• These are synthesized in the laboratory.

Active
component is identified, extracted and purified
from organic compounds.;
Modern medicine
Psychotherapeutic medicines
Analgesics (pain killers), Used to treat mental illnesses
These medicines relieve a person How they work
Traditional medicine from pain but they do not treat the Antibiotics, Alter abnormal thinking, feeling or behaviors in
cause of the pain. people with mental illness.
These are used to treat bacterial NB. These medicines do not cure mental illness,
These are the Medicines derived Mode of action. infections but cannot cure viral but reduce on the symptoms and help a person
from natural sources such as By relieving pain by blocking pain infections such as colds and flu. to get on with life.
plants and animals. signals to the brain, reducing
Animal extract Mode of action.
• Ant extracts inflammation and swelling and These medicine are divided into; stimulants,
They destroy or prevent or slow down antidepressants and antipsychotics.
• Treat Hepatitis B, Cancer, tuberculosis, interacting with pain receptors in the growth of disease causing bacteria.
Plant extract wounds, skin conditions, diarrhea, the body. Examples of pain killers They do this by interfering with
diabetes, fever. include; paracetamol, aspirin, • Stimulants: Used to reduce fatigue and increase
bacteria’s ability to build their cell walls, alertness, attention, energy and elevate mood.
• Garlic extract • Honey bee venom codeine. leading to their death or making it Mode of action.
• Regulates blood pressure, reduces • Arthritis, pain, inflammation • Aspirin Used for pain relief, easier for immune system to fight the Increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in
cancer risk, controls cholesterol • Snake venom particularly where there is bacteria. brain, enhancing neural activity in areas
levels, treat colds, flu, fungal and • Pain, inflammation, cancer inflammation eg dental pain, Antibiotics are obtained from micro- responsible for attention and motivation
bacterial infections. • Scorpion venom arthritic pain. organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• Aloe vera extract • Pain, inflammation, cancer Also used in preventing blood Examples of antibiotics include penicillin, Antidepressants: Used to treat depression, reduce
• Treats burns, malaria, ulcers, • Shark cartilage extract clotting and relieving fever. streptomycin among others. tension and anxiety.
allergic reactions, fever, diabetes, • Cancer, arthritis Active ingredient in aspirin is • Penicillin: Extracted from fungus Mode of action.
skin diseases, indigestion • Tiger bone acetylsalicylic acid. Penicillium notatum. Balancing neurotransmitters in the brain,
• Ginger extract • Arthitis, pain • Paracetamol Can be taken to Used to cure bacterial diseases such as balancing mood, appetite, sleep and reducing
• Treat colds, flu, bloating, cramps, • Frog skin secretions relieve mild to moderate pain such pneumonia pneumonia, gonorrhea, syphilis, symptoms of depression and anxiety.
diarrhea, relieve pain, cancer, • Pain, inflammation as headache, muscle and joint bronchitis etc. Examples of anti depressants include; tricyclic
diabetes, heart diseases, asthma, • Sea cucumber extract pains, back aches, menstrual pains. Its only effective on some bacteria. it antidepressants(TCAs), atypical antidepressants,
bronchitis • Artritis, cancer, wounds, cuts, ulcers, • Codeine Used in headache tablets cannot treat tuberculosis. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors( MAOIs)
• Lemon juice kidney diseases, skin diseases, and cough medicines • Streptomycin These are the Antibiotics
• Treat Hypertension, obesity, fever, • Centipede extract • Its mostly synthesized from produced by bacteria of genus • Antipsychotics: Used to treat psychiatric illness
bronchitis, bacterial and fungal • Pain, fever, tuberculosis, cancer, morphine Streptomyces. like schizophrenia (mental disorder affecting
infections, fever wounds, snake bites, epilepsy, malaria. Used to treat some tuberculosis, how a person thinks, feels and behaves;
• Quinine Disadvantages of using traditional medicine whooping cough, typhoid, plague, characterized by disconnection from reality),
• Treat malaria, arthritis, fever, joint • Take a long time to act gonorrhea and some forms of bipolar disorder (characterised by extreme
pain, muscle cramps. Quinine was • Not efficient for serious cases like heart attack pneumonia. mood swings)
first isolated in 1820 from the • May results into health concerns eg kidney NB. Mode of action.
