link]("my_array", arr) # Creates my_array.npy

# Load back
loaded = [Link]("my_array.npy")

Key Points:

Binary format ✅
Preserves shape & datatype ✅
Not human-readable ❌

Q73. New JVM SparkContext parameter:

Answer: master

Explanation:

python

from pyspark import SparkContext

sc = SparkContext(master="local", appName="TestApp")

Common master values:

local → Local JVM

local[*] → Local JVM, all cores

yarn → YARN cluster

spark://host:port → Standalone cluster

Q74. hostname command:

Answer: Displays system's host name

Usage:

bash

hostname # Show hostname

hostname -i # Show IP address
hostname -f # Show FQDN

Q75. Socket definition:

Answer: Endpoint for communication between two programs

Formula: IP Address + Port = Socket

Types:

Type Connection Reliability Use Case

TCP Connection-oriented Reliable HTTP, FTP, SMTP

UDP Connectionless Unreliable Streaming, gaming

Example:

python

import socket
s = [Link]()
[Link](("localhost", 1234))
[Link](b"Hello")

Q76. Scrapy sends emails using:

Answer: SMTP
Explanation:

python

# [Link]
MAIL_HOST = '[Link]'
MAIL_PORT = 587
MAIL_USER = 'your_email@[Link]'
MAIL_PASS = 'password'
MAIL_TLS = True

Usage:

Error notifications
Spider completion alerts
Log reports

Q77. Scrapy uses for configuration:

Answer: Settings object

Explanation: Scrapy uses centralized Settings object, NOT standard constructor.

Examples of settings:

USER_AGENT

DOWNLOAD_DELAY

CONCURRENT_REQUESTS

ITEM_PIPELINES

MAIL_HOST

Q78. Flask characteristics:

Answer: Micro-framework, lightweight, uses WSGI

Why "Micro": No built-in:

Database layer ❌
Authentication ❌
 Form validation ❌

You add only what you need ✅

python

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@[Link]("/")
def home():
return "Hello Flask"

if __name__ == "__main__":
[Link]()

Q79. TextBlob API backend:

Answer: NLTK

Explanation: TextBlob is built on top of NLTK.

What TextBlob provides:

Part-of-speech tagging
Tokenization
Noun phrase extraction
Sentiment analysis

python

from textblob import TextBlob

text = TextBlob("Python is amazing!")
print([Link])

Q80. RDD belongs to which library:

Answer: Apache Spark (PySpark in Python)

Explanation:
 python

from pyspark import SparkContext

sc = SparkContext("local", "RDD App")
rdd = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4])

Key Points:

RDD ≠ Python built-in ❌

RDD ≠ NumPy/Pandas ❌
RDD = Spark library ✅

Q81. run() is invoked by:

Answer: start()

Explanation:

python

from threading import Thread

class MyThread(Thread):
def run(self):
print("Thread running")

t = MyThread()
[Link]() # ✅ Invokes run() internally
# [Link]() # ❌ Runs as normal function, no new thread

Flow: start() → run() → thread execution

Q82. Private Docker Registry command:

Answer: docker run registry:2

Complete command:

bash
 docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --name my-registry registry:2

Workflow:

Build → Tag → Push → Pull → Deploy

Example:

bash

docker tag myapp:latest localhost:5000/myapp:latest

docker push localhost:5000/myapp:latest
docker pull localhost:5000/myapp:latest

Q83. Docker Registry images directory:

Answer: /var/lib/registry

Explanation:

bash

docker run -d -p 5000:5000 \

-v /my/registry-data:/var/lib/registry \
--name my-registry registry:2

Common Trap:

/var/lib/docker → Docker engine data ❌

/var/lib/registry → Registry image storage ✅

Q84. NumPy dimensions:

Answer: Number of axes (rank), accessed using ndim

Explanation:

python
 import numpy as np
a = [Link]([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print([Link]) #2
print([Link]) # (2, 3)

Types:

Dimension Name Example

0-D Scalar [Link](5)

1-D Vector [1, 2, 3]

2-D Matrix [[1,2],[3,4]]

3-D+ Tensor Images, video

Q85. Main object in NumPy:

Answer: ndarray (N-dimensional array)

Explanation:

python

import numpy as np
a = [Link]([1, 2, 3])
print(type(a)) # <class '[Link]'>

Q86. Complex binary data format module:

