A Project

Report On

“Object Counter using 7 segment display”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ECE)

Submitted By:

GEETANSHU (23001008015)
MANISH SHARMA (23001008028)
MANISH (23001008029)
MANSHUL (23001008030)
GULSHAN (23001008016)

Project Supervisor:
MR.
Department of Electronics Engineering

J.C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY YMCA, FARIDABAD

 INDEX

[Link] CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 Declaration 1
2 Abstract 2-3
3 Components used 4-14
4 Circuit diagram and working 15- 24
5 Thank you 25
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, being presented in the project report entitled
“ Object Counter ” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the Degree in Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering (ECE).
submitted to the Department of Electronics Engineering of J.C. Bose
University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad is an authentic
record of my work carried out during a period from JUL 2025 to DEC 2025
under the supervision of Mr. , Department of Electronics
Engineering. No part of the matter embodied in the project has been
submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or
Diploma
 ABSTRACT

the era of industrial automation, accurate and efficient monitoring of production

lines and visitor traffic is critical. This project proposes the design and
implementation of a low-cost, reliable digital object counter based on the
8051 microcontroller architecture. The system is designed to automatically
count objects or individuals passing through a specific point and display the
real-time count on a 7-segment display.

The core of the system is the 8051 microcontroller, which interfaces with an
Infrared (IR) sensor module (comprising an IR transmitter and receiver).
The working principle relies on the line-of-sight propagation of IR waves.
When an object obstructs the IR beam, the sensor generates an interrupt
signal (logic low/high). The microcontroller processes this input signal,
debounces it to prevent false triggering, and increments the internal counter
variable.

This system finds practical applications in industrial conveyor belts,

parking management systems, and building visitor analysis, demonstrating
the practical utility of embedded systems in daily automation.
 COMPONENTS USED

The following components for Object Counter using

7 segment display are required in the project:-

1. Seven Segment Display

2. 8051 Micro-Controller
3. LDR(IR sensor)
4. OP-Amp(LM324)
5. Input Switch
6. Transistor 2N2222
7. Power Supply (5V)
8. LED
9. Resistors
10. Capacitors
 Fig: 1(Seven Segment Display)

The Seven Segment Display, comprising seven LED segments, is a

foundational component in electronics. With its ability to display numeric
digits and certain alphabetic characters, it finds wide application in digital
clocks, electronic meters, and counters. Within the Digital Trainer Kit, it
assumes a critical role as an output device, enabling users to visually
monitor the operation of digital circuits, including counters and timers. Its
inclusion significantly enhances the kit's utility for educational purposes and
practical experimentation in the realm of digital electronics.

Fig: 2(8051 Micro-Controller)

 A micro-controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory,
various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port, timer or counter,
The 7447 controller,
interrupt IC, also known as the BCDinterfaces
data acquisition to Seven like
Segment Decoder/Driver,
A/D converter, D/A is
an essential
converter component
integrated on ainsingle
digitalsilicon
electronics
chip. circuits. Its primary function is
to convert binary-coded decimal (BCD) input data into corresponding
If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for
seven-segment
external memorydisplay
such as outputs.
RAM, ROM, With 16 pins, and
EPROM it provides inputsBut
peripherals. forcontroller
BCD
data (A, B, C,
is provided D)alland
with outputs
these to drive
facilities the segments
on a single (a through of
chip. Development g)aof the
micro-controller
connected reduces PCB
seven-segment size and
display. Thecost of available
IC is the design. in common anode
and common cathode versions to accommodate different display
One of the major differences between a micro-processor and a micro-controller
configurations. Common
is that a controller often dealsapplications
with bits notinclude
bytes asdigital instrumentation,
in the real world application.
Intel has introduced
electronic a family of and
meters, counters, micro-controllers
display panels called the MCS-51.
where numeric data
representation is required. By efficiently decoding BCD signals and driving
The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available
the appropriate
operations segments,
are limited to 8 [Link]
7447 areIC enables
3 basic accurate
"sizes" and clear
of the 8051:
visualization of numerical
Short, Standard, information
and Extended. in various
The Short electronicchips
and Standard systems.
are often
available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models
often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these
things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051
assembly language, and they all share certain features.
Fig: 3 (LDR)

