INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN STEM7
General Chemistry 2
Week 2
CONTENT: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids (continuation)
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
At the end of the week, learners are expected to:
1. use the kinetic molecular model to explain the properties of liquids and solids;
2. describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces;
3. describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of intermolecular forces
on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar
heat of vaporization;
4. explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular structures;
and
5. describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids.
DISCUSSION
Structure and Properties of Water
At room temperature, pure water is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid.
It turns to ice, its solid form at 0 ºC and 1 atm.
At 100 ºC, it become gas, commonly known as steam.
Unique Properties of Water
1. Water is a good solvent.
2. Water has a high specific heat.
Specific heat is the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by 1 ºC.
3. The boiling point of water unusually high.
4. Solid water is less dense, and in fact floats on liquid water.
Unlike all other liquids, the molecules in solid water are actually farther apart than
they are in liquid water.
When solid water forms, the hydrogen bonds result in a very open structure with
unoccupied spaces, causing the solid to occupy a larger volume than the liquid.
This makes ice less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float on water.
Types and Properties of Solids
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How do you describe solids?
Solid can be classified as crystalline or amorphous based on the arrangement of their
particles.
Crystalline Solids have highly regular arrangement of particles, while amorphous
solids have considerable disorder in their structure.
Amorphous solids, such a glass, are formed rapidly that its constituent particles do not
have time to align or organize into a more crystalline lattice.
Crystalline Solids have well-defined crystal lattice.
A lattice is a three-dimensional system of points designating the positions of the
components (ions, atoms, or molecules) than makeup a crystal.
A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit of lattice.
Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams
When does equilibrium exist between the phases of a substance?
Phase Changes are transformations of matter from one physical state to another.
They occur when energy is added or removed from a substance.
They are characterized by changes in molecular order; molecules in the solid have the
greatest order, while those in the gas phase have the greatest randomness or disorder.
What changes in molecular order occur during phase changes?
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Types of Phase Changes
How does a change in energy affect phase changes?
Phase Diagrams
How can this effect be achieved using CO 2 or dry ice?
Carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid at
atmospheric pressure, the dry ice sublimates
and instantly produces a gas, condensing water
vapor, and creating a thick white fog.
What does LPG stand for? How can a gas be
liquefied?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases.
It is used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
Phase Diagrams
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It is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different
conditions of temperature and pressure.
It gives the possible combination of pressure and temperature at which certain physical
state or states a substance would be observed.
Features of Phase Diagram
Phase Diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in atmospheres) versus temperature
(usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
Three Areas (Solid, Liquid, Gas)
The three areas are marked solid, liquid, and vapor. Under a set of conditions in the
diagram, a substance can exist in a solid, liquid, or vapor (gas) phase.
The Three Lines
The lines that serve as boundaries between physical states represent the combinations of
pressures and temperatures at which two phases can exist in equilibrium.
In other words, these lines define phase change points.
1. Melting or Freezing Curve
The green line divides the solid and liquid phases, and represents melting ( solid to liquid)
and freezing (liquid to solid) points.
Melting or Freezing Curve, the curve on a phase diagram which represents the
transition between liquid and solid states.
It shows the effect of pressure on the melting point of the solid. Anywhere on this line,
there is equilibrium between the solid and the liquid.
2. Vaporization or Condensation Curve
The blue line divides the liquid and gas phases, and represents vaporization (liquid to gas)
and condensation (gas to liquid) points.
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The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between gaseous and liquid
states. It shows the effect of pressure on the boiling point of the liquid.
Anywhere along this line, there will be equilibrium between the liquid and the vapor.
3. Sublimation or Deposition Curve
The red line divides the solid and gas phases, and represents sublimation ( solid to gas)
and deposition (gas to solid) points.
The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between gaseous and solid
states.
It represents the effect of increased temperature on a solid at a very low constant
pressure, lower than the triple point.
The Two Important Points
Triple Point
The Triple Point is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all three
phases of matter are at equilibrium.
It is the point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter coexist. The lines
that represent the conditions of solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor equilibrium meet
at the triple point.
Critical Point
The Critical Point terminates the liquid/gas phase line. It is the set of temperature and
pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge
together into a single phase.
Beyond the temperature of the critical point, the merged single phase is known as a
supercritical fluid.
Congratulations for finishing the Module 2! You're doing better than you think. I'm proud of you,
keep going, you've got this.
Prepared by: Approved by:
CHRISTIAN A. VITALES, LPT AISEN FAITH C. MARRERO, LPT,
MPA
Teacher Principal, Senior High School
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