JAVA PROGRAMMING

Lab Practicals – All 21 Programs

Prepared by: Tanushree Paul

[Link]. Computer Science – 4th Semester | Java OOP Lab

Each program uses clean, purpose-named classes — logic and demonstration code are separated wherever the concept
calls for it.
 Contents

0 Command-line argument summation

1 CommandLineSum

0 Factorial of a number (recursion)

2 FactorialCalculator

0 Dynamically sized single-dimensional array

3 DynamicArrayDemo

0 2-D array traversal using .length

4 MatrixLengthDemo

0 Decimal to Binary conversion

5 DecimalToBinaryConverter

0 Prime number check (keyboard input)

6 PrimeChecker

0 Interactive N-integer sum + String/StringBuffer methods

7 InteractiveSum, StringBufferDemo

0 Distance class – objects and the 'this' keyword

8 Distance, DistanceDemo

0 Distance class – constructors, reference vs. clone

9 Distance, DistanceCloneDemo

1 Method overloading with automatic type promotion

0 TypePromotionDemo

1 Access specifiers, pass-by-value vs. reference, final

1 AccessDemo, AccessSpecifierDemo

1 Static methods and varargs

2 VarargsDemo

1 Autoboxing and unboxing

3 BoxingUnboxingDemo

1 Multi-file program – input in one file, output in another

4 MessageDisplay, MessageApp

1 Multilevel package with a Fibonacci generator

5 Fibonacci, FibonacciApp

1 Protection levels across classes/packages

6 BaseClass, SamePackageClass, DiffPackageSubclass, ProtectionDemo

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 1

 1 ArithmeticException – divide by zero
7 DivideByZeroDemo

1 Nested try blocks and catch ordering

8 NestedTryDemo

1 User-defined custom exception

9 InsufficientFundsException, BankAccount, CustomExceptionDemo

2 Thread priority demonstration

0 PriorityThread, ThreadPriorityDemo

2 Producer-Consumer with synchronization

1 SharedBuffer, Producer, Consumer, ProducerConsumerDemo

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 2

 01 Command-line argument summation

Class: CommandLineSum — single utility class (no split needed).

public class CommandLineSum {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
for (String arg : args) {
sum += [Link](arg);
}
[Link]("Sum = " + sum);
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

$ javac [Link]
$ java CommandLineSum 10 20 30 40
Sum = 100

02 Factorial of a number (recursion)

Class: FactorialCalculator — single utility class.

public class FactorialCalculator {

static long factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n = 6;
[Link]("Factorial of " + n + " = " + factorial(n));
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Factorial of 6 = 720

03 Dynamically sized single-dimensional array

Class: DynamicArrayDemo — single utility class.

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 3

 import [Link];

public class DynamicArrayDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter size of array: ");
int n = [Link]();
int[] arr = new int[n]; // dynamic allocation
[Link]("Enter " + n + " elements:");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) arr[i] = [Link]();
[Link]("Array elements: ");
for (int x : arr) [Link](x + " ");
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter size of array: 4

Enter 4 elements: 5 10 15 20
Array elements: 5 10 15 20

04 2-D array traversal using .length

Class: MatrixLengthDemo — single utility class.

public class MatrixLengthDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}
};
[Link]("Rows = " + [Link]);
[Link]("Columns = " + matrix[0].length);
[Link]("Matrix:");
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
[Link]("%4d", matrix[i][j]);
}
[Link]();
}
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Matrix:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

05 Decimal to Binary conversion

Class: DecimalToBinaryConverter — single utility class.

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 4

 public class DecimalToBinaryConverter {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int decimal = 45;
String binary = "";
int n = decimal;
while (n > 0) {
binary = (n % 2) + binary;
n /= 2;
}
[Link]("Decimal : " + decimal);
[Link]("Binary : " + binary);
[Link]("Built-in: " + [Link](decimal));
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Decimal : 45
Binary : 101101
Built-in: 101101

06 Prime number check (keyboard input)

Class: PrimeChecker — single utility class.

import [Link];

public class PrimeChecker {

static boolean isPrime(int n) {
if (n < 2) return false;
for (int i = 2; i <= [Link](n); i++)
if (n % i == 0) return false;
return true;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a number: ");
int num = [Link]();
if (isPrime(num))
[Link](num + " is a Prime number.");
else
[Link](num + " is NOT a Prime number.");
[Link]();
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter a number: 17
17 is a Prime number.