The 32.768kHz crystal oscillator stands as a cornerstone component in

An LDR, also known as a photoresistor or a photoconductive cell, is a passive
electronic systems, particularly in applications reliant on precise
timekeeping and synchronization.
electronic component whose resistance Functioning as a with
varies inversely stable frequency
the intensity of
reference generator, it produces an accurate oscillation at 32.768kHz.
light falling on it. It essentially functions as a light-sensitive variable resistor.
Renowned for its high accuracy and low power consumption, this crystal
finds extensive use in devices such as digital watches, clocks, and alarm
 When light photons with sufficient energy strike the semiconductor
systems, as well as in embedded systems requiring meticulous
material, they knock valence electrons into the conduction band.
timekeeping functionality. Integrated within electronic circuits, it interfaces
with This
oscillator circuits
generates to generatepairs,
electron-hole square wave
which output the
increases signals, facilitating
conductivity
the synchronization of timing circuits or providing a reference frequency for
of the material and drastically decreases its resistance
digital systems. Its inherent stability ensures dependable operation across
diverse environmental conditions, cementing its status as an indispensable
element in the realm of electronic timekeeping and synchronization.

Fig: 4(OP-Amp)

The 4060 IC, part of the CMOS 4000 series, stands as a versatile

component pivotal
The LM324 is ainwidely
digitalused,
electronics,
low-costprimarily renowned
integrated for that
circuit (IC) its prowess
contains
in timing and oscillatoroperational
four independent functionalities. Sporting
amplifiers (Quad16 Op-Amp)
pins, it embodies inputs
in a single package. .
for clock
Unlikesignals,
the olderoutputs
LM741, for divided
which clock
typically signals,
requires andpower
a dual provisions
supply for
external timing
(+V and -V),components
the LM324 islike resistors
designed and capacitors.
specifically At its
to operate fromcore, this
a single
integrated circuit harbors the capability to operate as a 14-stage binary
power supply
ripple counter and oscillator. This duality enables it to not only divide input

frequencies by powers of two but also to generate

 Supply Voltage: Wide range single supply (3V to 32V). It runs perfectly .
precise
on theclock signals
5V supply viabyan
used integrated
your oscillator circuit. With a division
8051 microcontroller.
capacity of up to14-Pin
Configuration: 2^14 DIP
(16384),
(Dual itInline
offers a broad spectrum of frequency
Package).
division options,
Bandwidth: empowering
1 MHz (Sufficientapplications ranging
for low-frequency fromsignals).
sensor clock generation
and time-delay
Input circuits Uniquely
Voltage Range: to frequency
allowsmultiplication.
input voltagesWidely embraced
all the way down toin
electronic circuits,
Ground (0V), theis4060
which ICfor
critical orchestrates accurate
single-supply sensor time delays, steers
interfacing.
event timing, and furnishes clock signals for digital systems, showcasing its
adaptability and indispensability across diverse projects and designs.

Fig: 5 (Transistor)

The FET7805, commonly referred to as the LM7805, is a crucial voltage

The 2N2222
regulator is a robust
integrated circuit NPN Bipolar
renowned forJunction Transistor
its role in stabilizing(BJT)
and commonly
regulating
power
housedsupplies within
in a TO-92 electronic
package, systems.
widely utilized Operating as for
in electronics a its
fixed linear
ability to
voltage regulator, its primary function is to ensure a consistent output
handle
voltage ofsignificantly higher collector
+5 volts, regardless currents—up
of fluctuations to 800mA—compared
in the input voltage or to

