02-03-2025

6001CJA10102124042 JA

PHYSICS

SECTION-I

1)

Speed (v) of particle is given as

v = Ae ,
–Bt

where t is time, then dimensions of [A] and [B] are respectively:-

(A) LT–1, T–1

(B) L, T–1
(C) T–1, LT–1
(D) LT, T

2)

If , which of the following relations among magnitudes cannot be achieved by any choice
of and ? (a > b)

(A) c = a – b
(B) c > a; c > b
(C) c = a + b
(D) c < a – b

3)

What is the value of α for which after second reflection, reflacted ray becomes parallel to mirror M1
:-

(A) 35°
(B) 45°
(C) 55°
(D) 60°
4) In the figure shown the monkey is balanced by counter weight of same mass. The monkey starts
to climb the rope with an acceleration of 2 m/s2 w.r.t. rope. Neglecting size of monkey find the time

after which he reaches the pulley :

(A)

(B)

(C)
(D) He can't reach pulley

5)

A small air bubble is situated in a cube of 24 cm edge. When viewed from one side appears to be 10
cm from the surface and through the opposite face 6 cm from the surface. The R.I. of glass is :-

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

6) Internal energy of certain ideal gas varies with pressure P and volume V as U = 1.5 PV. Find heat
required (in calorie) to rise temperature of n = 2 moles of the gas by ΔT = 5°C at constant pressure
(use R = 2 cal/mol-k)

(A) 50 calorie
(B) 40 calorie
(C) 30 calorie
(D) 60 calorie

7)

A light string is wrapped around a solid cylinder of mass 'm' and radius 'R'. The string is pulled
vertically upward to prevent the centre of mass from falling as the cylinder unwinds the string. Then
length of the string unwound when, the cylinder has reached a speed ω will be :
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

8) The potential energy for a force field is given by U (x, y) = cos (x + y). The force acting on a

particle at position given by coordination is :-

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

9) Moment of inertia of a uniform hollow hemisphere of mass m and radius r about various axes are

indicated in the figure. Which of the following is correct?

(A) I1 + I2 = I3
(B) I2 + I3 = I1
(C) I3 + I4 = I1
(D) I1 + I2 = 2I4

10) A ball is launched from the same height repeatedly with the same speed v0 but in different
directions A, B & C as shown. It reaches the ground with speeds vA, vB & vC respectively. Which of
the following is true :-

(A) vA = vB = vC
(B) vA > vB > vC
(C) vA < vB < vC
(D) None of these

11) A planet moving around sun sweeps area A1 in 2 days, A2 in 3 days and A3 in 6 days. Then the

relation between A1, A2 and A3 is :-

(A) 3A1 = 2A2 = A3

(B) 2A1 = 3A2 = 6A3
(C) 3A1 = 2A2 = 6A3
(D) 6A1 = 3A2 = 2A3

12) Two blocks A and B, each of mass m are connected with two identical springs, which are initially
at their natural length. Both blocks are placed on a smooth horizontal surface as shown. The spring
connected with block A, is compressed by A/4 and the other spring is compressed by A/2 along with
their respective blocks. Both blocks are released simultaneously to collide perfectly inelastically.

Find the amplitude of combined mass :

(A) A/12
(B) A/6
(C) A/10
(D) A/8

13) A current 'I' flows through a thin wire as shown in the figure. If there exists an external
magnetic field B in the same plane of the wire, the torque acting on the coil is :-
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) 0

14) Two crossed wires each carrying current I are shown in the figure. The direction of the force

exerted on wire 2 by wire 1 at the point C & D are shown by arrow :-

(A) Current in wire 1 flows from left to right and current in wire 2 flows from bottom to top.
(B) Current in wire 1 flows from left to right and current in wire 2 flows from top to bottom
(C) Current in wire 1 flows from right to left & current in wire 2 flows from bottom to top.
(D) It is impossible to have given force directions at point C & D

15) In the figure the solid line shows the driving voltage in R-L-C circuit at a particular frequency as
a function of time and the dotted line shows the resulting current in that circuit as a function of

time. In this circuit :

(A) The current lags the voltage and the driving frequency is above resonance.
(B) The current lags the voltage and the driving frequency is below resonance.
(C) The current leads the voltage and the driving frequency is above resonance.
(D) The current leads the voltage and the driving frequency is below resonance.

