MODULE IN
ID 1-INDUSTRIAL
DRAWING (with CAD 2D)
MURATA, MAE JOU VENDEZ M.
Drawing And Drafting Technology
College Of Industrial Technology
Iloilo Science And Technology University
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo,2020
VP FOR ACADEMIC
Republic of the Philippines Department
AFFAIRS
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Document Code QP-VPAA-13
Miagao Campus
Revision No. 05
Miagao, Iloilo
Effective Date December 4, 2019
Outcome - Based Course Module
ID 1 - INDUSTRIAL DRAWING 1 (CAD 2D)
Module 2 of 5
CHAPTER 2: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Introduction:
This course module deals with the study of the most straightforward tools,
materials, and equipment used in mechanical drawing for students. It introduces proper
use and care of the tools, instruments and equipment and its importance in the picture.
Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course modules, the students are expected to:
1. Identified different drawing instruments.
2. Described different drawing instruments.
3. Used drawing instruments accordingly.
4. Valued the importance of drawing instruments.
5. Enjoyed using different drawing instruments.
LESSON TITLE: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS Estimated Time: 4 hours (1 week)
LESSON OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this lesson, the student is expected to:
1. Enumerated the different drawing instruments.
2. Differentiated the use and care of various drawing instruments.
3. Utilized the drawing instruments accordingly and properly.
4. Appreciated the importance of drawing instruments.
LESSON CONTENTS:
Introduction:
In a trade or work, quality is a requirement. As a technologist of various fields,
excellent artistry required. This good craft coupled with quality brands of tools and
instruments as well as materials in making good drawings. Further, the way how it is
used and cared is the enormous measurements of a draftsperson - furthermore, durable
and quality drawing instruments, tools, and equipment preferred in this course;
accompanied with proper care and maintenance, these tools and devices will last a
lifetime and best service to the work. So, as the facilitator of learning, it is essential to
teach a positive attitude towards work; that is also very significant in the workplace.
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TEACHING DELIVERY
Activate: List down the basic tools and materials usually used by draftsman.
Acquire:
LESSON 1: DEFINITION, USE AND CARE OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
A. DRAWING TABLE/DRAWING BOARD
A drawing table (also drawing board, drafting table or architect’s table) is in its
antique form, a kind of multipurpose desk which can be used for any type of drawing,
writing or Impromptu sketching on a large sheet of paper or for reading a large format
book or other oversized document or for drafting precise technical illustrations. The
drawing tables used as a frequent companion to a pedestal desk in gentleman’s study or
private library, during the preindustrial and early industrial era.
Furthermore, a drawing table, accordingly to [Link] (2019) is a
multipurpose desk used by architects, engineers, and artistry. It is a stable platform for
drawing and reading
blueprints. Most tables are height adjustable, so you can stand or sit while working. A
key feature found in drafting tables is the ability to adjust the board incline angle to a
comfortable drawing position.
Technically, both ends of the board were cleats known as “working edge,”
Figure 2-1 (a) shows the image of drawing tables, while Figure 2-1 (b) shows the drawing
board.
working edge
(a)
(b)
Figure 2-1
Do not cut papers or objects directly on the top of the drawing table/board
because it will damage the surface producing poor quality drawing later on.
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B. T-SQUARE
T-Square is a tool that is shaped like the letter T and that is used to draw parallel
lines and right angles (http:[Link]/). It is used as a guide in making
horizontal lines and to provide an edge against which the triangles are placed. When
making horizontal lines the direction should be from left to right (if right-handed) and
right to left (if left-handed). The rule is called the blade which is attached to one end and
the cross piece is known as the head. These parts are the “working edge” which worked
on the drawing table/board.
The materials used in making are steel, wood, plastic vinyl and other. For
beginners usually, the ideal length is 24 inches and for advance 36 inches is
recommended. Figure 2-2 illustrate the types of T-square according to head. Figure2-3
shows the drawing horizontal and vertical lines with a T-square and triangle using right
hand. Figure 2-3b left-handed method using T-square and triangle.