07 Interactive N-integer sum + String/StringBuffer methods

Two independent programs — InteractiveSum (Part A) and StringBufferDemo (Part B).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 5

 // Part A: [Link]
import [Link];

public class InteractiveSum {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = [Link](args[0]);
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
int sum = 0;
[Link]("Enter " + n + " integers:");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += [Link]();
[Link]("Sum = " + sum);
[Link]();
}
}

// Part B: [Link]
public class StringBufferDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// --- String ---
String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = " World";
[Link]("concat() : " + [Link](s2));
[Link]("equals() : " + [Link]("Hello"));
[Link]("charAt(1) : " + [Link](1));

// --- StringBuffer ---

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");
[Link]("Original : " + sb);
[Link](" Programming");
[Link]("append() : " + sb);
[Link](4, " OOP");
[Link]("insert() : " + sb);
[Link](0, 'j');
[Link]("setCharAt : " + sb);
[Link](12);
[Link]("setLength : " + sb);
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

// Part A (run: java InteractiveSum 3)

Enter 3 integers:
10 20 30
Sum = 60

// Part B
concat() : Hello World
equals() : true
charAt(1) : e
Original : Java
append() : Java Programming
insert() : Java OOP Programming
setCharAt : java OOP Programming
setLength : java OOP Pr

08 Distance class – objects and the 'this' keyword

Split: Distance (logic) + DistanceDemo (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 6

 class Distance {
int feet, inches;

void setDistance(int feet, int inches) {

[Link] = feet; // 'this' distinguishes field from parameter
[Link] = inches;
}

Distance addDistance(Distance d) {
Distance result = new Distance();
[Link] = [Link] + [Link];
[Link] = [Link] + [Link] + [Link] / 12;
[Link] %= 12;
return result;
}

void display() {
[Link](feet + " feet " + inches + " inches");
}
}

public class DistanceDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Distance d1 = new Distance();
Distance d2 = new Distance();
[Link](5, 9);
[Link](3, 7);

[Link]("d1 = "); [Link]();

[Link]("d2 = "); [Link]();

Distance d3 = [Link](d2);
[Link]("d1 + d2 = "); [Link]();
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

d1 = 5 feet 9 inches
d2 = 3 feet 7 inches
d1 + d2 = 9 feet 4 inches

09 Distance class – constructors, reference vs. clone

Split: Distance (logic) + DistanceCloneDemo (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 7

 class Distance implements Cloneable {
int feet, inches;

// Default constructor
Distance() { feet = 0; inches = 0; }

// Parameterized constructor
Distance(int f, int i) { feet = f; inches = i; }

// Copy constructor (clone)

Distance(Distance d) {
[Link] = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
}

void display(String label) {

[Link](label + ": " + feet + "ft " + inches + "in");
}
}

public class DistanceCloneDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Distance obj1 = new Distance(7, 5);
[Link]("obj1");

// obj2 is a reference to the SAME object as obj1

Distance obj2 = obj1;
[Link]("obj2 (ref of obj1)");

// obj3 is a CLONE (independent copy) of obj1

Distance obj3 = new Distance(obj1);
[Link]("obj3 (clone of obj1)");

// Modifying obj2 also changes obj1 (same object)

[Link] = 10;
[Link]();
[Link]("After [Link] = 10:");
[Link]("obj1"); [Link]("obj2"); [Link]("obj3");
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

obj1: 7ft 5in

obj2 (ref of obj1): 7ft 5in
obj3 (clone of obj1): 7ft 5in

After [Link] = 10:

obj1: 10ft 5in
obj2: 10ft 5in
obj3: 7ft 5in

10 Method overloading with automatic type promotion

Class: TypePromotionDemo — overloaded static methods, single class (no object state to separate out).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 8

 public class TypePromotionDemo {
static void show(long x) {
[Link]("show(long) called with value = " + x);
}
static void show(double x) {
[Link]("show(double) called with value = " + x);
}
static void show(float x) {
[Link]("show(float) called with value = " + x);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int i = 10;
byte b = 20;
short s = 30;
long l = 40L;
float f = 5.5f;

show(i); // int -> long

show(b); // byte -> long
show(s); // short -> long
show(l); // exact match long
show(f); // exact match float
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

show(long) called with value = 10

show(long) called with value = 20
show(long) called with value = 30
show(long) called with value = 40
show(float) called with value = 5.5