16) The power factor of circuit is . The capacitance of the circuit is equal to :-

(A) 400 µF
(B) 300 µF
(C) 500 µF
(D) 200 µF

17) A stationary singly ionised helium atom emits a photon corresponding to the first line of Lyman
series. The emitted photon is then absorbed by a stationary hydrogen atom in the ground state. Point
correct statements/s from the following :-

(A) The emitted photon from He+ ion excites the hydrogen atom to sixth excited state.
The kinetic energy of recoiling of He+ of mass m when it emits a photon of frequency v is given
(B)
by .
The emitted photon from He+ ion ionises the hydrogen atom with liberated electron carrying
(C)
kinetic energy of about 20 eV.
(D) The transition energy during the emission of photon from He+ ion is about 54.4 eV.

18) In Young's double slit experiment the slits are 0.5 mm apart and interference is observed on a
screen placed at a distance of 100 cm from the slits. It is found that the 9th bright fringe is at a
distance of 9.0 mm from the second dark fringe from the centre of the fringe pattern. What is the
wavelength of light used :-

(A) 2000 Å
(B) 4000 Å
(C) 6000 Å
(D) 8000 Å

19) An ideal gas undergoes isobaric expansion. Graph between temperature of gas and entropy is :-

(A)
(B)

(C)

(D)

20) A sphere of volume v is floating in water kept in a vessel such that half of its volume is
submerged in water. Now an imiscible liquid whose density is lesser than water as well as sphere is
poured over the water. The sphere is now completely submerged. The volume of sphere submerged
in :-

(A) Water is more than but in liquid is less than

(B) Water is less than but in liquid is more than

(C)
Water as well as liquid is
(D) The sphere will not have any part submerged in water

SECTION-II

1)

The circuit has two oppositely connected ideal diodes in parallel. What is the current (in A) flowing
through the Battery ?

2) For the given logic gate circuit, to get output as 1 at R, find the input of X, if input value of Y is
zero.

3) A source of frequency F gives 5 beats/s when sounded with a source of frequency 200 Hz. The
second harmonic of same source gives 10 beats/s when sounded with a source of frequency 420 Hz.

The numerical value of is equal to.

4) A gas is a mixture of two parts by volume of hydrogen and one part by volume nitrogen. If the
velocity of sound in hydrogen at 27°C is given as 1330 m/s, find the ratio of velocity of sound in
hydrogen at 27°C to the gaseous mixture at 127°C.

5) The surface tension of soap solution is 3.5 × 10–2 Nm–1. The amount of work done required to
increase the radius of soap bubble from 10 cm to 20 cm is _____× 10–4 J.

CHEMISTRY

SECTION-I

1) Gaseous benzene reacts with hydrogen gas in the presence of nickel catalyst to give gaseous
cyclohexane. A mixture of benzene vapour and hydrogen had a pressure of 60 mm Hg in vessel.
After all benzene converted to cyclohexane, the pressure of the gas was 30 mm Hg in the same
volume and at the same temperature. What fraction (by mole) of the original mixture was benzene?

(A) 0.167
(B) 0.333
(C) 0.666
(D) 1

2)
The product "P" in the above reaction is:

(A)
(B)

(C)

(D)

3) The Lewis structure of allene is Which of the following statements correctly

gives answers for all 3 parts:
(a) Is the molecule planar?
(b) Does 1, 3 - dichloro propadiene show geometrical isomerism?
(c) Is the molecule 1, 3 - dichloro propadiene polar?