Working Edges
Head Blade
A. Fixed Head
B. Adjustable Head C. Detachable Head
Figure 2-2
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(a) (b)
Figure 2-3
In order to preserve the life of a T-square, it should not be used as a guide for the cutter
to cut paper, because it will damage the working edge of the T-square if not properly
done. Another way to preserve life of the instruments is to hang it whether with
covering or hang it on the wall.
C. TRIANGLE
In the drawing of lines and angles the common combination of triangle used are
30⁰x60⁰x90⁰and 45⁰x45⁰x90⁰ because these two are available in the market. There are
also other types of triangles, the adjustable one which is more expensive compare to
other two. The are made of plastic and usually transparent in order to show the other
side of the drawing. Triangles are used in combination with the T-square for making
vertical lines and respective angles. The direction of making vertical and inclined lines is
done from bottom to up. Types of triangle are shown in Figure 2-4. Figure 2-5 shows the
use of a T-square and triangles to draw angles.
Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5
In order to preserve the life of a triangle, it should not be used as a guide for the cutter
to cut paper, because it will damage the working edge of the triangle if not properly
done. Another way to preserve life of the instrument is to hang it whether with covering
or none at all.
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D. PENCIL
Drawing pencil is the most important tool of a draftsman. The hexagonal shape is
ergonomically designed to fit the thumb, forefinger and the second finger and to
prevent them from rolling off the table. Drawing pencil leads are made of graphite with
kaolin (clay) added in varying amount to make different grades of leads. The grade of
pencil as shown below depends on the type of work needed, papers, and humidity
which affect the surface of the paper.
Common or ordinary pencils are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Number 1 is the softest, 2
is the medium and 3 is the hardest.
Figure 2-6 shows, is an illustration of the classification of pencil according to groups.
1. Hard - from 4H to 9H
2. Medium - from B to 3H
3. Soft - from 2B to 7B
Figure 2-6
Hard pencils are used where extreme accuracy is required. Sometimes they are
used in making guidelines. Medium pencils are for general purpose work in technical
drawing. While soft pencils are too soft to be used in mechanical drawing. They are used
in smudges and rough lines which are not distinct and are difficult to erase. These
grades are used in art works of
various kinds and for full size details in architectural drawing. Some used these grades
for sketching and freehand drawings.
Another type of pencil is mechanical pencil with leads which eliminates the
necessity for sharpening is shown in Figure 2-7. A shouldered extension of the tips
makes this kid of pencil equally adaptable to any instruments and freehand drawing.
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Figure 2-8a, shows the methods of sharpening the pencils to obtain the desired points.
Figure 2-8b, illustrates the pencil pointing results.
Figure 2-7
If not use, place pencil in case or container in order not to fall off the drawing table.
Pencil is not a “toy”, therefore, do not use it as sword or knife like pointing to
anybody. It could harm them. Always sharpen your pencil when it becomes dull.
These shows that you are tactful, responsible owner, and a good drafter.
E. SANDING PAD OR PENCIL POINTER
A sanding pad is used to re-point a pencil when it becomes dull. It id made up of
a small thin piece of wood with a fine sandpaper pasted on it. A small piece of felt is also
pasted to wipe off the graphite dust by taping it against the inside part of a receptacle
or waste basket. Figure 2-10 shows how to sharpen the pencil using the sanding pad.
Furthermore, Figure 2-11, shows the proper way of sharpening the pencil using a knife
or a cutter.
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Figure 2-10
Figure 2-11
If not use, the pencil pointers should keep in case or container in order not to spread
the excess powder on drawing paper and instruments. If possible separate from the
other instruments.
F. DRAWING PAPER
In selecting drawing paper, the purpose for which it is to be used must be
considered. Figure 2-12 gives the sample of drawing paper with border line and blocks.
