Bic logical C Janistns in Ghieroxrchy based on * Scientific study of avrangement OF Ord} 4heir Similarity and dissiniority NEED OF CLASSEFICATION | * Make the Study of orgamisems Convinent - (+ Tells which Organisms resemble to each other. + Helps 1 Sorting CUE clivetse organisms: + Helps in identifying species. + Helps in Study the origin arnd Evolutionary organisms. [Father of Btotogy] Earliest Scientific Classification On Simple morphological Characters. sprisioe classification was based on externally observed characters. +A type of artificial System of classification | pues ews) [Shrubs] [Trees] BES. imal, mediumn=igxge stall [eve eae Fron-woody Sized5 SEM! Hants Reaturi Ppiontswith Woody Stem, asmge ed Enoimna. | eee Thain‘stemortrunk, (Posses RBC) (easel mm ./*Tnearlest time the Classification of organism was based on their use. l Cingclam CLaification , 4 | “Tt is proposed by Carolus Linnaeus im 1758. * He divided the living organisms ito two kingdoms * Plantae and Animalia *Linngeus classification are based On Morphological Characters like + © Locomotion ‘The organism which Car) locomote Axe Consider ed tobe animals and which cart are Considered to be plants . © cei wan sexta plomts[orgamiam m piantae Kingdont] ONS i Cell wall is present in. ae SPs anisms in Animal® Photosynthesis Dichvepsesferm broteymnears vnereos oTFens!® srrnok pol 9 Response to Stimuli eee ‘ i Plant vesponse to Stimuli is Sow Gs) PISTON _ Primal reponse fo amu ® SRgaen ond fost fo aie" PerineecveGerws manor cunserexce sor. = pean Biadwe Winger eysters takes Unicelyle” ene Cts were COTO. organisms together. Even umnicell lor ovganiems vike loactery ape & considered as plants B use? s Unicetiular plats [diotoms,dinofiagetiares] one gavmars [protez0ans} Nes xesemble each other in level oF organisaxion pend TEproduction PY Or 3 Fission put placed im two seperate anqdoms: f Fungi are included in kingdom plontae # ‘despite OF FE ven foc* nat they lack chiorophytt, Cellutosic Ce! walls Gnd OF ‘ener Wace? Saptophyte or Parasite unvue tyPIco! plonts-— ont 4 «Viruses and lichens cont be placed either OF NESE wo Kingdorms, e because of peculiar cnoracteristcs: Beer * Tt puts together eukaryote $ yoith PTOKYYSeS 6 com oT 4 ty f } °. Ho Corr wired StL ( (HA b t Aw Go Mo oy a ww Ww * Bynst Haeckal a German Siste3 Zootog)st suggested thot a td ranqdomn pe Qesnisns _Protista be created to include those Unicellulay eukaxyoric THICTOOY erinvee kingdom accordingic Haeckal Ore Proveto: Sprantae AN AAIMON: = This solves the problem oF assigning Suitohls Kangdom 4042 organisms hich have similarities with both plants and animals [DRAWBACKS | | T+ grouped vastly differen* orgomisrs tre! different mode of nutrition: Blocked 40 accurately reflect biclogea dwersity: * Both prokaryotes cond Eukarryores aye placed t0ge* accepted CIA si pic ore il spective oF ang ComMPper*ery er anerefore HF 1S ASK e Tt is proposed by He Copeland. He Suggested thot all prokaryotes be placed The four kingdom recognised by Copeland aye : aa AT under Kingdom Monero--ps eluding prokaryotes (bacteria and CYansbactens gay vores ote Organlenrenen i ‘ JOMISMS Not having she Characters oF aia cluding EUkAyy ch OS Ted Oond brown algae ,Fumqis >fung) ote mw P plc AI foe PINKS OTANIMA'S » srotdZ700. prerapnyta]: NeLUAING PIONS iy prantoeD JMetatog] : including multicellular animals, few pera penwerons Oh EOOR HENS Rot Cla: aa ‘are MCOTECHY PISCE ALONG voit PLEAS - fund! and profozeas Were Grouped together: + pigoe Pores were NOr clossFied \ org (a Ve FP OAALTILOHION R ata ¥ _pcanding to Robert H.-winthakex (RES) ,non—ehierePhyllous heterosnoph it to De CIASSIFIEG Under the Kiagsom Fung). ary RNS grado ClaSsRCAHON iS based mak ve Kingdo? Se" Mainly on the follovorng Criteria’ « camplenty OPSFURAUNe = PrOKaTYOHE 6% GUkOyoHS mapiesty oF CelluSy C¥GONAZOHON? UicetLow or rnutticellulor ai Co in Mode OF nutrition: autotrophicor heterotopic. {iy nai [Moseriat] ecological iife style tike producers ,coreu compares | {reproduction and phylogenetic Yelotionship- 2 eee (aa z Ss | CIVING WORE TS Samo CinsstetcAtron] | a L eT t 7 wonetol [evenstal | Furegil i CHARACTERTSTICS OF FIVE terest KINGDOM a J ‘IVE KINGDOMS = ae eee _ CHARACTERS “WongRA | PROTESTA | FONGT | -PLANTRE ——FANEMRCHR: \ Prokaxyotic Bukaryotic | Bukaryol | Eukaxystte eukaryotic | ~ T é Type sai