(i) Non-planar
(A) (ii) No geometrical isomerism
(iii) Polar
(i) Planar
(B) (ii) No geometrical isomerism
(iii) Polar
(i) Planar
(C) (ii) Yes geometrical isomerism
(iii) Polar
(i) Non Planar
(D) (ii) No geometrical isomerism
(iii) Not Polar

4) The structure of B3N3H6 is as follows: How many derivative structures of B3N3H4X2

can be derived from the basic structure, by the replacement of two hydrogen atoms?

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5

5) Ammonium sulphide and ammonium selenide on heating dissociates as

The total pressure over the solid mixture at equilibrium is

(A) 0.15 atm

(B) 0.3 atm
(C) 0.45 atm
(D) 0.6 atm

6) The entropy change when an ideal gas under atmospheric condition at room temperature is
allowed to expand from 0.5 L to 1.0 L and also is simultaneously heated to 373 K will be ____
(nearly).
(Given: and log 1.25 = 0.1)

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

7) Three samples of 100 g of water (samples I, II and III), initially kept at 1 atm pressure and 298 K
were given the following treatments.
Sample I was heated to 320 K and cooled to 298 K
Sample II was heated to 300 K, cooled to 273 K and heated to 298 K
Sample III was heated to 373 K and cooled to 298 K
At the end of these processes, the internal energy of

(A) III is the highest

(B) II is the highest
(C) I and III are the same, II is lower than that of I and III
(D) I, II and III are the same

8) Match List I with List II

List I (Technique) List II (Application)

Separation of glycerol
A Distillation I
from spent-lye

Aniline -
B Fractional distillation II
Water mixture

Separation of crude oil

C Steam distillation III
fractions

Distillation under
D IV Chloroform-Aniline
reduced pressure
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(B) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(C) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(D) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

9) Decreasing order of basic strength among given compounds is:-

i ii

iii iv

(A) (i) > (ii) > (iii) > (iv)

(B) (iv) > (iii) > (i) > (ii)
(C) (iv) > (iii) > (ii) > (i)
(D) (iii) > (ii) > (iv) > (i)

10)
Compound P will be

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

11) The amount (in grams) of sucrose (mol wt. = 342 g) that should be dissolved in 100 g water in
order to produce a solution with a 105.0°C difference between the freezing point and boiling point is
(Given that and for water)
(A) 34.2 g
(B) 72.2 g
(C) 342 g
(D) 460 g

12) Choose the correct statements about the hydrides of group 15 elements.
A. The stability of the hydrides decreases in the order NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
B. The reducing ability of the hydrides increases in the order NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < BiH3
C. Among the hydrides, NH3 is having high boiling point.
D. The basicity of the hydrides increases in the order NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < BiH3
Choose the most appropriate from the option given below:

(A) B and C only

(B) C and D only
(C) A and B only
(D) A and D only

13) Choose the correct statements from the following.

A. All group 16 elements form oxides of general formula EO2 and EO3 where E = S, Se, Te and Po.
Both the types of oxides are acidic in nature.
B. TeO2 is an oxidising agent while SO2 can show reducing in nature.
C. The reducing property decreases from H2 S to H2Te down the group.
D. The ozone molecule contains five lone pairs of electrons.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) A and D only

(B) B and C only
(C) C and D only
(D) A and B only

14) Which of the following elements have half-filled f-orbitals in their ground state?
(Given: atomic number Sm = 62; Eu = 63; Tb = 65; Gd = 64, Pm = 61)
A. Sm B. Eu C. Tb
D. Gd E. Pm
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) C and D only

(B) A and B only
(C) B and D only
(D) A and E only

15) Consider the following plots of rate constant versus for four different reactions. Which of the
following orders is correct for the activation energies of these reactions?

(A) Ec > Ea > Ed > Eb

(B) Eb > Ea > Ed > Ec
(C) Ea >Ec >Ed > Eb
(D) Eb >Ed >Ec > Ea

16) The major product of the following reaction is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

17) Identify 'Z' in the given sequence of reaction

(A)
(B)

(C)

(D)

18)
Major product C is:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

19) Which of the complexes is expected to have lowest value? [consider only magnitude]

(A)
(B)

(C)
(D)

20) Passing H2S in to a mixture of ions in an acidified aqueous solution

precipitates

(A) MnS and CuS

(B) CuS and HgS
(C) NiS and HgS
(D) MnS and NiS

SECTION-II

1) A carbonyl compound of formula which is a benzene derivative gives orange

precipitate with 2,4-D.N.P and also gives yellow precipitate with I2 in presence of aqueous NaOH.
The total [Link] isomers possible for 'A' are ________.