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For mechanical drawings, where fine and clean sharp lines are to be produced with hard
pencil, a paper with sufficient grain is desirable. It can withstand considerable erasing
without soiling the paper. For pencil lay-outs and working drawings, cream or buff detail
paper are preferred as they are easier on the eyes and do not soil as quickly as white
papers. If freehand lettering is done, the surface must be reasonably smooth to secure
best results. for freehand drawing where it is desired to produce porous uniform lines
with a soft pencil, a slightly grained surface is satisfactory. A smooth surface is better for
fine ink ruling and for all complicated drawings. in general, paper should have sufficient
grain to make the pencil agreeable to the eye and have a hard surface not easily
grooved by the pencil which has good tracing qualities.
Figure 2-12
Drawing paper is the basic material for every activity in this subject, so in order to
maintain its cleanliness and make it scratch free, place it in a folder with plastic
envelop to preserve it. Rating depends on the appearance of the plate once it is
submitted. Technically, paper is the venue for drawing.
G. FASTENER
A common type of fastener used in attaching drawing paper on the drawing
table is a masking tape. Figure 2-13 shows a masking tape. It is a removable adhesive
tape used to provide temporary projection to an area while an adjacent area is being
worked on ([Link] They come in different sizes. Common sizes
used in drawing are ¼ inch, ½ inch and 1 inch and available in different brands.
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Figure 2-13
The adhesion of the drafting or masking tape depends on its storage. If not properly
kept and exposed to heat it will not hold the drawing plate on the surface of the
drawing table.
Always keep the surface of the tape clean and never use it as pencil pointer.
H. SCALES
Scales are used to reproduce the dimensions of an object to full size on the
drawing to enlarge or reduce them to some regular proportions. Ordinary scales are
made of boxwoods;
some are made of plastic, paper, and wood plastic edges. Below are the common
drafting scale shapes. Figure 2-14 shows the shapes of the Drafting scales.
The types of scale were mechanical scale mostly used by the mechanical
engineers. It uses English system of measurements, while civil engineer’s scale, which is
used by the civil engineers is in Metric system of measurements.
Avoid using a guide in making
vertical and horizontal lines. Let
the triangles and T-square do
them. Do not strike the scale on
any surface because it will distort the gradations,
or it will break it. Do not also use it as a drumstick.
Do not use it a guide in cutting paper or other
material using a cutter because it damages the
working edge of the scale.
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I. PROTRACTOR
A protractor is a semicircular instrument for measuring and constructing angles
(The Grolier International Dictionary: 1981). The scale is divided into 180 equal parts,
each of which is called degree(⁰). illustration is shown in Figure 2-15.
Figure 2-15
Do not use the protractor as palette when spreading photographic mixture on the
screen. Do not also use it as a guide in cutting paper or Styrofoam using cutter for it
will damage the working edge of the instrument.
J. ERASER
An eraser is an object, typically a piece of soft rubber or plastic, used to rub out
something written. When erasing, use dusting or clean rag to brush away rubber
crumbs. Figure 2-16 shows examples of erasers.
Figure 2-16
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An eraser is not a toy; therefore, do not play with it or eat it because of its gummy
texture. Keep it in a clean container; separate from pencils or pens so that they will
not stain the eraser. Before erasing something written clean the eraser first by
testing it on scratch paper.
K. ERASING SHIELD
An erasing shield is a thin sheet of celluloid or steel. It contains varied shapes of
holes which make it possible to protect neighboring lines when erasing by fitting the
exact shape of the opening to the shape of the mistake. It is made of tempered spring
steel which will resist wear and tear and springs back flat after being bend. Figure 2-17
shows an erasing shield and how to use it.
Figure 2-17
Do not play with the erasing shield. It is not a toy. Avoid bending it. Put in mind that it
is made of steel and it is thin, if not properly handled, it can cause minor or even
serious injury. Do not use as substitute to cutter or even palette.
I. DUSTING BRUSH
A dusting brush is made of fine animal hair which is used to remove or brush way
rubber crumbs and loose dirt particles that collect on a drawing. Different types of
dusting brush is shown in Figure 2-18
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Figure 2-18
Do not use the dusting brush in any other activity aside from removing dirt and
crumbs. Removing them with the hands may cause smudges and imbed dirt on the
drawing. Hang it if not in use or place it in a container or storage available always
when needed. Use separate brush for signage and paintings.