11 Access specifiers, pass-by-value vs. reference, final

Split: AccessDemo (logic) + AccessSpecifierDemo (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 9

 class AccessDemo {
public int pubVal = 100; // accessible everywhere
private int privVal = 200; // accessible only inside class
final int CONST = 999; // cannot be changed

public int getPrivVal() { return privVal; }

// Primitive - passed by value

void incrementVal(int x) { x += 10; }

// Object - passed by reference

void incrementObj(AccessDemo obj) { [Link] += 10; }
}

public class AccessSpecifierDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
AccessDemo obj = new AccessDemo();
[Link]("public value : " + [Link]);
// [Link] is NOT accessible here -> compile error if uncommented
[Link]("private (via getter) : " + [Link]());
[Link]("final constant : " + [Link]);

// Pass by value
int num = 50;
[Link](num);
[Link]();
[Link]("After incrementVal (pass by value): " + num); // unchanged

// Pass by reference
[Link](obj);
[Link]("After incrementObj (pass by ref) : " + [Link]); // changed
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

public value : 100

private (via getter) : 200
final constant : 999

After incrementVal (pass by value): 50

After incrementObj (pass by ref) : 110

12 Static methods and varargs

Class: VarargsDemo — single utility class.

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 10

 public class VarargsDemo {
// Static method - called without an object
static int add(int... nums) { // varargs
int sum = 0;
for (int n : nums) sum += n;
return sum;
}

static double average(double... vals) {

double sum = 0;
for (double v : vals) sum += v;
return [Link] == 0 ? 0 : sum / [Link];
}

static void printAll(String... words) {

[Link]("Words: ");
for (String w : words) [Link](w + " ");
[Link]();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

[Link]("add(1,2,3) = " + add(1, 2, 3));
[Link]("add(10,20,30,40,50) = " + add(10, 20, 30, 40, 50));
[Link]("average(4.0,6.0,8.0) = %.2f%n", average(4.0, 6.0, 8.0));
printAll("Java", "is", "fun");
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

add(1,2,3) = 6
add(10,20,30,40,50) = 150
average(4.0,6.0,8.0) = 6.00
Words: Java is fun

13 Autoboxing and unboxing

Class: BoxingUnboxingDemo — single utility class.

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 11

 public class BoxingUnboxingDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// BOXING: primitive -> wrapper object
int pInt = 42;
Integer boxed = pInt; // auto-boxing
double pDouble = 3.14;
Double boxedD = pDouble; // auto-boxing

[Link]("Primitive int : " + pInt);

[Link]("Boxed Integer : " + boxed);
[Link]("Primitive double : " + pDouble);
[Link]("Boxed Double : " + boxedD);

// UNBOXING: wrapper object -> primitive

Integer obj = 100;
int unboxed = obj; // auto-unboxing
[Link]();
[Link]("Boxed Integer : " + obj);
[Link]("Unboxed int : " + unboxed);

// Arithmetic with wrapper objects (unboxing happens automatically)

Integer a = 15, b = 25;
int sum = a + b; // unboxed, then added
[Link]();
[Link](a + " + " + b + " = " + sum);

// Comparing boxed integers

Integer x = 127, y = 127;
[Link]();
[Link]("x == y (cached): " + (x == y)); // true (cache)
Integer p = 200, q = 200;
[Link]("p == q (>127) : " + (p == q)); // false (new objs)
[Link]("[Link](q) : " + [Link](q)); // true
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Primitive int : 42
Boxed Integer : 42
Primitive double : 3.14
Boxed Double : 3.14

Boxed Integer : 100

Unboxed int : 100

15 + 25 = 40

x == y (cached): true
p == q (>127) : false
[Link](q) : true

14 Multi-file program – input in one file, output in another

Split across files: MessageDisplay (logic) + MessageApp (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 12

 // ----- File 1: [Link] -----
public class MessageDisplay {
public void display(String message) {
[Link]("Message: " + message);
}
}

// ----- File 2: [Link] (main file) -----

import [Link];

public class MessageApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a message: ");
String msg = [Link]();
[Link]();

MessageDisplay md = new MessageDisplay();

[Link](msg);
}
}

// Compilation & Run:

// javac [Link] [Link]
// java MessageApp

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter a message: Hello Java World!