2) The ammonia evolved from the treatment of 0.30g of an organic compound for the estimation of
nitrogen was passed in 100 mL of 0.1 M sulphuric acid. The excess of acid required 20 mL of 0.5 M
sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. The percentage nitrogen in the organic
compound is ______ [nearest numerical value]

3) The fusion of chromite ore with sodium carbonate in the presence of air leads to the formation of
products A and B along with the evolution of CO2. The sum of spin-only magnetic moment values of A
and B is ______
B.M. (Nearest integer) [Given atomic number : C : 6, Na : 11, O : 8, Fe : 26, Cr : 24]

4) For all electrochemical cell, the standard emf of

the cell is 2.70 V at 300 K. When the concentration of is changed to x M, the cell potential
changes to 2.67 V at 300 K. The value of x is ________.

(Given, where F is the Faraday constant and R is the gas constants, In (10) =
2.30)

5) How many among the following can exhibit linkage isomerism?

ii

iii

iv
 v

vi

vii

MATHEMATICS

SECTION-I

1) Let , where x is rational number: where

x is irrational number then twice the area of triangle formed by the points (2,1), (1, 2) and (L, M) is

(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 16
(D) 0

2) Median of the odd divisors of 360 is (divisors are in increasing order)

(A) Mean of 5th and 6th odd divisors of 360

(B) Mean of 2nd and 3rd odd divisors of 360
(C) Mean of 4th and 5th odd divisors of 360
(D) Mean of 3rd and 4th odd divisors of 360

3) Let " " be an English alphabet and S( ) is a serial number of .

By using all 7 letters of word "VICTORY" seven letter words are formed in dictionary order. If rank of
" " is 1000 then find (Where are the
letters from the word "VICTORY").

(A) 24
(B) 14
(C) 34
(D) 56

4) The number of points of discontinuities of in where [.] is G.I.F.

(A) 8
(B) 7
(C) 6
(D) 5

5) If f:[1,5] R is defined by then this range of f(x) is

(A)
(B)

(C)

(D)

6) The locus of the mid-points of all chords of the circle such that pair of lines joining
the origin and extremities of the chords makes equal angle with x-axis is

(A)
(B) y = 0

(C)

(D) Empty set

7) Let and g(x) is inverse of f(x). Then compute the area bounded by g(x),
and the ordinate at and x = 6 is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

8) If , then values of A and B are

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

9) If is differentiable function such that and f(0) = 1

, then f(x) =

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10) If the system of equations x + y = 1, and are
consistent and are two values of c, then c1c2 is divisible by

(A) 3
(B) 6
(C) 9
(D) 8

11) A variable straight line with slope 4 intersects the hyperbola xy = 1 at two points. Find the locus
of the point which divides the line segment between the two points in the ratio 1:2 is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) None

12) A point is randomly selected from set of points then the probability that
is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) None

13) If y = f(x) is solution of such that f(5) = 1 then

(A)

(B) 3

(C)

(D)

14) The points forms a triangle in argand plane. Origin is circumcenter and
altitude of triangle through A meets circum circle at P. Then the complex number representing P is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) None
15) Equation of line of line shortest distance between the
lines and is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) None

16) If then find the vector which is coplanar with and

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

17) If A,B are two square matrices such that and then

(A) 220
(B) 20
(C) 19
(D)

18) The number of solutions of the equation is

(A) 2
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D)

19) Let f(x) be a quadratic expression such that . If one root of f(x) = 0 is 3, then the
other root of f(x) = 0 lies in

(A)
(B)
(C) (0,5)
(D)