Answer: pickle

Explanation:

python
 import pickle

data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

# Write (serialize)
with open("[Link]", "wb") as f:
[Link](data, f)

# Read (deserialize)
with open("[Link]", "rb") as f:
obj = [Link](f)

Other Modules:

marshal → Internal Python objects

shelve → Persistent storage (dictionary-like)

h5py → Scientific data (HDF5)

Q87. Hyperparameter tuning techniques:

Answer: Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian Optimization

Comparison:

Technique Speed Accuracy Intelligence

Grid Search Slow High Low

Random Search Fast Good Medium

Bayesian Optimization Medium High High

Example:

python
 from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV

param_dist = {
'n_estimators': [50, 100, 200],
'max_depth': [10, 20, 30]
}

rand_search = RandomizedSearchCV(clf, param_dist, n_iter=5)

rand_search.fit(X_train, y_train)

Q88. Read data using Pandas:

Answer: read_*() functions

Common Functions:

File Type Function

CSV read_csv()

Excel read_excel()

JSON read_json()

SQL read_sql()

HTML read_html()

SAS read_sas()

Parquet read_parquet()

Q89. Read SAS file in Pandas:

Answer: read_sas()

Explanation:

python
 import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_sas("data.sas7bdat")
print([Link]())

Supported formats:

.sas7bdat

.xpt (SAS transport file)

Q90. Python profiler:

Answer: cProfile

Explanation:

python

import cProfile

def test():
total = 0
for i in range(10000):
total += i
return total

[Link]("test()")

What it shows:

Function execution time

Number of calls
Performance bottlenecks

Q91. Profiler data analyzed by:

Answer: pstats

Workflow:
 Program → cProfile (collects) → pstats (analyzes)

Example:

python

import cProfile
import pstats

[Link]("my_function()", "[Link]")
stats = [Link]("[Link]")
stats.sort_stats("cumulative").print_stats(10)

Q92. Haar Cascade:

Answer: Machine learning-based object detection method

What it detects:

Faces ✅
Eyes ✅
Cars ✅
Trees ✅

Example:

python
 import cv2

face_cascade = [Link](
"haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml"
)

img = [Link]("[Link]")
gray = [Link](img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 5)

for (x,y,w,h) in faces:

[Link](img,(x,y),(x+w,y+h),(255,0,0),2)

Q93. Logistic Regression:

Answer: Classification model using sigmoid function

Formula:

p = 1 / (1 + e^(-z)), z = wX + b

Example:

python

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

X = [Link]([[2], [4], [6], [8]])

y = [Link]([0, 0, 1, 1])

model = LogisticRegression()
[Link](X, y)

print([Link]([[5]])) # [1]
print(model.predict_proba([[5]])) # [[0.35 0.65]]

Key Points:

Used for classification, not regression ✅

Outputs probability (0 to 1)
 Linear decision boundary

Q94. word_tokenize(mytext):

Answer: Splits text into word tokens (NLTK)

Explanation:

python

from [Link] import word_tokenize

mytext = "Hello, how are you?"

tokens = word_tokenize(mytext)
print(tokens)
# ['Hello', ',', 'how', 'are', 'you', '?']

Key Difference:

split() → Ignores punctuation

word_tokenize() → Keeps punctuation as separate tokens

Q95. Pandas Series with scalar - index:

Answer: Index must be provided

Explanation:

python

import pandas as pd

# ❌ Error - no index
# [Link](10)

# ✅ Valid - index provided

s = [Link](10, index=['a', 'b', 'c'])
print(s)
#a 10
#b 10
#c 10
Reason: Pandas cannot infer length from scalar.

Q96. Create another SparkContext:

Answer: Not allowed (only ONE per JVM)

Explanation:

python

# ❌ Error
sc1 = SparkContext("local", "App1")
sc2 = SparkContext("local", "App2")
# ValueError: Cannot run multiple SparkContexts at once

# ✅ Correct approach
from [Link] import SparkSession
spark = [Link]()
sc = [Link]

Q97. MRAA GPIO write HIGH:

Answer: [Link](1)

Explanation:

python

import mraa

gpio10 = [Link](10)
[Link](mraa.DIR_OUT)
[Link](1) # HIGH
[Link](0) # LOW

Q98. MRAA GPIO instance requires:

Answer: Pin number

Explanation:
 python

import mraa
gpio = [Link](10) # 10 = GPIO pin number

Board NOT required → MRAA auto-detects

Q99. [Link]():

Answer: Lists files in directory

Explanation:

python

import os
files = [Link]() # Current directory
files = [Link]("/path/to/dir") # Specific directory

Q100. Regression algorithm in Orange:

Answer: Linear Regression

Other algorithms:

Random Forest Regression

kNN Regression
Support Vector Regression (SVR)
Neural Network Regression

SET 4: Additional Competency Questions (Q101-Q150)

Q101. Python wrapping in OOP:

Answer: Feature names of objects (Encapsulation)

Explanation: Wrapping = Encapsulation

Bundles data and methods together

 Controls access to object features
Protects internal state

Q102. NumPy min(axis=1) output:

python

import numpy as np
nparray = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
print([Link](axis=1))

Answer: [1 4 7]

Explanation:

axis=1 → Row-wise operation

Minimum of each row: 1, 4, 7

Q103. NumPy max(axis=1) output:

python

nparray = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
print([Link](axis=1))

Answer: [3 6 9]

Explanation:

axis=1 → Row-wise

Maximum of each row: 3, 6, 9

Q104. Canvas in Python:

Answer: Widget used to draw graphics

Explanation:
 python

import tkinter as tk

root = [Link]()
canvas = [Link](root, width=400, height=300)
[Link]()

# Draw shapes
canvas.create_line(0, 0, 200, 100)
canvas.create_rectangle(50, 25, 150, 75, fill="blue")
canvas.create_oval(100, 100, 200, 200, fill="red")

[Link]()

Uses:

Draw lines, shapes

Display text, images
Create graphics

Q105. Module for OS interaction:

Answer: os module

Explanation:

python

import os
[Link]() # Current directory
[Link]("newfolder") # Create directory
[Link]("[Link]") # Delete file
[Link]() # List files

Q106. Function h(n) returns True when:

python
 def h(n):
f=0
for i in range(1, n+1):
if n % i == 0:
f += 1
return (f == 2)

Answer: n is a prime number

Explanation:

Counts factors of n
Prime numbers have exactly 2 factors (1 and itself)
Returns True when f == 2

Q107. NOT true for polymorphism:

Answer: Increases overloaded function definition always

Explanation: Polymorphism:

✅ Feature of OOP
✅ Improves readability
✅ Same functionality, different implementations
❌ Does NOT always increase overloading

Q108. PyMongo retrieve all objects:

Answer: [Link]()

Explanation:

python
 from pymongo import MongoClient

client = MongoClient("localhost", 27017)

db = client["mydatabase"]
collection = db["mycollection"]

# Retrieve all documents

all_docs = [Link]()
for doc in all_docs:
print(doc)

Q109. Py2neo run Cypher query:

Answer: [Link]()

Explanation:

python

from py2neo import Graph

graph = Graph("bolt://localhost:7687",
auth=("neo4j", "password"))

result = [Link]("MATCH (n) RETURN n")

Q110. Read integer in Python:

Answer: int(input())

Explanation:

python

# Correct
n = int(input("Enter number: "))

# Incorrect
n = input() # ❌ Returns string
Q111. SitemapSpider crawls by:

Answer: Reading URLs from [Link]

Explanation:

python

from [Link] import SitemapSpider

class MySpider(SitemapSpider):
sitemap_urls = ["[Link]

def parse(self, response):

# Process each URL from sitemap
yield {'url': [Link]}

Q112. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) used for:

Answer: Email encryption

Explanation: PGP provides:

🔒 Confidentiality (encryption)
✅ Authentication (verify sender)
🛡️ Integrity (prevent tampering)

Q113. Orange datasets wrapped in:

Answer: Table

Explanation:

python

from [Link] import Table

data = Table("iris")
print(data)
Table wraps:

Features (attributes)
Class labels
Meta-information

Q114. GCD function with negative numbers:

Answer: May cause infinite recursion

Explanation:

python

def gcd(m, n):

if m < n:
m, n = n, m
if m % n == 0:
return n
else:
diff = m - n
return gcd(max(n, diff), min(n, diff))

Works: Positive integers ✅ Breaks: Negative integers ❌ (infinite recursion)

Q115. Class inheritance output:

python
 class A:
def __init__(self):
self.i = 1
self.j = 5
def display(self):
print(self.i, self.j)

class B(A):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.i = 2
self.j = 7

c = B()
[Link]()

Answer: 2 7

Explanation:

super().__init__() calls A's constructor

B's __init__ then overwrites values

Final: i=2, j=7

Q116. Full-stack Python framework:

Answer: Django

Explanation:

Framework Type

Django Full-stack ✅

Flask Microframework

FastAPI Microframework

Q117. CSVFeedSpider:
Answer: Iterates rows, sends to parse_row()