Message: Hello Java World!

15 Multilevel package with a Fibonacci generator

Split across files: Fibonacci (logic) + FibonacciApp (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 13

 // Directory structure:
// mypackage/math/[Link]
// mypackage/math/[Link]

// ----- File 1: mypackage/math/[Link] -----

package [Link];

public class Fibonacci {

public void generate(int n) {
[Link]("Fibonacci series: ");
int a = 0, b = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
[Link](a + " ");
int temp = a + b;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
[Link]();
}
}

// ----- File 2: mypackage/math/[Link] -----

package [Link];

public class FibonacciApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Fibonacci fib = new Fibonacci();
[Link](10);
}
}

// Compile & Run from project root:

// javac mypackage/math/[Link] mypackage/math/[Link]
// java [Link]

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Fibonacci series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

16 Protection levels across classes/packages

Split across packages: BaseClass, SamePackageClass, DiffPackageSubclass + ProtectionDemo (driver).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 14

 // ----- package1/[Link] -----
package package1;

public class BaseClass {

public int publicVar = 1; // everywhere
protected int protectedVar = 2; // same pkg + subclasses
int defaultVar = 3; // same package only
private int privateVar = 4; // this class only

public void showAll() {

[Link]("public=" + publicVar);
[Link]("protected=" + protectedVar);
[Link]("default=" + defaultVar);
[Link]("private=" + privateVar);
}
}

// ----- package1/[Link] -----

package package1;

public class SamePackageClass extends BaseClass {

public void show() {
[Link]("public=" + publicVar); // OK
[Link]("protected=" + protectedVar); // OK
[Link]("default=" + defaultVar); // OK
// privateVar NOT accessible here
}
}

// ----- package2/[Link] -----

package package2;
import [Link];

public class DiffPackageSubclass extends BaseClass {

public void show() {
[Link]("public=" + publicVar); // OK
[Link]("protected=" + protectedVar); // OK (inherited)
// defaultVar NOT accessible (different package)
// privateVar NOT accessible
}
}

// ----- package2/[Link] -----

package package2;
import [Link];
import [Link];

public class ProtectionDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BaseClass b = new BaseClass();
[Link]("From outside -> public: " + [Link]);
// Only publicVar accessible from here

SamePackageClass sc = new SamePackageClass();

[Link]();

DiffPackageSubclass ds = new DiffPackageSubclass();

[Link]();
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 15

 From outside -> public: 1
public=1 protected=2 default=3 (SamePackageClass)
public=1 protected=2 (DiffPackageSubclass)

17 ArithmeticException – divide by zero

Class: DivideByZeroDemo — single utility class.

import [Link];

public class DivideByZeroDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter numerator (a): ");
int a = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter denominator (b): ");
int b = [Link]();

try {
int result = a / b;
[Link](a + " / " + b + " = " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Exception caught: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Cannot divide by zero!");
} finally {
[Link]("Program execution complete.");
[Link]();
}
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter numerator (a): 10

Enter denominator (b): 0
Exception caught: / by zero
Cannot divide by zero!
Program execution complete.

18 Nested try blocks and catch ordering

Class: NestedTryDemo — single utility class.

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 16

 public class NestedTryDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {10, 20, 0, 5};

try { // outer try

[Link]("Outer try block start");

try { // inner try 1

int result = arr[1] / arr[2]; // division by zero
[Link]("Result = " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Inner catch 1: " + [Link]());
}

try { // inner try 2

int val = arr[10]; // array index out of bounds
[Link]("val = " + val);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Inner catch 2: " + [Link]());
}

[Link]("Outer try block end");

} catch (Exception e) {
[Link]("Outer catch: " + [Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Outer finally block executed.");
}
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Outer try block start

Inner catch 1: / by zero
Inner catch 2: Index 10 out of bounds for length 4
Outer try block end
Outer finally block executed.

