REVIEWER 1: RIZAL LAW (L1.

RizalLaw)

RIZAL, THE FILIPINO NATIONAL HERO

JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA

●​ Rizal is considered to be the first exponent of Asian nationalism.

●​ Rizal was the spirit of the first successful Asian revolution against a western colonial
power.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 (RIZAL LAW)

Original author: Claro M. Recto

Purpose → to instill heroism among the youth

RELATED EVENTS

→ Bell Trade Act of 1947 – granted parity rights to Americans and allowed them to exploit
country’s natural resources (1935 constitution had to be amended)

→ 1955 Laurel-Langley Agreement – ensured free entry of American products which resulted
to filipinos professing american goods

WHO OPPOSED IT

●​ The Catholic Church was the most vocal.

●​ The bill was assailed as anti-church because it forced students to read Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo. (contains anti church passages)

Notable persons who tried to block its approval:

seminars were held accross the countryside denouncing the bill

●​ Sen. Decoroso Rosales - brother of archbishop cardinal julio rosales

●​ Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo - president of catholic action of the ph
●​ Sen. Mariano Cuenco - brother of arch cuenco

Other opposition figures:

→Fr. Jesus Cavanna

●​ “belonged to the past”

 ●​ harmful tomread because these presented false picture of conditions of country
●​ only 25 patriotic statements against 120 anti church statements

→ Jesus Paredes

●​ contained objectionable matters

●​ catholic had the right to refuse to read them

→ Narciso Pimentel

●​ speculated that recto was motivated by politics

ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE BILL

→ novels contain anti-church passages

→ harmful to read

→ Catholics have the right to refuse

→ presents a false picture

Miguel Cuenco and Sen. Francisco Rodrigo

●​ the main voices of church opposition to both houses and congress

PASSAGE OF THE LAW

Compromise bill authored by Senator Jose P. Laurel

●​ based on proposals of senator roseller Lim and Emmanuel Pelaez

●​ Date: June 12, 1956
●​ Signed by: President Ramon Magsaysay
●​ ​

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 (RIZAL LAW)

➤ Section 1
●​ Courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal shall be included in the curricula of
all schools, colleges, and universities (public and private).​

●​ Focus on Rizal’s novels:

○​ Noli Me Tangere
○​ El Filibusterismo​

●​ In college:
 ○​ Original or unexpurgated versions OR English translations must be used as basic
texts.​

●​ The Board of National Education shall:

○​ Create rules and regulations
○​ Allow exemption of students due to religious beliefs
○​ Require a sworn written statement for exemption​

➤ Approval of the Law

●​ Signed on June 12, 1956 by President Ramon Magsaysay​

●​ Requires Rizal course for graduation in:​

○​ Non-degree courses
○​ Degree courses​

●​ Covers:​

○​ Life
○​ Works
○​ Writings of Jose Rizal​

➤ Further Implementation
●​ December 26, 1994
○​ President Fidel Ramos issued Presidential Memorandum Order No. 247
○​ Directed full implementation of R.A. 1425​

●​ February 15, 1996

○​ CHED Memorandum Order No. 6:​

■​ Rizal course must be:

■​ A separate subject
■​ Worth 3 units
■​ Offered in all colleges and universities

OBJECTIVES OF THE RIZAL LAW

➤ Main Goals
1.​ Apply Rizal’s Ideas​

○​ Recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideas, teachings, and values

○​ Apply them to present-day problems and situations​

2.​ Develop Character​

○​ Understand and appreciate Rizal’s qualities and behavior

○​ Promote moral character and personal discipline​

3.​ Promote Citizenship​

 ○​ Develop:​

■​ Moral character
■​ Personal discipline
■​ Civic conscience​

○​ Teach the duties of citizenship

DEFINITION OF A HERO (NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE)

“Hero is an admirable leader towering over his peers… possessing exceptional talent,
distinguished valor… exercising a determinative influence…”

●​ No official law proclaiming a national hero, but laws honor them.

CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HEROES

1. Sacrifice for the Country

●​ The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country​

2. Motive and Methods

●​ The intentions behind the person’s actions
●​ The methods used to achieve the ideal (national welfare)​

Guide questions:
●​ Were the sacrifices made purely for the country?
●​ Were there selfish or ulterior motives?
●​ Were the methods morally valid?​

3. Moral Character
●​ The person’s moral integrity
Guide questions:
●​ Did the person commit immoral acts?
●​ If yes, how did these affect:
○​ Their work?
○​ Society?
○​ Their ideals?

4. Influence on Society
●​ The person’s impact on their time and future generations​

5. Concept of Nation and Struggle for Freedom

●​ Heroes have a clear concept of nationhood
●​ They strive and struggle for freedom
 ●​ True freedom must be sustained, not lost​

6. Contribution to Freedom and Order

●​ Heroes help build a system of freedom and order for the nation​

7. Contribution to National Life and Destiny

●​ Heroes contribute to the quality of life and future of the nation​

8. Expression of the People

●​ A hero reflects the people’s identity and aspirations
●​ Recognition of a hero develops over time
●​ The youth play a key role in understanding and valuing heroes​

9. Vision for the Future

➢​ A hero thinks of future generations
➢​ Their actions are guided by long-term national interest

10. The choice of a hero involves not only recounting of am episode or events in history, but of
the entire process that made this particular person a hero.

REVIEWER 2: RIZAL’S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION

WHO IS JOSE RIZAL?

→ Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

→ Born: June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna

→ Nickname: Pepe or Pepito

RIZAL’S GENEALOGY (FATHER SIDE)

Domingo Lam-Co – Ines de la Rosa

Francisco – Bernarda Monica

Juan – Clemente – Cirila – Alejandra

Petrona – Gabino – Leoncio – Potenciana – Basilisa

Gabriel

Casimiro – Tomasa

Fausta – Julian – Cornelio – Gregorio – Francisco

RIZAL’S GENEALOGY (MOTHER’S SIDE)

Manuel de Quintos – Regina Ursua

Joaquina – Brigida – Maria Victoria – Jose Soler

Lorenzo Alberto Alonso

Narcisa

Teodora

Manuel

Gregoria

Jose

RIZAL SIBLINGS

1.​ Saturnina (1850-1913)​

​
→ Oldest of the Rizal children​
→ Nicknamed Neneng​
→ Married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas​

2.​ Paciano (1851-1930)​

​
→ Older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal​
→ Second father to Rizal​
→ Immortalized in Noli Me Tangere as Pilosopo Tasio​
→ Regarded as the “most noble of Filipinos”​
→ Became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution​
→ Died April 13, 1930, aged 79​
→ Had two children with Severina Decena​

3.​ Narcisa (1852-1939)​

​
→ Pet name: Sisa​
→ Noli’s Sisa named after her​
→ Married Antonio Lopez​
→ Granddaughter: Asuncion Lopez-Bantug​

4.​ Olimpia (1855-1887)​

​
→ Pet name: Ypia​
 → Married Silvestre Ubaldo​

5.​ Lucia (1857-1919)​

​
→ Married Mariano Herbosa​
→ Herbosa denied Christian burial (cholera, relation to Rizal)​
→Daughter Delfina helped create the Philippine Flag​

6.​ Maria (1859-1945)​

​
→ Nickname: Biang​
→ Married Daniel Faustino Cruz​
→ Son Mauricio studied under Rizal in Dapitan​
→ Descendants include Gemma Cruz-Araneta and Fr. Jose A. Cruz S.J.​

7.​ Jose (1861-1896)​

​
→ Greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius​
→ Nickname: Pepe​
→ Lived with Josephine Bracken​
→ Had a son “Francisco” (died hours after birth)​

8.​ Concepcion (1862-1865)​

​
→ Pet name: Concha​
→ Died at age 3​
→ Rizal’s first sorrow​

9.​ Josefa (1865-1945)​

​
→ Pet name: Panggoy​
→ President of Women’s Chapter of Katipunan​
→ Died at age 80​