20) If a,b,c are non-zeros, then the system of equations

Has a non trivial solution if

(A)
(B)
(C)

(D)

SECTION-II

1) If sec A tan B + tan A sec B = 2, the value of is equal to

2) The minimum number of ordered pair that must be added to the relation on the
set of natural numbers, so that it is equivalence is

3) Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance apart. If the chords subtend at

the centre, angles of , where k > 0, then the value of k is

4) Let be three non-coplanar unit vectors such that the angle between every pair of them

is . If , where p,q and r are scalars, then the value of is

5) If , then
 ANSWER KEYS

PHYSICS

SECTION-I

Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A. A D D B C A A B D A A D A A D C B C D B

SECTION-II

Q. 21 22 23 24 25
A. 2 1 4 2 264

CHEMISTRY

SECTION-I

Q. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A. A B A C C A D B B A B C D C A B C C D B

SECTION-II

Q. 46 47 48 49 50
A. 4 47 6 10 2

MATHEMATICS

SECTION-I

Q. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
A. B D C D C B D B D D C A A B A D D C B D

SECTION-II

Q. 71 72 73 74 75
A. 5 7 3 4 2
 SOLUTIONS

PHYSICS

1)
0 0 0
[e–Bt] = M L T , ∴ [v] = [A] = LT–1
0 0 0
and Bt is exponent, ∴ [Bt] = M L T
∴ B = T–1

2)
Hence, cmin = a – b, and c can not be less than a – b.

3) In ΔPQO,
60° + 60° + α = 180° ⇒ a = 60°

4)
am/r = 2a = 2
So a = 1

6)

U = 1.5 PV
∴ ΔU = 1.5 PΔV (∴ P is constant)
W = PΔV
∴ ΔQ = ΔU + W
= 2.5 PΔV
= 2.5 n RΔT
= 2.5 × 2 × 2 × 5
= 50 calorie

7)

mgR =

⇒
ω2 = 2αθ

ℓ=

8)

Fx = – = sin (x + y) Fy = – = sin (x + y)

Fx = sin(x + y)](0, π/4) = Fy = sin(x + y)](0, π/4) =

∴=

9)
I2 = Icm + m(d)2 = I4

10)

In all the three cases the work done by gravitational force is equal.
From work-energy theorem :
Wnet = ΔKE
Since, (Wnet)A = (Wnet)B and (KEinitial)A = (KEinitial)B = (KEinitial)C
So, (KEfinal)A = (KEfinal)B = (KEfinal)C
So, VA = VB = VC

11) = constant
13)

14)

Using right hand rule in wire 1 current flow from left to right and in wire 2 current flow from
bottom to top for given direction of force at C & D.

16)

p.f. =

17) ,

18)

The distance of the mth bright fringe from the central fringe is

ym =
where β = λD/d is the fringe width
∵ y9 = 9β (i)
th
The distance of the m dark fringe from the central fringe is

y'm = =

∴ y'2 = (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y9 – y'2

= 9β – =
It is given that y9 – y'2 = 9.0 mm. Hence

= 1.2 × 10–3 m
Now λ = βd/D. Substituting for β, d and D, we get
λ = 6 × 10–7 m = 6000 Å
 20)

Now liquid will also exert bouncy force on sphere.

22) The given circuit can be drawn as shown in the figure given below

Truth table for this given logic gate is

So to get output R = 1, inputs must be

X = 1 and Y = 0

23) f = 200 ± 5 = 205, 195

f = 420 ± 10 ⇒ f = 410, 430
so 205

f=

24) vsound ∝

Mmix =

25) W = T.(ΔA)

W = 264 × 10–4 J

CHEMISTRY

26)
Let x and y be the partial pressures (initial) of gaseous benzene and hydrogen in the vessel.
Then, x + y = 60 .....(i)
After the reaction, whole of benzene is converted to cyclohexane.
Partial pressure of cyclohexane = x mm Hg
Partial pressure of hydrogen left unreacted
Total pressure of the system after the reaction,
Solving (i) and (ii), x = 10 mm Hg
Number of moles pressure; Volume number of moles.

