Integrated Design System for
Building and General Structures
EUROCODE
Design
Procedure
EUROCODE
Design Procedure
This material explains the design procedure of RC and steel structure design as per EN1992-1-1:2004 and EN1993-1-1:2005.
For the detail implementation and usage of Eurocode design in midas Gen, refer to “Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen”
and “Eurocode3 Design Guide for midas Gen”.
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Start
Determine Design Moments
by Elastic Analysis
Concrete Class ≤ No
Outside scope of this flow chart
C50/60
Yes
Determine K from
𝑀
𝐾= 2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine K’ from
𝐾′= 0.60δ − 0.18𝛿 2 − 0.21
where, δ is distribution ratio
Is K ≤ K’?
Yes No
No compression rebar required Compression rebar required
Lever Arm, z from Lever Arm, z from
𝑑 𝑑
Z= 1 + 1 − 3.53𝐾 ≤ 0.95 Z= 1 + 1 − 3.53𝐾
2 2
Calculate tens. Rebar required from Calculate comp. rebar required from
(𝑘−𝑘 ′ )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀 𝐴𝑠2 =
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑−𝑑2 )
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧
𝑥−𝑑2
where 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 700[ ] ≤ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑥
Check minimum rebar Requirements Calculate tens. Rebar required from
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 𝑘 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 = +𝐴𝑠2 𝑠𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑑
Check maximum reinforcement requirements 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 𝐴𝑐
for tension or compression reinforcement outside lap locations
Design complete
1 Design Procedure of Concrete Structure
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Start
Determine design shear stress, 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑 /(𝑏𝑤 𝑧)
Determine concrete strut capacity, 𝑣𝑅𝑑,max cot 𝜃=2.5
(Table 1.1)
No Is 𝑉𝐸𝑑 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max cot 𝜃=1.0 ? No Redesign
Is 𝑉𝐸𝑑 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max cot 𝜃=2.5 ? section
(Table 1.1)
Yes Yes
(cotθ=2.5)
Determine 𝜃 from
𝑣𝐸𝑑
θ = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑓
0.20𝑓𝑐𝑘 1 − 𝑐𝑘
250
Calculate area of shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑆𝑊 𝑣𝐸𝑑 𝑏𝑤
=
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement
𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑
Design complete
Table 1.1 Minimum and maximum concrete strut capacity in terms of stress
fck vRd,max cot y = 2.5 vRd,max cot y = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.1 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8
Eurocode2 2
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Start
Determine Design Axial Force, NEd, and Moments, Mtop and Mbottom
by Elastic Analysis
Determine the effective length, lo
(Figure 1.1)
Determine first order moments (Figure 1.2)
𝑀01 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑒𝑖 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑀02 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 , 𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡 + 𝑒𝑖 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑙0 ℎ
where 𝑒𝑖 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 , , 20 (unit: mm)
400 30
Determine slenderness, λ, from
l = lo/i where i = radius of gyration
Determine slenderness limit, λ𝑙𝑖𝑚 , from
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
λ𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑛0.5
No Column is slender
Is λ ≤ λ𝑙𝑖𝑚 ?
(refer to page 5)
Yes
Column is not slender.
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02
Find As required for NEd and MEd
by iteration calculation
Check rules for spacing and quantity of
reinforcement
Design complete
3 Design Procedure of Concrete Structure
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Figure 1.1 Effective length for isolated members
a) lo=l b) lo=2l c) lo=0.7l d) lo=l/2 e) lo=l f) l/2 <lo< l g) lo> 2l
Figure 1.2 Design Bending Moments
M02
M eiNEd M02
M0e M0e+M2
N2=NEde2
M01 0.5M2 M01+0.5M2
First order moment Second order moment Total moment
Eurocode2 4
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Slender Column
Determine Kr from 𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ≤ 1
where, 𝑛 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 / 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ,
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4
𝜔 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑑 / 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Calculate Kφ from 𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1
where, 𝛽 = 0.35 + 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /200 − λ/150
Calculate e2 from
𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
𝑒2 = 0.1( )𝑙
0.45𝑑𝐸𝑠 0
𝑀0𝑒 = 0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 ≥ 0.4𝑀02
𝑀2 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒2
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥{𝑀02 , 𝑀0𝑒 + 𝑀2 , 𝑀01 + 0.5𝑀2 }
Find As required for NEd and MEd
Revise value of 𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑠𝑡
by iteration calculation
No
Is 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 ≈ 𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑠𝑡 ?
Yes
Check detailing requirements
Design complete
5 Design Procedure of Concrete Structure
Design Procedure of Concrete Structure to Eurocode2
Start
Determine Design Moments
by Elastic Analysis
Concrete Class ≤ No
Outside scope of this flow chart
C50/60
Yes
Determine K from
𝑀
𝐾= 2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Determine K’ from
𝐾 ′ = 0.60δ − 0.18𝛿 2 − 0.21
No Compression rebar required
Is K ≤ K’?