wien)” [ebdogiycanl TESSReIY [Vennin” \tetcloee | Paseataag ‘Absent | Present | Present | Present | present ee Ler esa SS Muricettuiar/ | “Tissue/ Tissue] organ] | Cellulcx__.. Cetusors loose sissue | orga __| organ system) ee, Autotropric | Heterotroptiq Autotrophic | Heterotopic nee uc pee pete eran onl | attition |prewayntherie] 000d pornos) | joe \ etc] | Heterotrophic Heterotrophic aerial nd# ANI Moutticetuar ,wamtake rrotiie OF assiqned the Kingdorn Anirnalio. ere wnciucied 10 she + “The photosynthetic Phulliceluloy oxganvemns _Kingstom Plantae ng were daKen out From PINS 3ome of the uniceiuiar aigae at ia pncseperare fernqdorn. OMA Arima kMgdom and were Th T Protista. #5 #Heterotrophic plants were piace’ into Kingdon Fund ae green algae ken Peo oneva ce Al bacteria and muiticell Ulay bl an f MiseraleMunerred horn idrqaom MNOS 707 i) em ee nae *\ 3h the Five kingcom classification HT anouge® Her arning wee 4 Quen vise 4o4ne Protista.,vericn gave 19S ie casein ane J : Kingdoms of mutticettutay orgasim Yt" Pung}, ProntI© > 4 DRewsacks € * He combine Autotrophic and Heterotropin’ in same Qrour: ers #\ * With/ Without cell wall Tn same QYOUP: f * Viuses and Ifcnens have not proces: aa) 4 * Placing algae in dae tine Kingcom seems #0 PS sore otis: Box Bo ff ‘ a " oo ie f 2 ini . ii pep Nae SMG a (LIA C= * s a he * "Inthe study oF the nucleotide Sequenc® of 4-RNA Mm the Mbosomes ot eS di Anat there BE Gigernctly +wo GiPerens * Mo Ww different +ypes of cells reveale: _ Kinds of cells in prokaryotes: + Three stegemee Kinds of cell organisation dhe OYGaMIsTS ~ EWO PYOKON IES BF ard one cucasuone — can be recogriees: L 5: cy He Cart woese proposed 0. Three Domain System of ClaseiFiecasion Gnd Proposed three domain viz. Archaea » Boctevia and Evkoy yo: + [Domain is [Link] group of members oF 18. a Cokegory higher than kingdom] * All the timee domains have evolved From a. __progenote. [Bukaryotes | Serilor Kingdom. Tt ses Common ONCEStOoY , HIE | [aving Benes 1 [ roncebacens] | {Gu Donte me ae Archaebacteria | | |Eugacteria) : *Pronaebadaia *Eybacterio. ——« Protigto | : a © Fung T L t + Plantoe + Amimnatio, Woese’s proposal Relationship of organismant S. ‘ r es | . | | BOK ARYSTES. PROKARYOTES ~——ouaryoiee Ore uniceliWsGr | Bukeryotes Ore Moet Msn * Faieuse ve PooNy Gistripuled |The MUcieUs is wen dletined The waned due 40 he BSENKA GT | And 19 euMTOUNIeS fy eeyeay THEMNOYONE NUCeaY MernByYanE cess Osent Nucleolus is present nenes ave Absent Cel Gvqamenles Gxe PYESEN* Suny G8 PIGSHAs,mMitochoncria ete en oF wryotle Ribosomes ore eratively smaufios} ria B blue Green algae | Curcryoric Riorsomes ore TelosWely \XQe [RO8} | Fung pants % cximols Cells om Monera efhis most abundant B easenapeliticion Cosmopolition organisms. * Bacteria Ave the Sole members of Kingdom Monero- eThey HAVE All PYOKATYORC O1GONISMS: qnit the nucleus is absent. “hey do both Autotrophic Gnd |hekerotvopnic ynode of nutrition. «The vibosomes pexe present 1 + Tis single celled organisms | s Monera cere the MoSt primitive forms of life living Stock +exmed progencte- gacte 15 70s. UNICelILLOY OYGENISMS: SOx Fron More Ndent Progencte “ evpiazen oy“ Moneval [Prokaxyotic Trrokaxyntic ancestor] cet] fk SNGBOM MONERR | es a 3 1 Pychoe Bacteria. [Archaebacteria] [Ruboererict} v v Hue Bockevion Ancient Bacterio || RE DUGIGNAG | cleria. are aN) ANcieMt Group oF pacteno ~ #Archaebor Tt can survive Under 6x treme adverse Conditions ike e Mayshy land * Hy dyothermal vent Salty aveo. Hot Sulfur Sprmngscela eye" ° 4 ect by Pe ety wall 1s tack * In avchaebacteria the © «cen war ie race upot Ps eudomurein. ¢ hor “3 eurvive 1) ‘: ae Tehetp the archae bacteria 19 SOE "ovate ples Bot ® *Cermembyane 1s mate Up of Pray ney = at BASED ON OXYGEN NECESSITY mo [ Archaebacterio , PHO” r pmaerobss por . Pere [ansence 0° Or e-" « [presence of Ox) 1 Brier | iB Facultative Ee. i" 1 Obligate ercoineg 1 Anaeroes Ane , : [rompuisows] [Rexibiel Ip-qnes : OBEIGATE ANAEROSES | [Rigid Compulsory] ARs ecco ¢ TThey live under omaerobic conditions only aNd ger KANE 4) _0F oxygen. +The mode of nutrition In chemesynnens les. 2+ * They hove two gyoup metnamagens. and NUOPHUES: [FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES | [Fiexivie] + They live m both condition Aerobie ANd They normatty respire aerobically @ne anaerobic Conditions: « «The