10.​Trinidad (1868-1951)​
​
→ Pet name: Trining​
→ Custodian of Rizal’s last poem​
→ Filipina feminist​
→ Helped found Asociacion Feminista Filipina​

11.​Soledad (1870-1929)​
​
→ Pet name: Choleng​
→ Youngest child​
→ Married Pantaleon Quintero​

EARLY CHILDHOOD
→ His mother almost lost her life while giving birth to him

→ He is a religious boy

→ At age (5), he was able to read the Spanish family bible “historia sagrada”

Devotion expressed through carvings:

→ Sacred Heart

→ Blessed Mother

→ Sculpted in “Batikulung”

EARLY CHILDHOOD (RELIGIOUS WORKS)

→ Wrote 2 religious poems:

• “Al Nino Jesus” (To the Child Jesus)

• “A La Virgen Maria” (To the Virgin Mary)

→ Composed “Alianza intima la religion y la educacion” while in Ateneo

THE STORY OF THE MOTH

→ Inspiration:

“it is not impossible to conquer in surmountable odds and be a martyr in reality but never in
illusion.”

EARLY CHILDHOOD

→ Companion: black dog named “Usman”

→ Question on authorship: Did Rizal really write “Sa aking mga Kabata”?

SA AKING MGA KABATA

→ Virgilio Almario stated poem first appeared in 1909 book by Hermenigildo Cruz

→ Claim: written in 1869 when Rizal was 8

→ Issue: word “kalayaan” used

→ Did not exist at that time

→ Rizal helped develop Tagalog writing with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JOSE RIZAL’S EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

→ “In order to heed and to maintain authority, the teacher needs prestige, reputation, moral
strength, and some freedom of action. The best teacher must be a kind who teaches by
example what she teaches to the student.”

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

→ Doña Teodora was his first teacher

→ Taught him the alphabet

→ Molded his spirit and thoughts

EARLY CHILDHOOD (INFLUENCES)

His uncles:

• Gregorio Alberto → work hard, think for himself, observe life

• Jose → sketch, paint, sculpt

• Manuel → swimming, fencing, wrestling, sports

EARLY CHILDHOOD (FORMAL EDUCATION)

→ Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz

→ First formal teacher

→ Known for strict discipline using a stick

UNFORTUNATE EVENTS

→ Guardia civil offended when refused horse fodder

→ Francisco Mercado building sugar mill on disputed land questioned

→ Paciano associated with Father Jose Burgos

→ Became monitored by government

DOÑA TEODORA’S ARREST

→ Jose Alberto accused of wife’s affair

→ Teodora advised him to preserve marriage

→ Wife accused Jose Alberto and Teodora of poisoning

→ Teodora named accomplice

→ Arrested by Mayor Antonio Vivencio del Rosario

→ Ordered imprisoned in Santa Cruz (50 km away)

→ Forced to walk

→ Forbidden to use vehicle

→ Suffered humiliation and hardship

→ Freed after two and a half years

→ Governor General granted freedom after request of Soledad

→ “My mother” — Soledad

→ New trial → acquittal

DAYS IN ATENEO

→ Ateneo considered finest school

→ Known for rigorous intellectual standards

→ Rizal won prize for “A La Juventud Filipina”

→ Enrolled at age 11

SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)

→ Ateneo Municipal de Manila → supervised by Jesuits

→ Later became Ateneo de Manila

→ Became Ateneo de Manila University in 1959

→ Former name: Escuela Pia (Charity School) (1817)

→ Progression:

Escuela Pia → Ateneo Municipal → Ateneo de Manila

SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)

→ June 10, 1872: Rizal went to Manila with Paciano

→ Father Magin Ferrando refused admission:

a.​ Late registration

b.​ Sickly and undersized

→ Admitted through Manuel Xerez Burgos

FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)

→ Took private Spanish lessons at Santa Isabel College

→ Paid three pesos

THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)

→ Excellent grades

→ Won one medal (Latin)

→ Not impressed with his performance

FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO

→ June 16, 1875: became interno

→ Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired him

→ Topped all subjects

→ Won five medals

LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)

→ Excelled in all subjects

→ “Pride of the Jesuits”