bark of a cinchona tree, failure, liver damage since some may have Both penicillin and streptomycin are Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain,
• Eucalyptus leaf extract toxins or heavy metals broken down by acid in the stomach, reducing hallucinations and delusions, stabilizing
• Treat coughs, colds, asthma, • Cause negative effects to the users eg allergic and so are usually administered by mood and emotions, reducing aggression.
wounds, cuts, skin diseases, insect reactions, skin rashes, asthma, headaches, injection not orally. Examples of antipsychotics include; haloperidol,
bites, fever, bacterial and fungal vomiting, nausea.
infections wanyamatitus47@[Link] chlorpromazine, clozapine, cariprazine etc.
• Variation in quality and effectiveness.
Side effects of aspirin Side effects of using stimulants Side effects of using Antidepressants
• Internal bleeding and ulceration • Insomnia ( state of difficulty to get sleep) • Nausea and vomiting
• Causes brain and liver damage if given to children • Anxiety • Insomnia
with flue and chicken pox ( it should never be given • Hallucinations (sensory experiences occurring in • Headaches
to children) absence of external stimulus, may be visual, auditory, • Weight changes
• Allergic reactions, skin rashes tactile, olfactory (smell). They are unreal sensations) • Dizziness
Bleeding in stomach since its acidic • Severe depression • Sexual dysfunction( decreased libido)
side effects of Paracetamol • Increased heart rate and blood pressure • Fatigue
• Skin rashes • Headache Side effects of using antipsychotics
• Blood disorders • Weight loss • Weight gain
• Acute inflammation of the pancreas • Addiction due to excessive usage • Drowsiness
• Overdose can cause liver damage • Constipation
Side effects of Codeine Side effects of using Antibiotics • Blurred vision
• May cause drowsiness (state of feeling sleepy) • Headache • Increased risk of diabetes and metabolic changes
• Abuse of the medicine may lead to skin rashes, • Allergic reactions causing rashes, itching, swelling • Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
addiction, depression and nausea • Gastrointestinal issues eg vomiting, diarrhea, nausea • NB. Above side effects should be explained.
• Liver damage
• Kidney damage • Mitigations to side effects caused by use of psychotherapeutics
General effects of Painkillers Mitigations • Follow prescribed dosage by doctor
Side effects • Take the dosage as prescribed by doctor, • Make regular consultation with the doctor
• Nausea and vomiting • Take with food to avoid nausea • Priorities a balanced lifestyle including; a health diet, regular
• Dizziness and drowsiness • Stay hydrated exercise, sufficient sleep.
• Stomach upset and abdominal pain • Inform doctor about the reactions • Seek social support
• Fatigue • Get enough rest • Stress management
• Diarrhea • Make follow up with a doctor about the progress of • NB. Mitigation should match with the side effect given.
• Allergic reactions; causing rashes, itching, swelling the infection Correct ways of using medicine
• Kidney and liver damage Side effects of using • Do not do self medication
• Stomach ulcers • Insomnia ( state of difficulty to get sleep) • Follow instruction given by medical personnel regarding the dosage
Mitigations • Anxiety • Do not take a drug for longer time than directed
• Take with food • Hallucinations (sensory experiences occurring in • Follow the right method of taking drugs eg before food or after
• Minimize over dependence on them absence of external stimulus, may be visual, auditory, food, orally or by injection.
• Stay hydrated tactile, olfactory (smell). They are unreal sensations) • Medicine for adults should not be given to children and vice versa
• Take as prescribed by the doctor • Severe depression • Complete the whole dose when using antibiotics to avoid resistance
• Continually consult the doctor • Increased heart rate and blood pressure to the drug
• Get enough rest • Headache • Consult the doctor incase of side effects
• NB. Side effects must be explained and mitigation • Weight loss • Do not take expired drugs
given • Addiction due to excessive usage