general-purpose transistors like the BC547. In the context of an 8051 based

 object counter, it serves a critical role as a current driver and switch, bridging
load variations. With its straightforward operation and robust design, the
the gap between the low-power logic of the microcontroller and the high-power
FET7805 provides a reliable solution for powering a wide array of
electronic
demand of devices,
the outputranging from
devices. microcontrollers
Since and
the I/O ports of an sensors to digital
8051 microcontroller
circuits and peripheral components. By delivering a steady and precise
cannot source or sink sufficient current to directly power a 7-segment display
voltage output, it safeguards sensitive electronic components from potential
damage due todamage,
without risking voltage thespikes or fluctuations,
2N2222 is employed to thereby
amplifyenhancing the
the weak control
overall reliability and longevity of electronic systems. In essence, the
signal from
FET7805 the microcontroller's
stands base;component,
as an indispensable when triggered, it allows electronics
empowering the necessary
designers and engineers
higher current to create
to flow through stable and dependable
the collector-emitter power sources
path, effectively driving the
for a myriad of applications.
display segments or common pins while protecting the microcontroller.

Fig: 6(Transistor BC548)

The BC548 transistor, an NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) bipolar

junction transistor, stands as a ubiquitous component in electronic circuits
due to its versatility in amplification and switching functions. Comprising
three semiconductor layers—P-type, N-type, and P-type—it facilitates the
flow of current from the collector to the emitter when a small current is
applied to the base terminal. This characteristic enables the BC548 to
amplify weak electrical signals effectively, finding applications in audio
amplifiers, signal processing circuits, and various amplification tasks.
Moreover, its ability to serve as a switch allows for precise control over the
flow of larger currents, making it invaluable in digital logic circuits, relay
control, and power management systems. Whether amplifying
signals or controlling the flow of current, the BC548 transistor remains a
cornerstone component in electronics, driving the functionality of a myriad
of devices and systems.

Fig: 6(INPUT SWITCH)

The push button, a ubiquitous electromechanical component, serves as a

cornerstone in numerous electronic systems, offering a simple yet effective
means of user interaction. Functioning as a momentary switch, its
mechanism involves the depression of a plunger or actuator, establishing
or interrupting an electrical circuit momentarily upon activation. These
buttons are available in various configurations, including normally open
(NO) and normally closed (NC), each dictating the default state of the
circuit. Widely utilized in user interfaces like keyboards, keypads, and
control panels, push buttons enable seamless user input and interaction.
Moreover, they feature prominently in automation systems, machinery, and
consumer electronics, facilitating tasks such as device activation, mode
selection, and emergency shutdowns. With their versatility, reliability, and
ease of implementation, push buttons continue to be indispensable
components in the realm of electronics, empowering users to navigate and
control a diverse array of devices and systems with ease.
 Fig: 7(LED)

The Light Emitting Diode (LED) stands as a revolutionary innovation in

lighting, revolutionizing how we illuminate spaces and devices. Operating
on the principle of electroluminescence, LEDs emit light when an electrical
current passes through them, converting energy into photons. Renowned
for their exceptional efficiency, LEDs consume significantly less power than
traditional incandescent bulbs while boasting a longer operational lifespan.
Their versatility is evident in the wide array of colors available, ranging from
vibrant reds and blues to crisp whites, catering to diverse lighting needs.
LEDs find applications across various sectors, from general lighting and
automotive illumination to signage and display backlighting. Their compact
size, low heat output, and resistance to shock make them ideal for use in
portable electronics and rugged environments. As ongoing research
continues to advance LED technology, innovations such as organic LEDs
(OLEDs) and quantum dot LEDs (QLEDs) promise even greater efficiency
and flexibility, heralding a bright future for lighting solutions worldwide.
 Fig: 8(Resistors)

Resistors, integral to electronic circuits, serve as passive components

crucial for regulating electrical currents and voltage levels. Their primary
function is to oppose the flow of current, effectively introducing resistance
into the circuit. This resistance controls the flow of electricity, ensuring that
electronic components operate within safe limits and desired parameters.
Various types of resistors, including carbon film, metal film, and wirewound
resistors, offer different characteristics suited to specific applications. Their
values are typically denoted through a standardized color code system,
facilitating easy identification and selection. Resistors are ubiquitous in
electronics, fulfilling roles such as current limiting, voltage division, signal
conditioning, and ensuring proper operation of components like LEDs,
transistors, and integrated circuits. Whether in simple circuits or complex
electronic systems, resistors play an indispensable role in maintaining
stability, reliability, and functionality.
 Fig: 9(Capacitors)