aychaebocteria inthis Cakeqory are Thermaacide prites: Archaenoctena | Met J E e | + ogens Halophites Thermoacidopnites * [MeTHANoGENS] 2 * They ore obligate Anaerobes. F * They are chemotropns. * Methanogens ave found + *Maxshy lands: * Gut of several rumin: * Biogas reactors. * Methanogens Gre capabie of Conver ting C0 Gand formic Acid Into «Methane . So they are said to be methanogens. ; C02+ Formic Acid + Hydrogen Methaneass, Methane | &— Methamobacierium, Methanobacillus . Int Animas Such as Cows sdutfaloesonnersnes! Tigh solr Concentrations. the penDséA-Taroei] wre opsiqaze resent 1 go do chemo*ophs prives OTe Sound M1 SAY BESS FEGION oF high Sanity ney PONE xed pigment Carotenoids iM thelr Ceil-mMErnioroMe pid yarn permenrbiity ond Tigidity a eHiUNY GEVElOpS PUXPIE MEMIc je polo ‘ Hose hawivag Prot - polot ont Dackeriorlnodopsin 9, Protoreceipto” Pe yosoboCkeNUM, HeioBER, HOLOCOCCLS - fe test ¢ SulPololOUS VENS OF Yellow stone Notional Park of USA Gere Specialy _ unin these forms whieh thyive under concit es Conditions of High heat ond lous a oiney OE Present M1 High temperature 8 high Ocidity. + Under derobic Conditions these organisms oxidise. Sulluy +0 SUIpRUNtS cid. » Under GNGEYOvIC Conditions Some forms Can Yeduce 46 SulpINUY +0 jydrogen Sulphide: = hey often live Th hot woxeY Springs voheve te semper high OS gore and the PH as\ow aS 2. Pex hermoplos ms, Thermoprorens exc. / L AN Bfupacterio. OTe «Tt contains nuciecid cireulay DNA, « Mermmbyane bound Cell organelles GTE Qlosent within it. +The cell wal ig Made ub oF Pepidogiycon: * Tt has vigid Cell wall * 9 is ribosomes ts 70s: * Tt is born motile OMG HOY) rotile- P [cungsseToart0N OF BACTERSE | ON THE BASIS OF SuPPE| e T. Coccus or Sphevica! Bacteria Os s They all ave spheric! ackeyio ee enc} © ee | + They ave rnotileLwithout Hog Monococcus/ Micrococcus Only single Spheri al cell & FngRMORCEDOPHILES | Ve ney ore Faculraxive omnaerobes: = i e avonge bacteric ove Found 1 Not Seer SulFUY SHINS - ] 1 i i) Oke 1S OS Poko YOHS EUIDICKEYIGY Organism - 3 ‘ganismSThpais — orpic coceus g sang Chain Coccus t bn epprococcs A WEQuiay group oF coceris = BOY G I Raatiug or Res Snaped eacienie «om — . Shey ave vod shaped ,cylindyical ov jeakect —_ * Rey ave Flagetiated or Non FAME! flage > To pars \= piprobacittus TH chains = Strepowacitlus IE Berar or Halicar Baciena gpivat vou . “They ave stigntly lage and elongated 8h > Weed . * A Spouitunn has move thom one uN oF ee ee AL nove MAGE ak EACH PE *) 2 Spivat_wactenum nave one ox more Hage ae I. Nibvio or Comma Shapect Vibsiun| paemnvies: with Ae *Worio 1s an another form of bacteria, Which vesernties E Sign oF comma (9) * Worium bears * Spruttum is morte Asingle Fagetium at its tips. Se . . [on THE BaSas OF NOTRTTIONER * Bacteria, tike ant Living Organiams Yequives a ROUNCE OF energy : On the basis of thei mode of nuttin they cve Usually clasnitied tnte F three categories viz -Phototropns . chemobephe and Nerevotwopne. . hothopnic Bacteria 4 “These bacteria which ave CAPAvLYE of ayNthesizing thelr food by Ahemselves by using radiant energy [tignt energy) are called hhototropha. « * Photoautetropnic bacteria are capanie Chemical energy, but they can ot ¢ « * Thus m0 oxygen Isinvolved ay «* Th piace of Watey they use OF EVEN Some organic Compound T../Chemogyntnetic Bacteria] * These are non Photosynthetic but Autotrophic * They derive energy From ammonia Sulphide and oth of conver ti Yadiant en eXQy Lto, AUC] Pre, | Wenic Photosynheaal NAG, *Hiog\upnare Spt? water to obtain vec "IS process (8 called Anaxy hyovogen auty » Wyclvogiann bactey QA sNMtrAtE Mbyte, fey ev MOYGanic Compouncs, for tre theiy food and use @# +he veleased eng GY Toy the: °. They Playa greatyole in reCYClineg Phosphorus TON and Suiphuy YOUS lor, hydrogen ByMthesig of \y ATP producing ) NUN EYES Hike Mitroqen,ractenia Ob'aN) thely Ene \ ae FQY BY OAISINg C e eaid tole Chematvophs, ing Chenicas compounds * AeroHKOPHE Bacteria sat QHUTAC 3 cHAONE FY NOU = “The Majority are IMPoLarn\ 50 rractevia. ota ther e BOTS ‘ YY Veady mace food From an org georn €-Ve? heterotrophs WCUGE Many Gewsie fs FS omnonods eq: Pseudo “aint dor Jeg: Pseudomonas] com clecomipese O voriety of ov: ex/compounds SON pacter [aerobic] is a free living nity Ax agen fi mich enmienestne Soil: Sa ni Bsorntave” helevoeropns Wellies Soave