Question 1:

Part A: MC questions

1. What unique address is embedded in an Ethernet NIC and used for communication on
an Ethernet network?
a. Host address
b. IP address
c. MAC address
d. Network address

2. What method is used to manage content-based access on a wireless network?

a. Slotted Aloha
b. Unslotted Aloha
c. CSMA/CA
d. CSMA/CD

3. Which best describes a CSMA/CD network?

a. One node transmission traverses the entire network and is received and
examined by every node.
b. Signals are sent directly to the destination if the source knows both the max
and IP addresses
c. One node transmission goes to the nearest router, which sends it directly to the
destination
d. Signals are always sent in broadcast mode

4. The network layer ISO/OSI reference model has:

a. 4 layers c. 6 layers
b. 5 layers d. 7 layers

5. In the network encapsulation, the PDU (Protocol Data Unit) in the application layer is:
a. Segment c. Message
b. Frame d. Datagram

6. Suppose that the users of a network share a 5 Mbps link, where each user transmits
continuously at 1 Mbps when transmitting, but each user transmits only 10 percent of the
time. The number of supported users in a circuit switched network is:
a. 5
b. 10
c. 50
d. Unlimited

7. An ARP query packet is encapsulated in:

a. a link-layer broadcast frame
b. a link-layer frame addressed to a specific adapter
c. an IP datagram
d. none of the above

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 8. Network switches break subnet into LAN segments that become separate
collision domains
a. True
b. False

9. Compared to pure ALOHA, slotted ALOHA has:

a. Higher efficiency, because without slots a frame is more likely to suffer a

collision.
b. Higher efficiency, because slotted Aloha uses collision avoidance.
c. Lower efficiency, because a large part of a slot can go unused.
d. Lower efficiency, because having slots requires synchronization.

10. Flow control takes place at which layer(s)?

a. Network Layer
b. Transport Layer and Link Layer
c. Transport Layer only
d. Link Layer only

11. Which multiple access protocol is used in Ethernet?

a. CSMA/CA
b. CSMA/CD
c. Slotted Aloha
d. TDMA

12. Each station on an Ethernet network has a unique address built in its network interface
card (NIC) with a length of:
a. 16 bits
b. 32 bits
c. 48 bits
d. 128 bits

Part B: General questions

1- Fill in the blanks using one of the following terms:

statefull; objects; out-of-band; all interfaces; router; network interface card; TCP; switch; DHCP;
IMAP; in-band; socket.

− A process in the application layer sends/receives messages to/from the network

through a software interface that is called a _______Socket_______.

− A web page consists of __________objects_____ that are addressable by URLs.

These are simply files such as an HTML file, a JPEG image, a Java applet or a
video clip.
 − _______IMAP______is the protocol that helps you organizing your emails in

folders. This protocol is an application layer protocol that runs over

________TCP_____ in the transport layer. It resembles FTP protocol in that both

are ______Statefull____.

On the other hand, this protocol differs from FTP in that it sends data and

control messages over the same port, so it is called an ____in band_____ protocol,

while FTP is an ______out of band _____ protocol.

− A _________Switch ____ is a device that connects multiple computers into a

network in which multiple communications links can be in operation
simultaneously.

− A ____Router____________ is a device that acts as a smart hub connecting

computers into a network, and it also separates your network from other
networks.

− A ______ NIC ________ must be installed in each computer on the network.

− A host can dynamically get an IP address from a server (IP pool) using the
___DHCP____________ Protocol.

When a host sends a packet with destination IP address [Link], the message is
delivered to _________all interfaces_____ in the same subnet.

2- To avoid the presence of collisions in the network, another multiple access protocol
can be used such as TDMA or Polling. Give one disadvantage for each of these 2
types of MAC protocols.

- TDMA disadvantages :
• A node must always wait for its turn in the transmission sequence, even when it is the
only node with a frame to send
• Waste of channel capacity because unused slots are idle
- Polling disadvantages :
• Polling overhead
• Latency
• Single point of failure

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Question 2 :
Consider 4 hosts A, B, C and D on a single LAN with the following ARP tables:

Host A (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:1) Host B (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:2)
ARP table: ARP table:
IP MAC IP MAC
[Link] A:A:3 [Link] A:A:4

Host C (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:3) Host D (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:4)
ARP table: ARP table:
IP MAC IP MAC
[Link] A:A:1 [Link] A:A:2

e. Host A want to send a datagram to host C. Explain what will

happens (2 points)

Host A know the IP and the mac addresses of host C. So host A can
talk directly with host C.

f. Does we will have change in the ARP tables? (1 point)

NO
g. Host A want to send a datagram to host D. Explain what will
happens. (2 points)

Host A does not know the mac address of host D, it will sends a
broadcasting ARP with destination mac address=
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF to all the network

d. When the request is completed, What is the ARP table of Host A (5

points)