M. DRAWING INK
Drawing ink is composed of finely ground carbon in suspension with natural or
synthetic gum added to make the suspension mixture waterproof. The fine particles of
carbon give the deep black luster to the ink and the gum makes it waterproof and quick
to dry. Variety of drawing ink is now available in the market. Common brands are shown
in Figure 2-19.
Figure 2-19
N. PENHOLDERS AND PEN POINTS
The pen holders are used to hold the speedball pens and other lettering pens
while making freehand drawing. It should have a grip of medium size, small enough to
enter the mouth of a drawing ink bottle easily, yet not so small as to cramp the finger
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while in use. A penholder slightly bigger than the diameter of a pencil is good enough.
Figure 2-20 shows the set of speedball pens. Figure 2-21 presents the modern
calligraphy pens.
Figure 2-20 Figure 2-21
Do not leave the bottle uncovered as evaporation will cause the ink to thicken and
dry. Always place the ink bottle in a safe place. Avoid dropping it from the
drawing table. Clean the penholders and pen points with water after use, do not let
the ink dry in it that will cause poor performance and rusting of the material. Nibs
and opens should be kept in a container with foam in order to not make collisions
that will result to distortion of its parts.
O. TRACING PAPER
Tracing paper is a thin, translucent material commonly called “vellum”. It is a
transparent paper upon which copies, or tracing of drawing are made for the purpose of
reproducing them by blueprint or by other similar processes. Tracing maybe made in
pencil or in ink. The thickness of the tracing paper depends on the job you wanted to do.
The gauge may be from 50-55, 60-65,70-75, 80-85, 90-95, the bigger the gauge the
thicker the tracing paper. Figure 2-22 shows the storage and the assorted colors of
tracing paper.
Figure 2-22
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In order to prevent the tracing paper from crumbling and tearing keep it inside the
tube by rolling it. Tracing tube is used to protect the paper from moist and water
spills. If spilled with water, it will crumple the paper and will give poor results in
drawing. Drawing pencils, pens, erasers, scales and other drawing instruments
should not be kept in the tube together with the tracing paper for they may get
stained with inks and leads coming from them.
P. CASE INTRUMENTS
Case instruments are layman’s name for compasses. The case instruments as
shown in Figure 2-23 composed pen, hair spring dividers, small divider or bow spacers,
bow pencil, or bow compasses, bow pen, and the ruling pen. Modern compasses were
designed and sold in the market for easily eliminating other instruments in the case
which are not in use.
Figure 2-23
-End of Lesson-
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Apply:
Tools and Materials: * Criteria for Grading the Drawing
1. pencil Plates
2. eraser Accuracy 30%
3. drawing paper/bond paper (letter size) Dimensioning 20%
4. foot ruler/ruler Line Uniformity 20%
5. masking tape/drafting tape Lettering 15%
6. T-square Neatness 15%
7. Triangles 30⁰x60⁰x90⁰ and 45⁰x45⁰x90⁰ Total 100%
Steps:
1. Fasten the drawing paper on the top of the drawing table.
2. Secure the top margin of the paper to parallel to the T-square properly.
3. Divide the drawing paper into 6 equal parts.
4. Position the ruler inclined and set for numbers 0, 4’’,8’’, 12’’ and mark them to
make vertical division.
5. Position the ruler inclined and set for numbers 0, 6’’, 12’’ and mark them to
make horizontal division.
6. Use T-square to make a horizontal line.
7. Use triangle to make a vertical line.
8. In the first frame, draw horizontal lines. It is a T-square activity.
9. In the second frame draw vertical lines for the triangle’s activity.
10. The third top is for 30⁰ triangle combination
11. The fourth is for 45⁰ triangle combination.
12. The fifth is for 30⁰x60⁰ triangle combination.
13. The last is for 45⁰x45⁰ triangle combination.
14. Write at the back of your plates the following information.
COURSE MODULE: ID 1-INDUSTRIAL DRAWING 1(CAD 2D)
My Module Plate Number:
LAST NAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE
NAME
ADDRESS:
CONTACT NUMBER:
COURSE & SECTION:
CAMPUS:
ID NUMBER:
INSTRUCTOR:
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LECTURE ASSESSMENT:
Instruction: Put your answer in a separate sheet of paper (letter size). Follow the
proceeding format in your answer sheet. Affix your signature at the bottom.