roveioa Gael Re eprcer0die bacteria formers belong to the Qenus Clostridium. me Pse mate _ape heteroriophic DECHEYIA Gown BE Cigtinguished into Smaion nutritional eqxegornres— T./Poasitic Bacteria I pese bacteria. Fees OO Living OYganisens- PACteTI. Gx|e KNEAINN 40 COVSE igecses to PMS: ie Some porastti * {eg. Citrus Conker] ONG Gmirena's Teg. Pheurnonia stypneid’]. Such eactene. Bove catied Patnoge me Bacteria T [Saproprytic Bactevio. Ie These bacteNio grown on dead and Gecaying Raster GYQEIC MOS in their food by decomposing the COMPIES Orgomic MoIEAMIEs + Pethey ota 4 o into simpley JMOVQINIG CONSHAVENES: ir. [Symbiotic Bocteric | }» These bacteria, gyovoin peneficic’ associotion with other Living, Organi: $&| fy. The bacteria mnhabitating intestine of mans and Orimals. The F enzymes secreted by their BOCTENIG Aye helpful im the Aigestion & | cellulose ONG 1) return they obtain *nely food From tne ost. | ® Root nodule bacteria [Rhizobium present 1) Ane oot oF Jeqummous Plarts> fixnitrogen of oxmesphere 4 OUgment thew nitrogen SUPPY onan » yeturn the plants provide nem Shelter B carbonyStOres » ON THE BASTa OF FLAGELA| # Atrichous :— Flagella apsent. * Momtrichous: — Asingte Flagellum neato cholevoe 489 Lactobacillus present aron]e* Cephatotvionous A AuPt OP Hagelta at one Pawo PIUO! ©}, Paeucomoners Fu ends t both ere NAMPhiivichous = One Flagellum at t €9) Nitrosomonas: a sothenc ~ Twos tufts of flagelia at oot ©9, pirat Spivillum Volutans she bacteria borne alt around Miehous'— A numbey of flagella, n * Lpohotvichous 7 * Rey cen want ON “THe BASIS OF CELL WALL ovcling +0 their ¢ Bacterta fall intotuo naka! groups accorting +) Shuctuve, < es f \ stant Fee alan neal impor ter its ‘teria iS Gram Staiming, named af ayy Gran. 1 * One of tne most h +1 Fechmiques foy be. STscoverey, Christi * The Plow crart oF Grams Staining procedure :— Prepare a s Mear OF bacteria onthe Side + : Place Reus Cops of Crystal voilet stain on the Stide. bacteria take A vollet Stain] + % After 30 seconds rinse the Slide vith watey + Place few Ayops of iodine Onthe Stide . Toacteriq take a Gleep violet oy Puyple stoun] i + A¥¥er 90 seconds tinge. the slide vith water WO8h +the slide with 90%. ethanot + ° Gran §~ yay bacteria aye Aecolouriged ard Or pink Stain. voith th i 4 Ih bos the cases the wall of Pepticiogtycan. “Th gram S+ve> bacteriq th 4 >the Pebticogiycay Bnetig Wfitled with Polyeaccharides Ond protems ato form a Yelokivery Wik, Hage ve, of gran ¢ ~Ve? bacteria, i " 0 9 Ave thinney Q aaueaicle vol Smooth, sot layer Which ig a 'Popolysaccharies Molecwes, SS SOAKED On the "Chava cterigheNuclecid, © Plagetio, . est Ke 47 — Tnclusion Wiposorne ——— i Satie — Bimelayes ba Sa Cytopiasmn Cewatl bag [Cell watt | AQKd Structure. * Tt ispresent outside +E Membrane and is 0%" wat) materia! OF ati euloockeyis- ie PAeIdGGCAN al ig, due tote PYSSENce of tnis PayMer with Short aMminodsa Chay portion ond & QByCo’ >The chayacteristic Cell The vigidity OF bacterial Cell vo like polysaccharide cross-linked Peptidogiycan consists of +wo Combponerds pepade or sugar Solution: Aas 2 Clostridium, Lactotsocillus, Salmoneia, Pseudomo Es Mycobacterium, Streptomyces. = = f Copsaie and Stime Layers] . ° Tisa Gelatinous layer present onthe outer aurface of the cetivoalt o& Some bacteria. z “This layer vohen composed oF only polysaccharides then it 1s knowns, . WM = . + 7 This ayer when composed of amino acids (Polypeptides) ore also Present along with poly soccharides. then itis known as Capsule. . lores « “They protect pacthog Storage. re lysoccharides + Grrino acids! } NG Pocterio. From pnagecytous & GISo serve asa * [Fogera] +. Flageiia are extremely thin hoy Appendages +hat protic Cel Wal and ave Tesponsiil de through the ls ble for the Motility oF bacterial cetis. a They ore mode UP of iden: Pics ical spherical Suounitg OF apretein cated tlagetiin. *ErlO POSsseS minute Tigid culmary Cal APpendages aa from the Cell wall ig Called pin. ss & UB OF Specian type of Proteins known OS pilin.pave SOME PAE $ Sexpili? whieh ate hel BE << © uring 60cten6l oustem eee cane WPFud in Aranster oF Qeretic ome was + hough to MCrease the Surface ar Cell 11 Cellulay respiration, Se Oe ad ene are Infolctings of the plasrn: ee Bee Ng plasma meriorame inthe bacteria, Be rete mo WISIN B formation of celluat. E ing YW DNA repicati .g t 8 