Solution

1. Degrees of freedom. The structure has two degrees of freedom, δ1 andδ2 which are the
unknown displacement of joint D in the X and Y directions, respectively.

2. Stiffness matrix.

⎡1 0 −1 0⎤ (0)
⎢ 0⎥⎥
EA ⎢ 0 0 0 (0)
Member 1: α 1 = 0 , [K ] = ×
1

l ⎢− 1 0 1 0⎥ (1)
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ (2)
⎡ 3 3 3 3⎤
⎢ − − ⎥ (1)
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥
⎢ 3 1 3 1 ⎥
7π EA ⎢ 4 − − ⎥ (2)
Member 2: α = 2
, [K ] 2
= ×⎢ 4 4 4
⎥
6 l ⎢ 3 3 3 3 ⎥
− − (0)
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥
⎢ 3 1 3 1 ⎥
⎢− − ⎥ (0)
⎣ 4 4 4 4 ⎦

⎡ 1 3 1 3⎤
⎢ − − ⎥ (1)
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥
⎢ 3 3 3 3 ⎥
4π EA ⎢ 4 − − ⎥ (2)
Member 3: α 3 = , [K ] 3
= ×⎢ 4 4 4
⎥
3 l ⎢ 1 3 1 3 ⎥
− − (0)
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥
⎢ 3 3 3 3 ⎥
⎢− − ⎥ (0)
⎣ 4 4 4 4 ⎦

The global stiffness matrix is then

⎡ 3⎤
EA ⎢ 2 ⎥
[K ] = ⎢ 2 ⎥
l ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥
⎦

3. Joint force vector. The joint force vector is

{P} = ⎧⎨
F⎫
⎬
⎩0⎭

4. Joint displacement. The stiffness equations are

⎡ 3⎤
EA ⎢ 2 ⎥
2 ⎥ ⎧⎨δ 1 ⎫⎬ = ⎧⎨ F ⎫⎬
⎢
l ⎢ 3 ⎥ δ
1 ⎥⎩ 2 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
0
⎢⎣ 2 ⎦
Then the joint displacements are determined by solving the above equations

⎧ 4 ⎫
⎧δ 1 ⎫ Fl ⎪ 5 ⎪
⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
⎩δ 2 ⎭ EA ⎪− 2 3 ⎪
⎩ 5 ⎭

5. Member axial forces. The member end force is equal to {F } = [K ] {δ } , {F } = [T ] {F }

e e e e e e

⎧ 0 ⎫
⎡1 0 − 1 0⎤ ⎪ ⎧− 0.80 F ⎫
⎢0 0 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎥
0 0 0⎥ ⎪ 4 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪⎪
⎪
Member 1: {F } 1 = {F } 1 = F×⎢ ⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬, N1=0.8F (tension)
⎢− 1 0 1 0⎥ ⎪ 5 ⎪ ⎪ 0.80 F ⎪
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ ⎪− 2 3 ⎪ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎪⎩ 5 ⎪⎭

⎡ 3 3 3 3⎤
⎢ − − ⎥
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥⎧ 4 ⎫
⎢ 3 1 3 1 ⎥ ⎪ 5 ⎪ ⎧ 0.30 F ⎫
⎢ − − ⎥ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ 0.17 F ⎪
Member 2: {F } = F ×⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎪⎨− ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎥ 5 3⎬ = ⎨
2
⎬
⎢ −3 3 3 3 ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ − 0 . 30 F ⎪
− 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥⎪ ⎩ − 0 .17 F ⎪⎭
⎢ 3 1 3 1 ⎥ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4 4 ⎦

⎡ 3 1 ⎤
⎢− − 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎧ 0.30 F ⎫ ⎧− 0.34 F ⎫
⎢ 1 3 ⎥
⎢ − 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 0.17 F ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
{F } 2 = [T ]2 × {F } 2 =⎢ 2 2
⎥⎨
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬=⎨
⎪
⎬
⎢ 0 3 1 ⎥ ⎪− 0.30 F ⎪ ⎪ 0.34 F ⎪
0 − −
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎪⎩− 0.17 F ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎢ 1 3⎥
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
N2=0.34F (tension)