Host A (IP = [Link]; MAC = AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:1)

ARP table:
IP MAC
[Link] A:A:3
[Link] A:A:4

e. Write the contents of the ARP tables for the other three hosts B, C
and D when the request is completed. (5 points)

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 Host B (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:2)
ARP table:
IP MAC
[Link] A:A:1
[Link] A:A:4

Host C (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:3)

ARP table:
IP MAC
[Link] A:A:1

Host D (IP = [Link]; MAC = A:A:4)

ARP table:
IP MAC
[Link] A:A:1
[Link] A:A:2

Question 3 :

Referring back to Figure3 and supposing that network1 which was behind router R1 is
depicted in Figure4 below. This network now contains 3 clients A, B and C with
different IPs and different MAC addresses as shown in the figure. All other IP and MAC
addresses will be referred to by their numbers (IP1, IP2, IP3, .. , m1, m2, m3, .. etc).

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 Figure4

Part I- We will suppose that Client A wants to send a packet to Client B and that A
already know the IP address of B. We will also suppose that the switching tables of
all the nodes on the network are empty when the transmission started.

1. fill in the below spaces with the corresponding words.

− _________client A________ will send an ARP____ request___________ to find the

MAC address of ____Client B__________. This request includes the IP

source_________IP A_______, IP destination________IP B________, MAC source

_____mA_______________, MAC destination___

FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF___________________.

− _________B________ will send an ARP____reply_____________ which includes the

IP source______IP_B_________, IP destination ________IP A________, MAC

source ______________mB_____, MAC destination______________mA__________.

− Then, Client A generates an IP data packet with IP source ________IP

A___________, IP destination _______IP B___________, MAC source

_________mA_________, MAC destination_______mB___________.

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 2. Beside Client A, what are the other nodes that have been also engaged by the
above operation?

Client B C and interface m1 of Router R1

3. With records from the type:

IP MAC

Illustrate the updated switching table for each node that you have mentioned in
question 2 after the sending operation of question 1 (draw as many tables as you
want).

Each will add the record IP A to mA

And A in plus will add the record IP B to mB
5 records for 2.5 which gives 0.5 grade for each record

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 Part II- Now, we will consider that Client C wants to send a packet to the server S
over Network4. Client A knows that S is not on its network and that only the
gateway can help.

1. fill in the below spaces with the corresponding words.

− ________Client C_________ will send an ARP______request_________ to find the

MAC address of _______R1_______. This request includes the IP

source________IP C________, IP destination_________IP1_______, MAC source

_________mC___________, MAC destination_

FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF___________________..

− _________R1________ will send an ARP______reply___________ which includes

the IP source_______IP1_________, IP destination _____IP C___________, MAC

source ____________m1_______, MAC destination_____________mC____________.

− Then, Client C generates an IP data packet with IP source _________IP

C__________, IP destination _______IP S___________, MAC source

_____mC_____________, MAC destination________m1__________.

2. Beside Client C, what are the other nodes that have been also engaged by the
above operation in network 1?

Client A B and interface m1 of Router R1

3. With records from the type:

IP MAC

Illustrate the updated switching table for each node that you have mentioned in
question 2 after the packet sending operation of question 1 (draw as many tables
as you want). Note that the switching table are already filled up with some
information from Part I question.
All will add the record of IP C to mC
Client C in plus will add the record of IP1 to m1

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 4. Supposing that the server in our network is a website and Client A wants to
connect to that server. Select among [TCP – ARP – FTP – DNS – HTTP – UDP –
SMTP] the protocols that will be utilized to finalize this communication and place
them in the order of their invocation by Client A.
ARP-DNS-TCP-HTTP

PartIII- Consider the following Local Area Network:

1. What is the status (the content) of the switching table (MAC address table) of the
two bridges before any exchange between host computers (A, B, C, D, E and F )

At startup no learning (empty address table)

2. What are these entries that will be stored in the two bridges if A pings E?

Bridge1: (Seg.1 = A , Seg.2 = E) Bridge2: (Seg.1 = A , Seg.2 = E)

3. What is the content of the Switching table of the two bridges while all host
computers have exchanged frames between each others?

Bridge1: (Seg.1 = A B, Seg.2 = C D E F)

Bridge2: (Seg.1 = A B C D, Seg.2 = E F)

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Question 4 :

1. Consider the network depicted in the figure below. The IP addresses and MAC
addresses of individual interfaces are as denoted in the figure.

Suppose that the sender host with the IP address [Link] wants to send an IP
datagram to the receiver host with IP address [Link]. Answer the following
questions.

a. What is the destination IP address of the datagram when it leaves the sender
host?
[Link]

b. What is the destination IP address of the datagram when it leaves the router?