19 User-defined custom exception

Split: InsufficientFundsException + BankAccount (logic) + CustomExceptionDemo (driver).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 17

 // Custom exception (subclass of Exception)
class InsufficientFundsException extends Exception {
private double amount;

InsufficientFundsException(double amount) {
super("Insufficient funds! Short by: Rs. " + amount);
[Link] = amount;
}

double getAmount() { return amount; }

}

class BankAccount {
private double balance;

BankAccount(double balance) { [Link] = balance; }

void withdraw(double amount) throws InsufficientFundsException {

if (amount > balance) {
throw new InsufficientFundsException(amount - balance);
}
balance -= amount;
[Link]("Withdrawn: Rs. " + amount + " | Balance: Rs. " + balance);
}
}

public class CustomExceptionDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BankAccount account = new BankAccount(5000.0);
try {
[Link](3000);
[Link](3000); // this will throw
} catch (InsufficientFundsException e) {
[Link]("Caught: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Shortage: Rs. %.2f%n", [Link]());
}
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Withdrawn: Rs. 3000.0 | Balance: Rs. 2000.0

Caught: Insufficient funds! Short by: Rs. 1000.0
Shortage: Rs. 1000.00

20 Thread priority demonstration

Split: PriorityThread (logic) + ThreadPriorityDemo (driver with main).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 18

 class PriorityThread extends Thread {
PriorityThread(String name, int priority) {
super(name);
setPriority(priority);
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
[Link](getName() +
" (Priority " + getPriority() + ") -> step " + i);
[Link](); // give other threads a chance
}
}
}

public class ThreadPriorityDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
PriorityThread low = new PriorityThread("LOW", Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
PriorityThread normal = new PriorityThread("NORMAL", Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
PriorityThread high = new PriorityThread("HIGH", Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);

[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();

[Link](); [Link](); [Link]();

[Link]("All threads finished.");
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

HIGH (Priority 10) -> step 1

HIGH (Priority 10) -> step 2
HIGH (Priority 10) -> step 3
NORMAL (Priority 5) -> step 1
NORMAL (Priority 5) -> step 2
NORMAL (Priority 5) -> step 3
LOW (Priority 1) -> step 1
LOW (Priority 1) -> step 2
LOW (Priority 1) -> step 3
All threads finished.

(Note: Actual order may vary by JVM/OS scheduler)

21 Producer-Consumer with synchronization

Split: SharedBuffer, Producer, Consumer (logic) + ProducerConsumerDemo (driver).

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 19

 class SharedBuffer {
private int data;
private boolean hasData = false;

synchronized void produce(int value) throws InterruptedException {

while (hasData) wait(); // wait if buffer is full
data = value;
hasData = true;
[Link]("Produced: " + data);
notifyAll(); // notify consumer
}

synchronized int consume() throws InterruptedException {

while (!hasData) wait(); // wait if buffer is empty
hasData = false;
[Link]("Consumed: " + data);
notifyAll(); // notify producer
return data;
}
}

class Producer extends Thread {

SharedBuffer buffer;
Producer(SharedBuffer b) { buffer = b; }
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
try { [Link](i); [Link](100); }
catch (InterruptedException e) { [Link](); }
}
}
}

class Consumer extends Thread {

SharedBuffer buffer;
Consumer(SharedBuffer b) { buffer = b; }
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
try { [Link](); [Link](150); }
catch (InterruptedException e) { [Link](); }
}
}
}

public class ProducerConsumerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
SharedBuffer buffer = new SharedBuffer();
Producer p = new Producer(buffer);
Consumer c = new Consumer(buffer);
[Link](); [Link]();
[Link](); [Link]();
[Link]("Producer-Consumer complete.");
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Java Practicals – Tanushree Paul Page 20

 Produced: 1
Consumed: 1
Produced: 2
Consumed: 2
Produced: 3
Consumed: 3
Produced: 4
Consumed: 4
Produced: 5
Consumed: 5
Producer-Consumer complete.

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