⎡ 1 3 1 3⎤
⎢ − − ⎥
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥⎧ 4 ⎫
⎢ 3 3 3 3 ⎥ ⎪ 5 ⎪ ⎧− 0.10 F ⎫
⎢ − − ⎥ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪− 0.17 F ⎪
Member 3: {F } 3
= F×⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎪⎨− 3 ⎪⎬ = ⎪⎨ ⎪
⎬
⎥
⎢ −1 3 1 3 ⎥ ⎪ 5 ⎪ ⎪ 0.10 F ⎪
− 0
⎢ 4 4 4 4 ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ 0.17 F ⎪⎭
⎢ 3 3 3 3 ⎥ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4 4 ⎦
 ⎡ 1 3 ⎤
⎢− − 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎧− 0.10 F ⎫ ⎧ 0.20 F ⎫
⎢ 3 1 ⎥
⎢ − 0 0 ⎥ ⎪− 0.17 F ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
{F } 3 = [T ]3 × {F } 3 =⎢ 2 2
⎥⎨
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬=⎨
⎪
⎬
⎢ 0 1 3 ⎥ ⎪ 0.10 F ⎪ ⎪− 0.20 F ⎪
0 − −
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎪⎩ 0.17 F ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎢ 3 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
N3=0.20F (compression)
 Plane Frame

• Determine the internal forces of the 2-

member frame shown in Figure
• Take for both members:
– E = 200GPa
– I = 180(106)mm4
– A = 6000 mm2

Department of Civil &

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 If axial deformation is considered, based on
post-process the DOFs are encoded as
For both elements
AE 6(10 −3 )(200)(106 )
1 3(7,8,9) = = 200(103 )kN / m
L 6
12 EI 12(200)(106 )(180)(10 −6 )
3
= 3
= 2000kN / m
L 6
6 EI 6(200)(106 )(180)(10 −6 )
1(1,2,3) 2 2
= 2
= 6000kN
L 6

4 EI
= 24(103 )kNm,
L
2 EI
2(4,5,6) = 12(103 )kNm
L
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 (1) (2) (3) (7) (8) (9)
1
2
3
7
8
9

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

− − 4
5
− 6
7
8
− 9
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The structure stiffness matrix is determined by
assembling k1 and k2

Considering the boundary condition

1 3 7 8 9

 200 0 − 200 0 0
 0 24 0 − 6 12 
 
[K ] = 10 − 200 0 202 0 6 
3

 
 0 − 6 0 202 − 6 
 0 12 6 − 6 48 

{P} = {0 0 20 0 0}
T

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Solving the equations

 D1  17 . 51 (10 −3
)m 
 D  1.243(10 −3 )rad 
 3  
 D7  = 17.51(10 −3 )m 
   
D
 8  − 3 7 . 47 (10 −6
)m 
 D  − 2.505(10 −3 )rad 
 9   

Obviously D1=D7 and D8 is very small.

Department of Civil &

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If axial deformation is not considered, based
on pre-process the DOFs are encoded as

1
3(1,0,3)

1(1,0,2)
2

2(0,0,0)

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 (1) (0) (2) (1) (0) (3)
(1)
(0)
(2)
(1)
(0)
(3)

λ 1 = {1 0 2 1 0 3}T
(1) (2) (3)
0 0 0  (1)
[K ] = 103 × 0 24 12  (2)
1

0 12 24 (3)

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 (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (3)
− − (0)
(0)
− (0)
(1)
(0)
−
(3)

λ 2 = {0 0 0 1 0 3}T

(1) (2) (3)

2 0 6  (1)
[K ] = 103 × 0 0 0  (2)
2

6 0 24 (3)

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[K ] = [K ] 1 + [K ] 2

0 0 0  2 0 6 
3  
= 10 × 0 24 12  + 103 × 0 0 0 
 
0 12 24 6 0 24

2 0 6 
= 103 × 0 24 12 
6 12 48

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Nodal displacement

 
2 0 6  δ1  20  17 . 5 mm 
3       {∆} =  1.25 ×10 −3 rad 
10 × 0 24 12  δ 2  =  0   −3 
2 . 5 10 rad
6 12 48 δ 3   0   − × 
 

Member end forces {F } = [K ] {δ } + {FE }

1 1 1 1

 17.5   0 
 0  − 7.5
   
 1.25 
    0 

 =
  
 17 .5   0 
 0   7.5 
   
  
− 2.5  − 45 
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{F } = [K ] {δ } + {FE }
2 2 −2 2

−
 0  − 20
 0   0 
   
−  0 
    75 

 =
  
 17.5   20 
 0   0 
   

 − 2 .5 
   45 


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 45

-7.5

20
75

BMD (kNm) SFD (kN)

Department of Civil &

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