Fepication % distribution of BNA to dag claugntey cen soot Bass? : similarly 40 mitochondria in Bee act yy tO MMIkOCHONATIA Ih EUKAX Yoke Celts. puosi0S 1 Cell. also Conta Dpccteno mM Some |ExtrO. Chromosomal herediosory di wakes an 0 x ere eng ich ove @Fthey Independent of bockevial chromosome OF Ore Wieqrate, Brito Ba is [Link]! > Single Sirewoy DNA apree forms of Plasmids Ore :— i. ¢- plasmid — Having Fertility factor BR- plasmid— Having yesisionce 4 ammiibicticS &. Col- plasmid. producing coucing ov Bactevioans Lok Kills YelOtES OSHS: fXucieoid she nucleaid 1S the Yegion in O. Bacteria! Cen +nak Contos Ae BOCtentct ¢rromosome(DNA)- 5: is nor enclosed by & Nucieay Memevone: She nuciecid Qenome USUAly Consists OF O-Single slong, Soule - Stranded 5 olecule. Circular DNA MY genes needed for the bactentum’s Grout, Sus vival’ Ie + comame all the and reproduction. Tt is attached +o plosma Membrane Givectly fe Tt is not associated with histone proteiy. Ox bY MEANS OF MesosIMes - J [Rosomes 7* Ribosomes axe non- ) bocierio Ferthey axe +e site OF protein synthesis i T Bocterial vibozomes are TOs type: * BR 70s ribosomes consists of = *30s small Subunit © 508 large subunit '° Ribosomes GE yoade of + RNA [ribosomal Je They may OCCHT Freely in the cytoplasm OY J poiyriboeomes(pausomes)— membrane bound Orgamelles present iene CABOOSE PRA] and Pres: Sores GrOUDS CANESelles sP* ; . nd orgor “Since bacteria tack mermmra SOQUY GiveCHy in the cytoplasm spe HOCIENAL cares te f es found Tnelusions] legs structu * Thclusions ave membrane -le6 ses. reser 5g energy ; mts & € sions cytopiasm mnules for Tuttiet cond * They act as Storage granules 1 ing UNFavours on like CYGONENES, * They heip bacteria survive GUNG sn metabolist i Grote YeSer ag | “Thclusions aye not mvolved eee granules es (volutin oy By di ve re QYo ¢ Tra gro onany ese ee a NPIC/ Fat granule: vomules t sulphur 9 b- Metachromatic granules) > 1 f Photosynthetic Pigments] bacteria melude 5 +1 *Genmon protesynenenc Pigments ees Sacteriochiovophyli(im purple & green Chiovopnytta(in cyanobacteria) + _ Carotenoids (accessory pigments) photosynthetic Pigment occur * In green sutphuy bactevia tne inside sma sacs Chlorogomes_ Cytopiasm] “ytop ‘< ‘ofeins,, * Tt is hhomegeneous Colloidal mass of Carbohydrates, Fats spy NPIGS > Nucleic acids, mmerals and water. | : aS * The Cyfopiasm is usually Colouvless stacking piqme * Typical cet! Organelies are Glosent. —~ [REPRODUCTION IN BACTERTA] —— *Bocteria reproduce mainly by asexual methods They dont have _ Sex Organs Re Ahey Ean Brecdneon OF genetic recombinations Fe-exchange of genetic material. [Biagy etsszon] * Tris the most common °'In which the cel divides into twoequar ports By Q tranguerse Septum, Occurred in the Cyto plasm Method of multiplication in bacteria. . RERore > Chrorneomepnin *Binary Fission involves Following Step : “Seemann T.[Repiication oF DNA] . } roe Tos a & * . N ce The bacteria pNA Guptcates twos a pine Producing twoidentice EE the genetic material i Gang DNA divides, iSi0 M £ PR 5 The nono Mesosorne | F< O | Cet wan and pagans mane MESosome divides and heips e membrane Sehevastion of tine Yeplicated DNA. +jemorone Synthesis Si x genoa MeMrc eTPIasma MEMBraNe 19 Synthesized cs BB sn 38070 es Jnthesizect ds tne EOCIETIG! Cel GEBERS “Hensverse 2 ee cen jasma MeMbxane and ceil yoa!t ee Grom mond of the Centre of he cel e ening O soe (crogs wast) between 4 za (yo DNA COPIES. ig aut) s Pom Pouspier ces Seperate ane ve), [cieovoge Sd » j Ss. WA Spine Septum completes tA its formation and Los fe oer oneticaly aenaeatcian Hee ay ANE payent cel Splits, fete process OF binary Fission is completed 1m 20-50 mimutes . fission is different from NOTMA! mitotic divigior aes Peon Ch iepindie formation dissing the division oF nuciear eat a pa | [BvoDING] f lean some DACKENIOs S/ouds(OUigrowsths) ATE Given Our From +e borkerial cell e These DUDS Eventually Seperoxe from tne POTEN Cell HY sepium Each, Gevelops into 0. New Bacteria’ Cans Beg, typommicxo1o™M> Rhodomicrosiuny fexposPoRe FoRMATiON] iB Gome bactevO @ Such OS Bocillus and Clostridum Foren endespore: under TUpfawnuvable conditions Uke 10k oF meskeekian. nutients Jextreme sernipevoned or drying ‘ [grers oF enposrore FORMATION| wa replicates side the bacteria! cel! a. 01 9.1he cell membrane folds qnward and suUrTOUNdS one Copy oF te DNA form a forespore = 1¢ Porespore- . A thick protective wail develops around + ed (deposed). 