→ March 23, 1877: Bachelor of Arts, highest honors

→ Member of Marian Congregation

LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)

→ Father Jose Vilaclara advised focus on practical studies

Studied:

→ Painting (Agustin Saez)

→ Sculpture (Romualdo de Jesus)

→ Carved Virgin Mary (batikuling)

→ Carved Sacred Heart for Father Lleonart

MEDICAL STUDIES AT UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882)

→ April 1877: took Philosophy and Letters

→ Reasons:

a.​ Father liked it

b.​ Uncertain career

Transferred to Medicine

→ Doña Teodora opposed higher education

→ Reasons for Medicine:

a.​ Cure mother’s eyesight

b.​ Advice of Father Pablo Ramon

→ Also studied surveying (perito agrimensor)

→ Won gold medals in agriculture and topography

→ Title issued November 25, 1881

OTHER WORKS

→ Compañerismo (Comradeship)

→ Secret society (1880)

→ Founded by Rizal and companions

BOOKS THAT INFLUENCED RIZAL

→ The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexander Dumas)

→ First favorite novel

→ Universal History (Cesar Cantu)

→ Aid in studies

→ Travels in the Philippines (Dr. Feodor Jagor)

→ Observed defects of Spanish colonization

→ Predicted Spain would lose Philippines

UNHAPPY DAYS AT UST

→ Rizal unhappy due to:

a.​ Dominican professors hostile

b.​ Racial discrimination
c.​ Obsolete and repressive instruction

→ Criticized UST in El Fili

POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO

→ Mi Primera Inspiracion (1874)

→ Dedicated to his mother

→ Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion

→ Importance of religion in education

OTHER POEMS

• Al Niño Jesus (1875)

• A La Virgen Maria

• Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo

OTHER POEMS

• A La Juventud Filipina

→ Written at age 18

→ Recognized by Spanish literary authorities

→ Expressed nationalistic concept

→ Filipinos are “fair hope of the Fatherland”

REVIEWER 3: RIZAL’S CENTURY ([Link])

RIZAL’S CENTURY

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

→ Characterized by the thundering all throughout Europe of the ideas of freedom, liberty, and
equality, and the belief in the sovereignty of the people in determining their government.

→ The Age of Enlightenment may have marked the rise of Liberalism, but the ideas of
freedom, liberty, and equality, and the belief in the sovereignty of the people in determining their
government only applied to property-owning males.

→ Women and the working class were not included then.

→ This began to change in the US for by the 1830s, all white men over 21 could vote.

→ The oldest existing political party, the Democratic Party, was born around this time.

POLITICAL CONTEXT THE STRUGGLE OF NATIONALISM

The French Revolution

→ Europe went up in revolution from 1789-1848 with the regimes of the absolute monarchs in
France and Austria being toppled by the people seeking more responsible governments.

→ Austria formed a dual monarchy with Hungary to appease Hungarian nationalists.

→ The 1848 Revolutions failed in the end because of divisions between middle-class liberals
and the working classes.

→ Though absolutism was forever weakened.

New Nations formed after revolutionary struggle:

●​ Belgium
●​ Greece

→ Greece: An ancient civilization recast as a nation-state

→ Belgium: Catholics and Liberals unite against Dutch Monarchy

→ Italian states unite into a single Italian Kingdom under the House of Savoy

→ The last Italian state to fall was Rome/Papal States in 1870

→ German States tried to unite into one German Empire in 1848

→ Only succeeded in 1871 under Prussian leadership in a more conservative form

→ This German Empire would be the one Rizal visited

POLITICAL CONTEXT. THE STRUGGLE OF NATIONALISM

Spain lost its Latin American colonies and new nations arose:

●​ Mexican Empire/Republic
●​ United Provinces of Central America
●​ Republic of Colombia (Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia)
●​ Peru
●​ Argentina
●​ Bolivia

CONDITIONS IN EUROPE, AMERICA AND ASIA

→ The young United States of America was flexing its muscles

→ It gradually expanded until 1853, when it reached the area of the current mainland 48 states
→ It defeated Mexico to gain the West Coast

→ The Democratic Party advocated for expansion and removal of Native Americans (54-40 or
Fight!)