Not recommended for typical slabs
Yes
No compression rebar required
Lever Arm, z from
𝑑
Z= 1 + 1 − 3.53𝐾 ≤ 0.95
2
Calculate tens. Rebar required from
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧
Check minimum rebar Requirements
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Check maximum reinforcement
requirements 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 𝐴𝑐
for tension or compression
reinforcement outside lap locations
Design complete
Eurocode2 6
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Start
Determine Design Force, MEd, VEd, REd
by Elastic Analysis
Assume steel grade, fy and beam size
Check section classification
(Table 2.1)
For Class 1 or 2, For Class 3,
Evaluate moment resistance Evaluate moment resistance
𝑊𝑝𝑙 𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0 𝛾𝑀0
Verify 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑
Evaluate shear resistance
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑣 ( )
3
𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0
Verify 𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑
ℎ𝑤 𝜀
Verify shear buckling in webs > 72
𝑡𝑤 η
If 𝑉𝐸𝑑 > 0.5𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 , verify 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑦,𝑉,𝑅𝑑
𝜌𝐴2
[𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 − 4𝑡 𝑤 ]𝑓𝑦
2
where, 𝑀𝑦,𝑉,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0
LTB
(page10)
Design complete
7 Design Procedure of Steel Structure
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Table 2.1 Maximum width-to-thickness ratio for compression parts
Internal compression parts
Part subject to Part subject to Part subject to bending and
Class
bending compression compression
Stress distribution
in parts
(Compression
positive)
𝑐 396𝜀
α > 0.5: ≤
1 c/t≤ 72𝜀 c/t≤ 33𝜀 𝑡 13𝛼 − 1
𝑐 36𝜀
α ≤ 0.5: ≤
𝑡 𝛼
𝑐 456𝜀
α > 0.5: ≤
2 c/t≤ 83𝜀 c/t≤ 38𝜀 𝑡 13𝛼 − 1
𝑐 41.5𝜀
α ≤ 0.5: ≤
𝑡 𝛼
Stress distribution
in parts
(Compression
positive)
𝑐 42𝜀
Ψ ≻ −1: ≤
3 c/t≤ 124𝜀 c/t≤ 42𝜀 𝑡 0.67 + 0.33Ψ
𝑐
Ψ ≤ −1: ≤ 62𝜀(1 − Ψ) (−Ψ)
𝑡
fy 235 275 355 420 460
𝜀= 235/𝑓𝑦
ε 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.75 0.71
Eurocode3 8
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Table 2.1 Maximum width-to-thickness ratio for compression parts (continued)
Outstand Flanges
Part subject to Part subject to bending and compression
Class
compression Tip in compression Tip in tension
Stress distribution
in parts
(Compression
positive)
9𝜀 9𝜀
1 c/t≤ 9𝜀 c/t ≤ c/t ≤
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
10𝜀 10𝜀
2 c/t≤ 10𝜀 c/t ≤ c/t ≤
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
3 c/t≤ 14𝜀 c/t≤ 21𝜀 𝐾𝑒
Angles
Class Section in compression
Stress distribution
in parts
(Compression
positive)
h 𝑏+ℎ
3 ≤ 15𝜀: 11.5𝜀
t 2𝑡
Tubular sections
Class Section in compression
1 𝑑/𝑡 ≤ 50𝜀 2
2 𝑑/𝑡 ≤ 70𝜀 2
3 𝑑/𝑡 ≤ 90𝜀 2
9 Design Procedure of Steel Structure
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
LTB
Determine non-dimensional slenderness,
𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦
λ𝐿𝑇 =
𝑀𝑐𝑟
Yes
If λ𝐿𝑇 ≤ 0.4
No
Determine χ𝐿𝑇 for non-dimensional slenderness
1
χ𝐿𝑇 =
2
Φ𝐿𝑇 + Φ𝐿𝑇 − λ2𝐿𝑇
Φ𝐿𝑇 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 λ𝐿𝑇 − 0.2 + λ2𝐿𝑇 ]
Determine h/b and imperfection factor, αLT
(Table 2.2 and 2.3)
Determine buckling resistance moment,
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = χ𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦
𝛾𝑀1
No
Check 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 Find new section
Yes
Design complete
Table 2.2. Imperfection Factors for Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor αLT 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Table 2.3. Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves for Cross Sections
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve
h/b ≤ 2 a
Rolled I-sections
h/b > 2 b
h/b ≤ 2 c
Welded I-sections
h/b > 2 d
Other cross-sections - d
Eurocode3 10
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Start
Determine Design Force, NEd,
by Elastic Analysis
Assume steel grade, fy
Find trial section
𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /𝑓𝑦
Determine fy, fu, Anet
Determine design tension resistance,
𝑁𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = min{𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 , 𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 }
where, 𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = 𝐴𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0
𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 = 0.9𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑢 /𝛾𝑀2
No
Check 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑁𝑡,𝑅𝑑 Find new section
Yes
Design complete
11 Design Procedure of Steel Structure
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Start