14. Additional protective layers (Spore coat) axe develo Bs iwnser content decreases maxing te Shere highly tesistone 6. The mature endospore iS weleased when the parent cell disintegrates. fEmeorTANCE : * Endospores Ne!P pacieria. guivive in hors Conditions . * They ore not o method of reproduction pecause one bacterium forme only one endospore 9 VOI later germinaes itd ONE HACTENILNY): * Tt can easily tolerate oO temperokuive of 100°C 10dC -fortynarely p only wo of the pathagen'c leactenia produce endospores yolnich ave tetonus and ontivox Hace.~The genus Azotobacter produces GE cysts f° The cysts in Azotobacter for ice Bee en Favouvobieconsition® nent vel Environment gets harsh . So#hey al CO urvive UP | Dut they hetpthe bacteria 40 j. Se eee ° @kweme conzuarrzen GENETIC RECOMBINATION | . Sener ee [o' Sexuality in bacteria was first eemonsnated by OMd Edwecrd Tatum (1446) in Esherichic. Coli- * Sexual yeproduciion in bac Y on 4 ely GYE no gametes, and cell Fusion does not OC’ ction, NAM! z Se the essential featwe of sexuo! Be on Arie 18 cated Genetic exchange of genetic Materia! , does take Pla FBGEERGE. se certtnin recombination sn vECOMbINAKOM CAN bE * +The Rollowing ines methods are Known by vohiCl Ros ot ave in 2. Conjugation —“hansier genetic material between cells th Physical contact vith one anctney. 2. Fanscuction :—Thansfer of genetic material from one Cell +0 ONothey, by a bacieriopnage. : FS +o + 3" Transformation —Transier of cell— free oy naked DNA from one call Qnother. Z 5 vUT [OVO Or 4 rents Truce shuo. Leder berg [Consuastz0N] 7 Gonjugazion is a method of genetic recombination in bacteria. in which’ U genetic Material Stransferved from one bacterium (Gonov) +0 Another (recipient) through divect cell- 40-08! contact * Bacteria con} —ti9ae), Se ISTEPS OF CONTUGATION pa Donor and recipient cell come close j The Donor bocterium (Ft Cell) posses a. fertility Factor 5 terium (Po Cel!) lacks the F plasmid. ~Formation of Sey pill F* Cell form " Q4thin-+ : Getons. ce ee tke Structure Called gex incpiny of : 6 Felland brings the ain Ss). genetic Materia CRils together. € F plasmid DNA is 5, NUGasIOn tridge. T"SFerred Fromm the jugetion was First demonstrated oy Leder bery and Tatum [F-posmid] : F' Cell 40 the P= call[DNA vepteatin “eamoetsegrinere the ampemertany Dr atv compet eperation Pets "i ite neste. “Treveciient cnt ron coro ane F-ploSrrd ana becomes Forigaton ath tran aie tarsi of genet materia spo reapien baton inmgnenes coyeaas et < . nae ina =) Respent cea Frrneroanerson] aaa, at certs atone ran voce ors up free{eaies) DNR from #8 eutratmcing One Ncorparatee Into is on genetic materia (Siepsot Transtormaxon Release of DA J taaterot exuien 079 PYEOKS OpeN| “Hs pA io releosed mtotne environment 1. 0ptaue oP DNA ~ Frothen ting backexiam (cole 0 competent ce Homsurounsinas 9 Hakeree upthe free PNee wprern's boctenirn cher 7 The nceerieg DNA combines kh shee Ahroigh vecamwriton bac torrents rovoteraien Suenow Orson “Fe vacrerumy aqures neve gee cha seeishorce ov nesmevanv ees 0) a > "enatarnaonie-ne trees of geet tse romna Sad bcterasn to ating recipient Bacterium MOU BNI rom the erevontnent - ‘Feshansiamation espeimen of fade Sai fa Serene ‘he genetic infrmation Can be srasatertes Fromm one ‘rote trai ONR met Ge Tethers bactenatcen — E psomicorcen - THarsduction [Link] of genetic recombination in which DUA‘S, S$] *torsferred fom one bactena 4s anather by bacteviopnage a virus thas Infects borveria. ([Btepsof Tanecuckon] + Boctevoprage Wfects cde bacterium | oe gress ean | +The page infects a veopiers packevum. The transferred DNR eniers tne recipient cen + The DUR rexompmnes ieitytne eOplerk Geihs Crromasorne. + The recipient bacterium squires newstratte. “Tjpes af Saneducton) 1. Generatised Thar duction * ny gene frome Corey bacterium Osx hen o bacteriophage acs ‘can betaneierred. ‘bavteviai DNR cenialy carries c yomdom Raqment oFScouts when a eager the bactena! one s — [ECONOMIC TMPORTANCE OF BACTEEIA| -— Steno ave Sahres SCaNengers Os Hey helpin preventing Ye os gens yernans of plants and annals The batter decorspose ne oxgaric mater Present Im4re SEMARESCEM in emp inorgune substance Reson Cyto — ‘iter important conativert of al ing organicns finsds ore