Capacitors are indispensable components in electronic circuits, serving as

energy storage devices that store and release electrical energy. They
consist of two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material, capable
of storing charge when connected to a voltage source. Capacitors come in
various types, including ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum, and polyester
capacitors, each tailored for specific applications based on factors such as
capacitance, voltage rating, and frequency response. The capacitance,
measured in farads (F), determines the amount of charge a capacitor can
store for a given voltage. Capacitors find extensive use in smoothing power
supplies, filtering noise, coupling signals, and timing circuits. Electrolytic
capacitors, in particular, are polarized and must be connected with the
correct polarity, whereas non-polarized capacitors, such as ceramic
capacitors, can be connected in either direction. Overall, capacitors play a
vital role in maintaining stability, filtering unwanted signals, and regulating
voltage levels within electronic systems.
Circuit Diagram of Object Counter using SSD

Circuit Diagram of Manual Pulse Generator

 Working of Object Counter using SSD
Theautomated
This Digital Trainer
objectKitcounter
encompasses a diverse
utilizes an AT89S51 array of circuits, each
microcontroller to detect and
serving distinct purposes within the realm of digital electronics
tally physical objects, displaying the result on a multiplexed seven-segment display
experimentation. Among its components, the Manual Pulse Generator
stands
unit. The as a crucial
operation tool, offering
initiates manual pulse
at the detection generation
stage, essential
where a Light for a
Dependent
multitude of experiments. Meanwhile, the 1Hz Automatic Pulse Generator
Resistor (LDR) forms a voltage divider with a potentiometer. Under normal
fulfills the role of consistently providing a 1Hz pulse, facilitating
continuous
conditions, operation
light keeps the in experimental
LDR resistance setups. For visualizing
low. When an objectbinary
obstructs the light
outputs in a digitized format, the BCD to Seven Segment Display (SSD)
source,
decoder theoffers
LDR resistance
a convenient spikes, increasing the voltage at the non-inverting
solution.
input of an LM324 operational amplifier. Configured as a comparator, the LM324
Additionally, the Kit incorporates Input and Output Circuits, complete with
compares this signal against a fixed reference voltage set by resistors R15 and
resistors, LEDs, and Banana Sockets. These elements collectively serve
to ensure
R16. efficient connectivity
Upon detection, and signal
the comparator outputsmonitoring. Banana
a logic HIGH signalSockets
to the external
:
serve as standardized connection points, enabling easy interfacing with
interrupt pin (INT0, Pin 12) of the microcontroller.
external devices or circuits. The inclusion of resistors in both input and
output
Upon circuitsthis
receiving serves a protective
interrupt trigger, function, preventing
the AT89S51 damage
increments due to counter
an internal
excessive current flow. LEDs, on the other hand, serve as visual indicators,
variable.
offeringThe output
instant stage employs
feedback a multiplexing
on the state technique
of input and to drive three
output signals.
7-segment displays efficiently. Port 0 serves as the data bus, sending segment

codes to all displays simultaneously. However, control is managed by Port 1,

In essence, the Digital Trainer Kit offers a comprehensive platform for
exploring
which various
triggers digital
2N2222 NPNcircuitry concepts,
transistors from
(Q1, Q2, manual
Q3). These pulse generation
transistors act as
to binary visualization and signal monitoring, catering to the diverse needs
high-current switches
of electronics for theand
enthusiasts common cathodes of the displays. By rapidly cycling
learners.
through the transistors—activating one digit at a time while updating Port 0 data

—the system relies on the persistence of vision to create the illusion of a

continuous, static number. This design effectively combines analog sensing with

digital control to create a low-cost, reliable industrial counter.

Thank You