WEEK 3

INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Areas…
An interface between applications and hardware

• Unit 1: Element of C
• Unit 2: Data Type
• Unit 3: Variables, Statements, Expressions

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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Unit 1
An interface between applications and hardware

•Unit 1: Element of C
Character Set
Keywords
Identifier

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 Character Set
• Includes the Alphabet, Digits, Special Characters, Escape Sequences, etc.
Character Escape Sequence ASCII Value
Back Space \b 08
A,B,C,D..............Z
Bell \a 07
a,b,c,d,................z Horizontal Tab \t 09
New Line \n 10
0123456789
Vertical Tab \v 11
! " # & ' ( ) Form Feed \f 12
* % + , - / . Carriage Return \r 13
; : < = > ? [ Quotation Mark \” 34
^ ] - _ { } | Apostrophe \’ 039
~ Question Mark \? 063
Backslash \\ 092
NULL 0 4
 • A program that controls the execution of application programs
Keywords/ Reserved
An interface between applications and hardware

• These are predefined or reserved words that have special meaning to

the C compiler. They are part of the syntax and cannot be used as
identifiers in the program
• Below are some of these…

auto break case char const continue default do

double else enum extern float for goto if

int long register return short signed sizeof static

struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while

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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Identifier
An interface between applications and hardware

• C Programming language has two types of words, keywords and identifiers

• Identifiers are user defined words and unknown to the C Compiler
• These are used to name any entity like; Functions, Variables, Arrays and
Structures.. etc..
• If you are going to use an identifier, there is need to define it!

• Identifier naming rules:

 Identifier name should contains only Alphabets, Digits and Underscore characters.
 First character must be alphabet or underscore not a Digit.
 The Name of an Identifier should not be a keyword.
 C language is Case Sensitive. So upper case letter and lower case letters are different.

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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Unit 2
An interface between applications and hardware

•Unit 2: Data Type

Data Types
Constants

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 Data Types
• Different types of datatypes store different data values.
• C Programming Language has Three Fundamental
datatypes
Integer Datatype [ Denoted by int ]
Character Datatype [ Denoted by char ]
Float Datatype [Denoted by float ]

• There are other datatypes like arrays, Strings and Enums,

Which are called derived datatypes.
• These will be looked at later!
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 Constants
• The things which can’t be changed!
• In C programming Constant is a value that cannot be changed during the execution
of the program.

• C Programming support 3 categories of Constants.

1. Numeric Constants.
 Integer Constants E.g. 431, 85, 65, 31....etc.
 Real or Floating point Constants E.g. Fractional: 0.7, 4.31, 98.2,...etc. E.g. Exponential: +4.3e-5,
1.2e+5,...etc.
2. Character Constants. E.g. 'M'
3. String Constants. E.g. "Hello“
Note:
• “M" and ‘M' are completely different. “M" is string constant and ‘M' is character
constant.
• “M" contains two characters one is character M and another character is Compiler
placed NULL Character while ‘M' contains only one character which is M
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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Unit 3
An interface between applications and hardware

•Unit 3: Variables, Statements, Expressions

Variables, Variable Declaration, Variable
Initialization
Expressions
Statements
Input-Output
ASCII code
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Variables, Variable Declaration & Initialization
• A variable is a name of Memory location used to store a value
• Used to store user input and save the values in the memory.
• Variable names allow us access those values from the computer memory.
• Variable values can vary/change during the Execution of program apart from constants
Variable Declaration
• Variables must be declared before use in the program by specifying the name and Datatype.
• Variable name should not be an operator, Separator, keyword and constant.
• When creating multiple variables on a single line, commas are used to separate them.
Syntax: datatype variable_name;
Variable Initialization
• We combine two steps; declaration and assignment by giving the value at the time of
declaration.
Syntax: datatype variable_name = value; 11
 Expressions
• Are the combination of variables, operands,
and operators. The result would be stored
in the variable once the expressions are
processed based on the operator's
precedence.
• Examples;
 c=a+b
 a-b+c
 a+b-(a*c)

• Types of Expressions in C
 Arithmetic expressions
 Relational expressions
 Logical expressions
 Conditional expressions 12
• A program that controls the execution of application programs
Statements
An interface between applications and hardware

• C programs are a collection of statements. This is an executable part of the

program expected to perform some sort of action.
• Statements Categories
Expression Statements (combination of variables, Constants, Operators,
Function Calls and followed by a semicolon)
Compound/Block Statements (combination of several expression
statements, enclosed within braces { })
Selection Statements (Statements are used in decision making
situations)
Iterative Statements (Also called Loops. Used when there is need to
execute part of the program many times)
• Jump Statements (Unconditional statements used to transfer the control from
one part of the program to another. E.g. goto, continue, break)
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 Output
• Output or Print Text!
• It means to display some data on screen, printer, or in any file
• In C, you can use the printf() function

• Example
printf("I am learning C.”);
printf(“The Result is %d”, intanswer);
printf(“The Result is %f \n”, floatanswer);
printf(“The Result is %c \n”, charanswer);

• Note:
• It does not insert a new line at the end of the output!

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 Input
• Used to take input from the user
• It means to feed some data into a program
• The scanf() function reads formatted input from the
standard input such as keyboard.

• Example
scanf(“ %d”, &intanswer);
scanf(“ %f ”, &floatanswer);
scanf(“ %c ”, &charanswer);

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• A program that controls the execution of application programs
ASCII code
An interface between applications and hardware

• Do in your tutorial classes….

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