EXPERIMENT-1
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A GLASS
SLAB
AIM:
To trace the course of different rays of light
through a rectangular glass slab at different
angles of incidence, measure the angles of
incidence, refraction and emergence and
measure the lateral displacement.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, sheets of paper, pins, board
pins, rectangular glass slab, metre scale,
protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on the
drawing board with the help of drawing
pins or cello tape at the four corners of
sheet.
2. Place a glass slab in the middle of the
sheet and mark its boundary as PQRS.
3. Draw a normal NM at point A on face PQ
in the middle. Draw a line OA making an
angle of 30 ̊ with normal.
4. Fix three pins vertically at points P1, P2
and P3 at distance 1 cm or more on
incident ray.
5. See images of these pins through face
RS and fix three more pins at points p4,
p5 and p6 such that these pins cover the
images of first three pins, all being along
a straight line.
6. Remove the glass slab. Draw straight
line BC through the point P4, P5 and P6
and also join the points A and B.
7. Draw normal N1 P at point B on face RS.
8. Draw a perpendicular BL, which gives
lateral displacement
9. Measure the angle of incidence, angle
of refraction, angle of emergence and
lateral displacement.
10. Repeat the experiment with different
angles of incidence, say, 45 ̊and 60 ̊.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The pins must be at least 1 cm apart
and should be fixed vertical.
2. The slab should coincide with its
boundary and should not be disturbed.
3. Arrow heads should be marked to
show the direction of light.
RESULT:
1. The angle of incidence (i) = Angle of
emergence (e)
2. The lateral displacement increases with
the increase in angle of incidence.
EXPERIMENT-2
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH PRISM
AIM:
To trace the course of a ray of through a
prism and to show that i + e = A + δ and
A = r1 + r2
APPARATUS:
A triangular equilateral prism. Drawing board,
sheets of white paper, pins, board pins,
protractor, pencil, half metre scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing
board with the help of thumb pins or
tape.
2. Place the prism in the middle of the
sheet and draw its outline as ABC.
3. Measure ∠A, ∠B and ∠C of ∆ABC and
find their mean. This will be the value
of the angle of prism(A).
4. Mark a point N on AB and draw a
normal NN’ at N.
5. Draw a line PN as an incident ray such
that PNN = 40°.
6. Fix two pins P1 and P2 on line PN about
100 cm apart.
7. Replace the prism within its boundary
ABC.
8. Look for the images of the pins P1 and
P2 through the face AC of the prism.
9. Close your left eye and bring open right
eye in the line with the images of pins.
10. Fix two or more pins P3 and P4
vertically such that the open eye sees,
the bottom of all pins in one straight
line.
11. Remove the pins and prism and
encircle the pricks on the paper. Draw
the lines MQ joining these points.
12. Repeat the steps from 5 to 11 with
other angles of incidence, i.e, 50°, 60°
and 70°.
13. Measure ∠r1, ∠r2, ∠δ and ∠e in each
case.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the pins should be fixed vertically to
the plane of paper.
2. The distance between the pins should
be about 2 cm.
3. The position of the prism should not be
disturbed for a given set of the
observations.
4. Same angle of prism should be used for
all observations.
RESULT:
1. The relation i + e = A + 𝛅 is verified
within experimental error.
2. The relation A = r1 + r2 is verified within
the experimental error.
.
[Link] Object Image Focal length
Distance (u) Distance (v) f=uv/u+v
1. 34 80 23.23 cm
2. 40 62 24.30 cm
Average focal length = 23.23+24.30/2
= 47.53/2 = 23.765 cm
EXPERIMENT-3
CONVEX LENS
AIM:
To find the focal length by UV method.
APPARATUS:
A metre scale, convex lens, screen lens, stand
and candle.
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the convex lens and candle on
the optical bench such that the length
is between screen and the object.
2. Adjust the height of the candle, lens
and screen in such a way that the
candle flame convex lens and screen
on the same level.
3. Focus the candle on the lens. Adjust
the position of the screen to and fro
movement.
4. Adjust the optical bench in such a way
that a clear image of objects forms on
the screen.
5. Measure the distance between
screen(image) lens(V) and candle.
6. Repeat the experiment for different
positions of the object and the
corresponding ‘u’ and ‘v’ values.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The experiment should be performed
in a dark screen so that the image may
appear clearly.
2. Lace should be taken that the candle
flame should not be disturbed.
3. Proper sign convections must be
applied.
RESULT:
The focal length of the given convex lens =
23.765 cm
EXPERIMENT-4
OHM’S LAW
AIM:
To verify Ohm’s law and hence to find the
value of an unknown distance.
APPARATUS:
Dry cells, ammeter of range 0-15A, voltmeter
of range 0-15V, a resistance wire, key,
rheostat and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the apparatus on the table and
mark the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the ammeter in series and
voltmeter in parallel with the help of
connecting wires.
3. Note from the diagram zero error and
least count of the ammeter and
voltmeter.
4. Invert the plug key.
5. Adjust the rheostat so as to register a
small current in resistance wire.
6. Move the variable terminal of the rheostat
to slightly increase resistance and note the
ammeter and voltmeter reading.
7. Take at least four more sets of readings.
PRECATIONS:
1. The sign of terminals to be clearly
shown.
2. Remove the key, when the readings are
not being taken.
3. The readings of voltmeter should be
more than E.M.F.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be
used.
RESULT:
Average value of resistance of the wire is
1.61 Ω
EXPERIMENT-5
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF A SOLID
AIM:
To find the specific heat capacity of a given
metal (solid) using method of mixtures.
APPARATUS:
An aluminium, block of 200gm, beaks,
copper, calorimeter insulating socket, tripped
stand burner, thread, stop watch and a
balance with weights.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the calorimeter.
2. Fill it with water up to 2/3rd if its
capacity and weigh it again.
3. Note down the initial temperature.
4. Place the calorimeter in the wooden
box.
5. Fill the beaker with water.
6. Tie the solid with a thread and put it
inside the beaker.
7. Boil the water and note its
temperature. This is the initial
temperature of the solid.
8. Quickly transfer the solid into the
calorimeter.
9. Start boiling the water continuously
and note its temperature every
minute, till it reaches the maximum
temperature and then a steady
temperature is reached.
10. Note down the steady temperature.
11. Determine the mass of the solid.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The calorimeter should be placed
inside the insulating jacket to prevent
from loss of heat to the surroundings.
2. The metal block should be transferred
quickly into the calorimeter.
3. The contests of the calorimeter should
be stirred thoroughly before taking
down any reading.
4. The solid should be kept inside the
boiling water for at least five minutes
before transferring into the
calorimeter.
RESULT:
The specific heat capacity of solid is found to
be = 0.138 J/g ̊c.