Determine Design Force, NEd,
by Elastic Analysis
Assume steel grade, fy
Find trial section
𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /𝑓𝑦
Check section classification
Determine buckling length, Lcr, for each
axis
Determine non-dimensional slenderness, λ
Select appropriate buckling curve for each axis by cross
section type and thickness of steel (Table 2.4)
Determine flexural buckling reduction factor, χ
Compression resistance
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = χ𝐴𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀1
Check if No Find section
𝑁𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /(χ ∗ 𝑓𝑦 )
Yes
Design complete
Eurocode3 12
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Table 2.4 Selection of buckling curve for a cross-section
Buckling
Buckling curve
Cross section Limits
about axis S275
S355
y-y a
tt ≤ 40mm
z-z b
h/b > 1.2
y-y b
Rolled section
40mm < tt ≤ 100
z-z c
y-y b
tt ≤ 100mm
z-z C
h/b ≤ 1.2
y-y d
tt > 100 mm
z-z d
Hollow sections
hot finished any a
cold formed Any C
U-, T-, and solid
sections
any c
L-sections
any b
13 Design Procedure of Steel Structure
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Start
Determine compression resistance for each axis, 𝑁𝑏,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 and 𝑁𝑏,𝑧,𝑅𝑑
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = χ𝐴𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀1
Determine lateral torsional buckling resistance
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = χ𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦
𝛾𝑀1
Determine design resistance for bending about principal axis when γM1= γM0
𝑊𝑝𝑙 𝑓𝑦
For class 1 or 2, 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀1
𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦
For class 3,𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀1
Determine 𝐶𝑚𝑦 , 𝐶𝑚𝑧 and 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇
based on the shape of bending moment diagram (Table 2.5)
Determine interaction factors, kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz (Table 2.6)
Verify combined bending and axial compression
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ 𝑘𝑦𝑦 + 𝑘𝑦𝑧 ≤1 No
𝑁𝑏,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑐𝑏,𝑧,𝑅𝑑 Find new section
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ 𝑘𝑧𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧𝑧 ≤1
𝑁𝑏,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑐𝑏,𝑧,𝑅𝑑
Yes
Design complete
Eurocode3 14
Design Procedure of Steel Structure to Eurocode3
Table 2.5 Equivalent uniform moment factors Cm
Cmy and Cmz and CmLT
Moment diagram Range
Uniform loading Concentrated load
−1 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1 0.6 + 0.4Ψ ≥ 0.4
M
ΨM
0 ≤ 𝛼𝑠 ≤ 1 −1 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1 0.2 + 0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4 0.2 + 0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4
Mh
ΨMh 0≤Ψ≤1 0.1 − 0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4 −0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4
−1 ≤ 𝛼𝑠 < 0
𝛼𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 /𝑀ℎ −1 ≤ Ψ < 0 0.1(1 − Ψ) − 0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4 0.2(−Ψ) − 0.8𝛼𝑠 ≥ 0.4
0 ≤ 𝛼ℎ ≤ 1 −1 ≤ Ψ ≤ 1 0.95+0.05𝛼ℎ 0.90+0.10𝛼ℎ
ΨMh
Mh
0≤Ψ≤1 0.95+0.05𝛼ℎ 0.90+0.10𝛼ℎ
−1 ≤ 𝛼ℎ < 0
𝛼ℎ = 𝑀ℎ /𝑀𝑠 −1 ≤ Ψ < 0 0.95+0.05𝛼ℎ (1 + 2Ψ) 0.90−0.10𝛼ℎ (1 + 2Ψ)
Table 2.6 Interaction factors kij
Design assumption
Interaction factor Elastic cross-sectional property Elastic cross-sectional property
Class 3, class 4 Class 1, class 2
𝜇𝑦 𝜇𝑦 1
𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇
𝑁 𝑁
1 − 𝐸𝑑 𝐶𝑦𝑦
kyy
1 − 𝐸𝑑
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦
𝜇𝑦 𝜇𝑦 1 𝑊𝑧
𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝐶𝑚𝑧 0.6
kyz 𝑁 𝑁
1 − 𝑁 𝐸𝑑 1 − 𝑁 𝐸𝑑 𝐶𝑦𝑧 𝑊𝑦
𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝑐𝑟,𝑧
𝜇𝑦 𝜇𝑧 1 𝑊𝑦
𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝐿𝑇 0.6
Kzy 𝑁 𝑁
1 − 𝑁 𝐸𝑑 1 − 𝑁 𝐸𝑑 𝐶𝑦𝑧 𝑊𝑧
𝑐𝑟,𝑦
𝑐𝑟,𝑦
𝜇𝑧 𝜇𝑧 1
𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝐶𝑚𝑧
𝑁 𝑁
1 − 𝑁 𝐸𝑑 𝐶𝑧𝑧
kzz
1 − 𝐸𝑑
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝑐𝑟,𝑧
15 Design Procedure of Steel Structure
EUROCODE
Design Procedure
Reference
European Committee for Standardization, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
European Committee for Standardization, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
A J Bond, T Harrison, R S Narayanan, O Brooker, R M Moss, R Webster, and A J Harris, How to Design Concrete
Structures using Eurocode 2, The Concrete Centre
M E Brettle, D G Brown, Steel Building Design: Concise Eurocodes, The Steel Construction Institute
N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot, and L. Gardner, The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to EC3,
Taylor & Francis