→ Slavery threatened to divide the USA

→ Southern States: slavery was a way of life

→ Northern States: opposed slavery

→ Debate on expansion of slavery to US Territories

→ 1854: Birth of the Republican Party

→ Opposed to expansion of slavery

→ Supportive of free labor and big business

→ President Abraham Lincoln attempted to stop expansion of slavery

→Triggered the Civil War (1861–1865)

→ Lincoln freed Southern Slaves in 1863 through the Emancipation Proclamation

→ Did not apply to Southern States that did not join the Confederacy

→ Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) became the bible of the American Civil
War

→ “So, you’re the little lady who started the great war.” — Lincoln

13th and 14th Amendments:

a.​ Abolished slavery

b.​ Granted African-Americans citizenship

→ Southern States implemented Jim Crow Laws (racial segregation)

→ Explains why Rizal saw racism in the US

→ British gained Hong Kong

→ China forced to open five ports after the Opium War (1839–1842)

→ Kowloon added in 1860

→ Japan forced open by Americans under Commodore Matthew Perry in 1845

→ Japan underwent the Meiji Restoration and industrialized

→ India became a Crown Colony of Britain in 1858 after the Sepoy Mutiny

→ British East India Company was folded

→ Burma became a colony of Britain after:

●​ 1824–1826
●​ 1862–1863
●​ 1885–1886

→ Until 1937, Burma was administered as part of British India

CONSERVATISM VS. LIBERALISM

→ In Spain, intellectuals split into two camps:

●​ Conservatives
●​ Liberals

→ Neither provided adequate practical solutions to end all strives

CONSERVATISM VS. LIBERALISM: TURNISMO

→ In the 1870s, after collapse of the First Spanish Republic:

→ Liberals and Conservatives agreed to take turns in leading Spain

→ They rigged elections to generate the majorities needed

SPANISH CONSTITUTION OF 1876

→ Cemented the constitutional monarchy under Alfonso XII

→ Cuba and Puerto Rico were granted representation in the Cortes

→ The Philippines was not granted representation

FILIPINOS IN RIZAL’S TIME

→ Victims of unjust, biased, and deteriorating power (Zaide and Zaide, 2014)

●​ Frailocracy

→ Rule of the friars

 → Friars were powerful in handling matters in the Philippines

→ Owned best haciendas

→ Religious orders:

●​ Augustinians
●​ Dominicans
●​ Franciscans

→ Controlled religious and educational life

→ Later gained political power, influence, and riches

→ Jesuits

→ Not included because expelled in 1768

→ Returned in 1859

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

→ As early as the 16th century:

→ King of Spain and the Pope wanted parishes turned over to secular priests

→ Secularization mandated under the Council of Trent

During Spanish rule:

→ Seculars demanded implementation of orders

→ Spanish regular clergy showed racism

→ Claimed native clergy were inferior

→ Filipino priests in the forefront:

●​ Pedro Pelaez
●​ Jacinto Zamora
●​ Mariano Gomez
●​ Jose Burgos

ECONOMIC CONTEXT

Encomienda System
→ From Spanish word encomendar meaning “to entrust”

→ Spaniards entrusted with native communities

In exchange:

→ Native labor and tribute

→ Spaniards provide protection and education

→ Galleon Trade

→ Trade using Manila galleons

→ Crossed Pacific between Manila and other regions

→ Ended in the 19th century

SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT

Philippine Educational System during Spanish Time

→ Educational Decree of 1863 (Isabella II)

a.​ Establishment of Teacher Training School

b.​ Government supervises public school system
c.​ Use of Spanish as medium of instruction
d.​ One primary school for boys and girls in each major town

Glorious Revolution in Spain led to reform:

→ Plan to take over University of Santo Tomas

→ Rename to University of the Philippines

→ Restoration of the Borbons made it moot

→ Obedience to friars instilled

→ Indios reminded of inferiority

→ Rector Magnificus of UST = de facto education minister

→ Academic freedom non-existent

→ Schools not open to natives

→ Freedom of speech not allowed

→ Racial discrimination rampant

→ Curriculum limited to 3Rs:

●​ Reading
●​ Writing
●​ Arithmetic

→ Exception: Ateneo Municipal de Manila

→ Included humanities, sciences, Spanish

→ Rizal mentioned in El Fili:

→ Physics studied in laboratory at Ateneo

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

→ Insurrection of Ilocanos under Diego Silan/Silang

→ Most obstinate and stubborn

→ Aim: establish more equable social order

Society structure:

→ Plebes (kailanes)

→ Principalia (babaknangs)

→ Vestiges remained

→ Last serious revolt: 1841–1842

Apolinario de la Cruz

→ Wanted to be Dominican priest

→ Refused due to race

→ Founded Confradia de San Jose

→ Gained popularity among ordinary people

→ Seen as threat by Catholic Church

REVIEWER 4: HOMECOMING AND TRAVELS OF RIZAL

FIRST HOMECOMING (1887-1888)

→ Noli Me Tangere caused an uproar

→ Rizal was warned not to return home by:

●​ Paciano (his brother)

●​ Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law)
●​ Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio)

Rizal was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:

a.​ to operate on his mother’s eyes

b.​ to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants
c.​ to find out for himself how Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines
d.​ to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent

→ July 29, 1887 — Rizal wrote to his father:

“on the 15th of July, I shall embark for our country, so that from the 15th to the 30th of August,
we shall see each other”

HAPPY HOMECOMING

→ August 8, 1887 — Rizal returned to Calamba

→ Established a medical clinic in Calamba

→ His first patient was his mother, who was almost blind

→ Rizal, who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany, treated their
ailments

→ Soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice

HAPPY HOMECOMING
→ Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba

→ His failure to see Leonor Rivera

STORM OVER THE NOLI

→ Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) requested Rizal to come to Malacañang

Palace

Don Jose Taviel de Andrade

→ A young Spanish lieutenant

→ Assigned by Governor General Terrero

→ Posed as bodyguard of Rizal

→ Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican)

→ Sent a copy of Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of UST

→ For examination by a committee

Fr. Salvador Font

→ Augustinian cura of Tondo

→ Head of the committee

→ Findings: Novel contained subversive ideas against the Church and Spain

→ Recommendation: “that the importation, reproduction, and circulation of this pernicious book
in the islands be absolutely prohibited.”

Fr. Jose Rodriguez

→ Augustinian priest

→ Published series of eight pamphlets

→ Title: Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest)

→ Purpose: to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings

Vicente Barrantes

→ Spanish academician of Madrid

→ Criticized Noli in La España Moderna (January 1890)

Events that marred Rizal’s stay in Calamba:

a.​ Death of his sister Olimpia

b.​ Groundless accusations:

→ German spy

→ Agent of Bismarck

→ Protestant

→ Mason

→ Witch

→ Soul beyond salvation

→ Rev. Vicente Garcia

→ Filipino Catholic priest-scholar

→ Pen name: Justo Desiderio Magalang

→ Wrote defense of Noli

→ Published in Singapore (July 18, 1888)

→ Attacked arguments of Fr. Rodriguez

FAREWELL TO CALAMBA

→ Friars requested Governor General Terrero to deport Rizal

→ Request refused (no valid charge)

→ Rizal left Calamba for two reasons:

a.​ His presence was jeopardizing safety and happiness of family and friends
b.​ He could fight enemies and serve his country better abroad

→ Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor)

→ Poem dedicated to industrious people of Lipa

→ Written upon request of his friend from Lipa

RIZAL’S SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD (1888-1892)

THE TRIP TO HONGKONG

→ February 1888 — Rizal left Philippines

→ At age 27:

→ Full-grown man

→ Practicing physician

→ Recognized man-of-letters

→ Stayed at Victoria Hotel

Jose Sainz de Varanda

→ Spaniard

→ Former secretary of Governor General Terrero

→ Shadowed Rizal’s movements

→ Believed to be commissioned as spy

VISIT TO MACAO

→ Portuguese colony near Hong Kong

→ Description by Rizal:

→ small

→ low

→ gloomy

→ Features:

→ many junks and sampans

→ few steamers

→ looks sad

→ almost dead

ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN (1888)

→ Duration: February 28 – April 13, 1888

→ One of the happiest interludes in Rizal’s life

→ Impressions:

a.​ Beauty of the country (flowers, mountains, streams, panoramas)

b.​ Cleanliness, politeness, industry of people
c.​ Picturesque dress and charm of women
d.​ Few thieves → houses open day and night
e.​ Rare beggars

Tetcho Suehiro

→ Journalist, novelist, champion of human rights

→ Exiled by Japanese government

→ Befriended Rizal on board the Belgic

RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888)

Good impressions:

a.​ Material progress (cities, farms, industries, factories)

b.​ Drive and energy of Americans
c.​ Natural beauty
d.​ High standard of living
e.​ Opportunities for immigrants

→ Bad impression:

→ Lack of racial equality

→ “America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”

RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889)

Reasons:

a.​ Improve English

b.​ Annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
c.​ Safe place to fight Spanish tyranny

→ Stayed with Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor

→ Dr. Reinhold Rost

→ Librarian of Ministry of Foreign Affairs

→ Authority on Malayan languages

→ Called Rizal: “a pearl of a man”

Rizal visited:

→ Paris

→ Madrid

→ Barcelona

→ Returned to London

→ Spent Christmas and New Year with the Becketts (Dec 24, 1888)
RIZAL BECOMES LEADER OF FILIPINOS IN EUROPE

→ Asociacion La Solidaridad

→ Founded December 31, 1888

→ Patriotic reform society

RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER

→ Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena (Feb 15, 1889, Barcelona)

→ Fortnightly periodical

→ Organ of Propaganda Movement

Aims:

a.​ Work peacefully for reforms

b.​ Portray deplorable conditions in Philippines
c.​ Oppose reaction and medievalism
d.​ Advocate liberal ideas
e.​ Champion Filipino aspirations

ARTICLES PUBLISHED

→ First: Los Agricultores Filipinos (March 25, 1889)

→ Other articles:

●​ A La Defensa
●​ La Verdad Para Todos
●​ Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo
●​ Una Profanacion
●​ Verdades Nuevas
●​ Crueldad
●​ Diferencias
●​ Inconsequencias
●​ Llanto y Risas
●​ Ingratitudes

Pen names:
 → Dimasalang

→ Laong Laan

JOSE RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA

→ Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)

→ Writer, lawyer, journalist

→ Editor of La Solidaridad

Rivalry between Rizal and Del Pilar (1890)

→ Conflict in editorial policy and political vision

→ August 7, 1891 — Del Pilar wrote to Rizal

→ Asked forgiveness and requested return

Rizal stopped writing because:

a.​ Needed to work on his book

b.​ Wanted others to contribute
c.​ Importance of unity
d.​ Leave leadership to Del Pilar

1891 Madrid meeting (~90 Filipinos)

→ Election of Responsable

→ Rizal won but lacked 2/3 vote

→ Mariano Ponce supported him

→ Rizal declined position

→ Del Pilar later abandoned assimilation

Statement: “Insurrection is the last remedy…”

DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA

Reasons:

a.​ Confer with Governor Despujol (Borneo project)

b.​ Establish La Liga Filipina
c.​ Answer Eduardo de Lete

SECOND HOMECOMING AND LA LIGA FILIPINA

→ Rizal believed struggle must be fought in the Philippines

→ “The battlefield is in the Philippines”

→ July 3, 1892

→ Meeting at house of Doroteo Ongjunco

→ Explained objectives of La Liga Filipina

LA LIGA FILIPINA

Aims:

a.​ Unite the whole country

b.​ Protect and assist members
c.​ Fight violence and injustice
d.​ Support education
e.​ Study and implement reforms

→ Liga ended after Rizal’s arrest

→ Split into:

1.​ Cuerpo de los Compromisarios

2.​ Katipunan (Bonifacio, Arellano, Diwa)​