Explanation:

python

from [Link] import CSVFeedSpider

class MySpider(CSVFeedSpider):
start_urls = ["[Link]
delimiter = ","

def parse_row(self, response, row):

yield {
'name': row['name'],
'age': row['age']
}

Q118. OpenCV mouse events:

Answer: All - left-click, right-click, position

Explanation:

python

import cv2

def mouse_event(event, x, y, flags, param):

if event == cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN:
print(f"Left click at ({x}, {y})")
elif event == cv2.EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN:
print(f"Right click at ({x}, {y})")
elif event == cv2.EVENT_MOUSEMOVE:
print(f"Mouse at ({x}, {y})")

[Link]("Window", mouse_event)

Q119. Framework NOT for web development:

Answer: PyFrame (does not exist)

Valid frameworks:

Django ✅
Flask ✅
Pyramid ✅

Q120. Scrapy sends emails using:

Answer: Scrapy settings (MAIL_HOST, MAIL_FROM)

Configuration:

python

# [Link]
MAIL_FROM = 'you@[Link]'
MAIL_HOST = '[Link]'
MAIL_PORT = 587
MAIL_USER = 'username'
MAIL_PASS = 'password'
MAIL_TLS = True

Q121. Inheritance type A→B→C:

Answer: Multilevel inheritance

Explanation:

python

class A:
pass
class B(A): # B inherits A
pass
class C(B): # C inherits B (which inherits A)
pass

Types:

Single: One parent

 Multiple: Multiple parents
Multilevel: Chain (A→B→C) ✅

Q122. HTTP method to create resource:

Answer: POST (or PUT)

REST Methods:

POST → Create ✅
PUT → Update/Create (idempotent)
GET → Retrieve
DELETE → Remove

Q123. Database for NLP:

Answer: WordNet

Explanation: WordNet is a lexical database providing:

Synsets (synonym sets)

Definitions
Semantic relations
Example sentences

python

from [Link] import wordnet

synsets = [Link]("good")

Q124. Hyperparameter tuning technique:

Answer: Randomized Search (or Grid Search)

Methods:

python
 from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV

param_dist = {
'n_estimators': [50, 100, 200],
'max_depth': [10, 20, 30]
}

rand_search = RandomizedSearchCV(clf, param_dist)

Q125. MRAA Aio resolution method:

Answer: setBit() or setResolutionBits()

Explanation:

python

import mraa
aio = [Link](0)
[Link](12) # Set 12-bit resolution

Q126. word_tokenize() output:

python

from [Link] import word_tokenize

s = "Hello Mr. Adam, how are you?"
print(word_tokenize(s))

Answer:

['Hello', 'Mr.', 'Adam', ',', 'how', 'are', 'you', '?']

Q127. Pandas scalar Series:

Answer: Index must be provided

Correct:
 python

s = [Link](5, index=[0,1,2])

Incorrect:

python

s = [Link](5) # ❌ Error

Q128. CountVectorizer output:

python

corpus = [
"Apple Orange Orange Apple",
"Apple Banana Apple Banana",
"Banana Apple Banana Banana Banana Apple",
"Banana Orange Banana Banana Orange Banana",
"Banana Apple Banana Banana Orange Banana"
]

vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
[Link](corpus)
corpus_vec = [Link](corpus).toarray()

Answer:

[[2 0 2]
[2 2 0]
[2 4 0]
[0 4 2]
[1 4 1]]

Columns: [apple, banana, orange]

Q129. PySpark count() output:

python
 words = [Link]([
"Hadoop",
"spark",
"spark vs Hadoop",
"pyspark"
])
counts = [Link]()

Answer: 4

Explanation:

4 elements in list
Each list item = 1 RDD element

Q130. Package for text analysis:

Answer: NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)

Common NLP packages:

NLTK ✅
spaCy ✅
TextBlob ✅
Gensim

Quick Reference Summary

Python Basics

Lists: [] mutable
Tuples: () immutable, less memory
Default ports: Flask (5000), Django (8000)

Orange

Dataset: .tab , .csv

Classification: Tree, KNN, RF, SVM, NB
 Regression: Linear Regression

PySpark

RDD: Resilient Distributed Dataset

Py4J: Python-Java bridge
Master parameter: Cluster URL

Web Frameworks

Django: Full-stack
Flask: Microframework
WSGI: Gunicorn, uWSGI

NumPy

ndarray: Main object

.npy: Save extension
Row-major order

DevOps

Goals: Speed, Quality, Automation

NOT a goal: Regular hours