[Link]

c. What is the destination MAC address of the frame when it leaves the sender
host?

From sender: E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B

d. What is the destination MAC address of the frame when it leaves the router?

From router: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A

e. Which protocol is used to determine the destination MAC address?

ARP

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2. Consider a network with three routers and five hosts as shown in the figure below.
The administrator of the network has assigned two subnet masks 192:168:1:0/29 and
192:168:2:0/30 to Router 1. In its turn, Router 2 uses three subnet masks
192:168:2:0/30, 192:168:3:0/30, and 192:168:4:0/30. Router 3 can use two subnet
masks 192:168:4:0/30 and 192:168:5:0/29.

a. Propose values to complete the missing IP addresses (hosts and router interfaces)
in the following table to make the network works correctly.

MAC IP address MAC IP address

A [Link] R11
B R12 [Link]

C R21
D R22 [Link]

E R23
R31 [Link]

R32

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b. Assume that the ARP tables in E and D are empty. Host D wants to send a
packet to host C and host E wants to send a packet to host A. Explain how the
ARP tables of these two hosts would be updated.
ARP in host E or D must determine the MAC address of R32. Host E sends out an
ARP query packet within a broadcast Ethernet frame. Router 3 receives the
query packet and sends to host E an ARP response packet. This ARP response
packet is carried by an Ethernet frame with Ethernet destination address E.
Host D does the same thing.

c. Now assume that all ARP tables are up to date and host A wants to send an IP
datagram to host C. In order, list the hosts and routers that the datagram will
pass through arriving to its destination.

Host A, router1, router 2 and host C

d. For each of the hosts and the routers that you have listed above, write the
destination IP and MAC addresses of datagram and frames in routers and hosts.

(a) Datagram at host A: should be sent to host C: with destination IP [Link]

(b) Ethernet packet made at host A: destination MAC address

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 (c) Router 1 determines that the datagram should be forwarded to the interface
with mac
(d) Router 1 makes an Ethernet packet with destination address R12
(e) Router 2 determines that the datagram should be delivered to C, so it should
be forwarder to the interface with mac R22 .
(f) Router 2 makes an Ethernet packet with destination MAC address C.

The IP address will be always the IP of the destination, however, the MAC will be
changed according to the links sides on the path.

3. Suppose two active nodes n1, n2 share a channel using slotted ALOHA. The channel
capacity is 10 Mbps. Assume that each node has an infinite number of packets to
send. Node 1 attempts to transmit in each slot with probability p1 = 0.8. What
should be the probability of transmission for node 2 (p2) if it wants to obtain 1 Mbps
throughput over the channel? What is the network throughput in this case?

The throughput of node 1 can be calculated by p2(1 - p1)R = 0.1R which means
that p2 should be equal to 0.5. The network throughput is then p1(1 - p2) + p2(1 -
p1) = 0.8 * 0.5 + 0.5 * 0.2 = 0.5*R = 5Mbps

Question 5:
1. Consider the network topology in the figure below, where:
- Hn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) represents a host machine.
- A, B, C and D can be either hubs or switches.

H1 H3
B A C

H2 H4

H5 H6

a. Suppose A, B, C and D are hubs (repeaters). Assuming that the sender does not
hear the packet it sends, list the hosts that can overhear a packet sent from H1
destined to H4.
H2, H3, H4, H5, H6

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 b. Assume that A is a switch (learning bridge) which knows where the hosts are (i.e.
has a filled in bridging table) and B, C and D are hubs (repeaters). List the hosts
that can overhear a packet sent from H1 destined to H4.

H2, H3, H4

c. If A, B, C and D are all learning bridges that know the locations of all the hosts in
the network, which hosts can hear the packet sent from H1 to H4?

H4

2. Consider 4 hosts A, B, C and D on a single LAN with the following ARP tables:

Host A (IP = [Link]; MAC = 0:0:1) Host B (IP = [Link];

MAC = 0:0:2)
ARP table: ARP table:
IP MAC Time IP MAC
Time
[Link] 0:0:3 5 [Link] 0:0:4
7

Host C (IP = [Link]; MAC = 0:0:3) Host D (IP = [Link];

MAC = 0:0:4)
ARP table: ARP table:
IP MAC Time IP MAC
Time
[Link] 0:0:1 5 [Link] 0:0:2
7

The third column in the ARP tables (Time) represents the number of minutes since the ARP
cache entry has been updated. Suppose that one minute later, Host A performs an ARP
request for Host D. When the request is completed, the ARP table of Host A becomes:

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 Host A (IP = [Link]; MAC = 0:0:1)
ARP table:
IP MAC Time
[Link] 0:0:3 6
[Link] 0:0:4 0

Write the contents of the ARP tables for the other three hosts B, C and D when the request is
completed.

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