COURSE MODULE: ID 1 - INDUSTRIAL DRAWING 1 (CAD 2D)
Module Number: 2
Module Name: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Date Assessment Taken:
LAST NAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE NAME
ADDRESS:
CONTACT NUMBER:
COURSE & SECTION:
CAMPUS:
ID NUMBER:
INSTRUCTOR:
Answers:
1.
2.
3…
Assessment starts here:
Direction: Identify and write the best answer in your answer sheet.
1. It is a drawing instrument is used to reproduce the dimensions of an object to
full size or to reduce and to enlarge them to some regular proportions.
2. The instruments used to measure and lay off angles known as ______.
3. It is used as guide in making horizontal lines.
4. An instrument used in making vertical lines.
5. It is instrument used for making arcs and circles.
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6. The most essential tool of draftsman is known as a______.
7. It is used when re-pointing the pencil when it becomes dull.
8. The tool that is used to erase mistakes usually made of rubber is known as_____.
9. They are set of instruments which is composed of different type compasses is
known as ______.
10. What do you call a vertical part of the T-square that is also a working edge for
drawing table?
11. The horizontal part of T-square that is also a working edge for a drawing table.
12. It is a tool used to hold speedball pen and other lettering pens while making
freehand.
13. It is a thin, translucent material commonly called “vellum”.
14. It is composed of finely ground carbon in suspension with natural or synthetic
gum added to make the suspension mixture waterproof.
15. It is made of fine animal hair which is used to remove or brush way rubber
crumbs and loose dirt particles that collect on a drawing.
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT: You will be assessed based on the criteria above. Kindly
dedicate your time and effort in creating the drawing plates.
Project Plate:
Plate No. 2
Title: Line Exercises (Mechanical Drawing)
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REFERENCES:
Book:
• Sira, Karlo S. (2019). Workbook In Technical Drawing 1, Iloilo Science and
Technology University
Online Resources:
Images:
• Figure 2-1: Drawing table,[Link]
Drafting-Tiltable-Tabletop/dp/B077X73CMC (Retrieved, August 17,2020)
• Figure 2-1: Drawing Board, [Link]
Sketching-Designing-Drafting/dp/B075R4XBB5 (Retrieved, August 17,2020)
• Figure 2-2: Fixed Head,
[Link]
24/_/C-THRU_Fixed_Head_T-Square_Wood_24%22(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-2: Adjustable Head,[Link]
[Link]/2010/09/[Link](Retrieved, August
18,2020)
• Figure 2-2: Detachable
Head,[Link]
[Link](Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-4: Triangles,
[Link]
.png (Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-7: Mechanical Pencil, [Link]
mechanicalpencils/ (Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-13: Fastener,
[Link]
ock_fabricated_materials_components/masking_tapes_films(Retrieved, August
18,2020)
• Figure 2-15: Protractor,[Link]
protractor/(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-16:
Eraser,[Link]
Products/Erasers/Sakura-Foam-Eraser-2-Sizes(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-17: Erasing Shield (a), [Link]
[Link](Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-17: Erasing Shield (b), [Link]
August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-18: Dusting Brush, [Link]
dusting-brush(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-19: Drawing Ink, [Link]
drawing-inks-14ml(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-20: Speedball Pens, [Link]
artists-set/(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
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• Figure 2-21: Calligraphy Pens, [Link]
calligraphy-pen/(Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-22: Tracing Paper, [Link]
paper/ (Retrieved, August 18,2020)
• Figure 2-23: Case Instruments,
[Link] August 18,2020)
Prepared by:
MAE JOU VENDEZ M. MURATA
Instructor I
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