conversedinéo ammonia by armmentd gens an Bons vorS Jog boeken= Ammonia reacts with | amreaniuny sais essences] they ave sinaequersy tes Nir0b ‘Nitrogen Fination= Tt lot wogica +) Free tung bacteia— Free! Gesearnfapoeebid Ammonium Salts cre veey either dinecty absorbed ty verted nt nites ond haFes By niting bacteria Symbiotic Barteria Common sypibetc bacterin are. Bras lequminosarum asecointeg with woo! nodules of leqursi ous These convert rifagen inte amenania that ore acids wy pions 5. Sopropryebacteria heipin prepsation of Fertirevard manus {comerting Form Yefused, dung and other organic waste inte hur Acteria Ove Usediby man to ubbzeC ‘ne metaBoile dc! In preparation ofan. oF Inctuatriat proc Yogurt Chesee—lneiobscitus vulgaris ond Sreprococcus *hereo bhi Vinegar Plespot nia! fermerviation -Sacchavomyces w-cere vs Sexondany oxiciaion tomsforrnation 2 Rostonatrer and Glucsmbaciey “*Roeting Reving ¥ [Link] reirobial EERREREERON Secor | Unt materia fo\erate Here. cooshiciurn Butyricumn ig is usefulin tnelpre sve | +teatner-Tnoustiy—"The decamfceing ane fermentation Copa oeria is uttined for remouing Fars, rangond omer tsees hnces. Phe cleaned rides ove thentanved, oprepare leather * Bocteria have been used extensively tn preparation SSE 1UrS Gnd HOMME. © Vitarnins— ff Escherichia. eat preses large quantities of Vitarmin & complex arc Niarninkocteria epergius niger — Aecetsbacter aceh — lstrictum Busyvcamn= Gus Lacbacitus~ Lavi Aes “Trchoctevna Payson Monagcus pase: Antibiotics obtaned from bacter! ya[Rokinomyceres) Ps" aaa sone er » _Terrarngen cxonyeracycine | Shep ete Ergtivoryon |) greprermese on Crnowrnycenin ene ox crecyprenics _Neomysn repiomyces Frac Yornysin ‘Seeptomyers pumice Ren, Sieeplomm6 Tree tee Sheproryoes ers + Spsiageof Food! — Sapropoy Traking them unfit for human Jen produce St -Ponieeaonsanie~ nus shear ord “Tegan ose onacis ceean om Sane tea meres reer 0 se Guaaipieng of 2 oF WS IGENLReroration of Domest Gn sea Doran ns + Ditenses— bi tno a ate sy Goan Gegee come . saps ; Bae eas — a mus Conker anorranas C 2 Gan aaa Sqrabactevam -tarnefociers Bociova Graht Psesserronas: “We Wet of Tobacto Ratstonio. coisne ceayurn piegae — (cvanoeneteein — ee a ee Sitateen Procnacers lane oraae rence Sejare Gori we eee te ce iopsltre ous pion Ne aE SEN PkySpeyere found frech water eran - A Ren 8pexIes Growin hor walereprinns' ow temperature species one! 1 ec Sea. named Hecate Sarat. Heed nyt es STRUCTURAL ORARNTEATION= “rey maybe URIOSTAGY Od MUN Cea. “he nesta forms cna be spherical or Ovi Tre io Forms ae of 0 oe deend en occ TOercroid cory he Nem gre commsrears gos ~Figmentous Gjencbacieo= *Pomentous form consti one vmove catwlay eran TRlcnomes» Surrounded by smsauinsseeah “Tn Blamentous Cysroboct aria she as Ove Orra09 (uc civ cates Ramana *Ojarobacera aie Charocievned by the absence of Pc! iormesaithougn meet hose tee ee Sqnevo, manera, 82 Oecnor SrmLeTDRED PRES — ve Sind Gvei Ramen ops funeven— Moyen fren Remar nice Oy rile) ini arsesnva{inn) nanan canbe used \ A oy ane orqanisrn fs ay Mfayearan-ine eneume tuhoaerase wri esent? fer ogen Panton as Newnan =r apermentie fo Ds and permease fx riogerase 8 [Link] ba yhererocyst peice a Gy negee anc Rracena [eomamnere sie]| 2Meshagerove Sen [*Rrssingeove sec ase cea ‘[Link] Memeranes *Crmopma-a ana other paments ove present on tnyakold ment , inthe aytoplasi lien helps in prseeyntnes oa} sieved ns eyanonnycenn siatch anc ajo © cel ai Made oF papseng\os ands Osten susyourse ee | -Fronetes hick walled veoh exter ‘suqvive fr Unflvourah econ | 7 Fr atmoeprencritogen and increase ea used as Dioferize8 impos feiss | Produce 0; rrough photesintnesie [Sprung is used as pretein—vicn ead Supplement ‘Broaena. and fulira can aiow emequit tae te + Thisuse for mang anibione Contacte. pHtenfarm blorsin potted wa oo — [mucoprasma| — rgopiasma ore -e GaHEB erates? pif vepicatingorgariems +e bean pe quup Mates * Disoered by Nong ard Que + Theyean ve ineependerty an Tepe Gane Om. {0c cet iat + camera who Of, “roptatn spewe sear (can crange sag shape Sertive wy armibonea tat alfa pete Spires er antbiotis daxgesing can wa formato. Cana both BNA ag RA yoy binary feson Genetic material~ chewar doubje stra‘Sravacterstics 638Compound cece 1 foe Bost, Qe) antoe 3 Treusria) Uses ves J FRE eratoang "5 nd Kleoctve compours eee Go ope eterna gat ees cor riser. snag OFS kirqdam Gre net well Sennoe ‘ray be present cr absent defending on he G14 ‘provets ve fea. Wings epomsie mal ore mens /LacormoMon geal ecu ¢ er ln Flagena,cy psec pea 2B aqeua ave preeealggrrenerrzon pivcreve| CpeNae Serer) betaraic Semin power Supenrg crevsorustes, *oimsbrites aye an areupof esos npn: pc pnconyne protien 5 and deem, pigment Faber] Founciin freshwater sine ak 1 COWES ao¢en algae pecauBe of shel goden sae = ely occur oe poviteniteatrg ong ~orm enimgonton par pgs [General Gharactevietics| = Fag icons eemepee mcscise eats sal ae =e celiwat we imprernaes nth en “atoms the cella frm vi et Ge ~ Fest ested oe ols ana near haRIERO = way Pyseuy et 16m, Sous eNO ~ onminpiamers leh 08 chown Damar] dipeots “ost oburdat nenes of chee Ge on ones asta [ces eat = Refuse cori ys ergs *epiteca nner ers ge *hypoinecaine mgermee snort + Ue aseap oom ith1g materia plsen alga) vatlyfourdin Steam ner {Pang reaucers for ane os ‘Produces i targe arrount ofa DINDELAGELATES) (ohne) *Dihagetoes ae mnty =Conig-n egoam Pee +The ave option compere Sr agg 00 tes sin maine ter + Crofiagetaies hee “Foner suas flags. erseiy ina groove Cales Cina ~ he ctner hes lngeacinany a Groot plaree fore On {Moat Pretoeymthetic Gutcrcans *emmrephytia end e ave beset ~ Xantnobhutt pigments que Yetows eat [> f prenorpenan caused by the vapid rollagenases (Gonyouias & Giyrrrocium ae Of peGN6 ved, brown ov FEctightmou Girects = Some Species veiease 4oxina(sratim)orihoowe vacuste {= B ny by longitu “precImportant compan 2 Praduce oxygen Be Foren ba e oF aquatic % Brspmsitie Dereancrate boli pont like Barina ive Chast © Ih Garp frente and gardens, Under faseuraie Conditions they ener om an ncee dam, es Feplatrnasiam i8 raies mutinucleate andiroves +The veqetosive body i naked an aces «ce wath | + uring tmnfasousoinie co Sn aenee eens Saginote carat I coe eer ope > ees eR rut bt Pui obevepoes ealseireeeereomarristtos N isigee ac | [eetegian ampere!cS % by Poewseat ceca Fee) As suf Eramorea Hekiyt. causes amebi 3. "Fypamoserna. causes steeping Scknees leienmaria utes leishmaniasis Snore. £4- Ploemediuey causes molaFplicnen(Sangss ern) Barston ebreducto Bucs ies meee non 6 pve ‘Sfrogmentaion|omaja) + Spore Pooresbore(hevel | Ayparcsreve[n renee Magee \sPresen: [Ragga Ws ateent | rogea i oeeR Endeqencoas Enasqonensa opens ae quai Furst Ter ect Fung | Btn serv eh “is aispeneaty ‘outer ty vemborot treme ot Prccmsces(fe.g| REE -K InGansonyceres ageniay apovescomeenm [SemAL REPRODUETTON PASEESS] cer caus and vesutvein genet vorenan sn general crews n Sees 1. Plawrogamy Fusion of re cuapiOSmB oveniaave Ie neve Fa A tnnigrer persia Fung, proseregamn ‘otter ie gots Seayed: Before IN me rage of ive imeniening ealegse id KN GORIBURL REP fs 1 [ING ARE erst ene BS OF FLOM ci) Conjugation Fung)MGCET | (ous tury hu in we spores ited bsscopsies chek eran — 1 iRives ercshests, Guibas She[eonome arom TANCE! seks _Trpertant secnmposers of denaorganie mater aye ETE S| Campertect Rona “> Dewrorgeies cise caled invert Repose manny oat :Sepraie ara branched rycen ema + Sewwal Repreasctin naw nor Heenoteenies + Mary are saprepnte sore are pancoe Someapecies ave ute on sncusiny Grd red F IhemnGve ecompeamts a Hey Gra x: hernia, Cotetomchan ard Wieden hal Importance o Fung enfochureo? ery*Horens be Grass fomed oy 0 eymuinke oxsaekn aia om algae (orcycmetacre + the fungal pon ater, erinerals cond shelter he gal -patar parine omy prepare ood ‘They ve cae be Prions ee oonre ie +@ Sera Tatoo Dieease (C70) Pin rarmans Porifovm Ereapraiopay(maidenadisescd 4. ‘i ° Finasmas | Te Aintke runes, tneydoret hove & protern cont Bo ‘ + Sai MRER PIs ETE concuse Uenees Anat ve . Med ans quai ease canon muses, i toot erg coho 0 & Satowresty— [Link] (92 : [estore uve | + Porate Sprrctie Tunes Bisense * cia Bxocerts #8 wus [Link] ocenatay fron= 6 “eprodiuce only (Nese A ng + Vises posses chasactenenes + Viruges are AsBiay (are cats oxganiration) They caniain emer DNA GF RAB vee Hoth, + Surrounded by 0 protein coat CavIeG 1as. rey ave opigate insneetlay paroRites 3 Bren Living Creractevishss) = Reproduce eichGy Whacce ei vaste prsense Goran ld Tohtwents aps‘Déiney Fria! Diseases ave: Mums, Srna Pox anna wee: MGR RRTSL eine the ven * 898) "Lyrae aminfectous inna Sid omar "WM Stoniey~ viruses couls be eyrstansed ava (838) lava of Protea