Hence, fraction of benzene by volume in the original mixture

28) Hybridization of central carbon is SP and two of its unhybridized p-orbitals are involved in
. Also p-orbitals at an atom are orthogonal (at 90o angle), the two at
central carbon are also orthogonal. Let these p-orbitals, involved in , at central

carbon be py and pz, then Hybridization at the terminal

2 2
carbons are both sp . The two p-orbitals involved in sp hybridization are px and py at left
terminal and px and pz at right terminals. Therefore, the three sp2 hybrid orbitals at left
terminal carbon are in xy plane, while the same at right terminal carbon are in xz plane. As a
result, the two triangular planes at terminals are at right angles.

29)

30)
2p p

2q q

Total pressure = 2p + 2q + p + q = 3p + 3q

31)
32) Internal energy change is a state function so it depends only on the initial and final
temperature and does not depends on the path taken.

33) Fact in NCERT

34)
Its conjugate acid do not undergo proper solvation and hence its stability decreases. Hence,
basic strength decreases.

Lone pair is in resonance.

Steric inhibition (two methyl groups present at ortho position pushes nitrogen out of the plane
of the benzene ring and prevents resonance of lone pair) takes place in resonance. (Basic
strength increases).

35)

36) Boiling point

Freezing point

105 = 100 + 0.51 m + 1.86 m

2.37 m = 5 or
Weight of sucrose to be dissolved in 100 g water.
37) On moving down the group, bond strength of bond decreases, which reduces the
thermal stability but increases reducing nature of hydrides, hence A and B are correct
statements.

38) A. All group 16 elements form oxides of the EO2 and EO3 type where E = S, Se, Te or Po.
B. SO2 is reducing while TeO2 is an oxidising agent.
C. The reducing property increases from H2 S to H2 Te down the group.

D.
have six lone pairs.

40) As we know that Arhenious equation is given as

Slope c > a > d > b.

Ec > Ea > Ed > Eb

41)
42)

43)

44) The magnitude of varies from stronger to weaker ligand. According to spectrochemical
series, is a weaker ligand while NH3 is a stronger ligand. Stronger ligand gives a larger
value of .
Hence, among the given complex is expected to have lowest value of value.

45) H2S in presence of aqueous solution precipitates sulphide of Cu and Hg (IInd group) apart
from and are IVth group so cannot be
precipitated by H2S.

46) Since A is reacting with the 2,4-DNP and showing iodoform reaction, it must be an
aromatic methyl ketone.

47) [Link] equivalents of NH3 evolved

Percent of nitrogen in the unknown organic compound

48)
 A B
Spin only magnetic moment
For

49)

50) Linkage isomerism arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate ligand.

Among the given coordination compound, (ii) and (v) exhibit linkage isomerism.

MATHEMATICS

51) If x is rational is integer multiple of as

If x is irrational is not integer multiple of as

52) Odd divisors 1,3,5,9,15,45

53) 1000 word is IROVTYC

54)

at
f(x) is discontinuous i.e., at 5 points.

55) A.M (nth powers) nth power of (A.M)

 / max of f(x) is 220 at x = 1.

56) Equation of chord whose mid point P(h, x) is

Given circle
By the equation 1 homogenise the 2

57)
is strictly increasing f(x)

f(x) = 6

required area

58) Let

59)
Put x = y = 0

Put x = 0; y = 1

60)
61)

are two points

On xy = 1

Let R(h, x) divides PQ is 1:2

Eliminating t1, t2 from

these equations

62)

63)

f(5) = 1
5c = 1
64)

65) A be any point on

B be a point on
D.r's of AB

AB is perpendicular to 1

AB is perpendicular to 2

Solving these equation

66)

Let
is coplanar with
Solve (1), (2) and (3) then

67)

68)
is one and only solution.

69) Since one root is 3, let

Given,

70) The given system of equations will have a non-trivial solution if

Operate then

Since,

71)

72) Given,
Now, if R1 is reflexive, then
has 5 elements
If R2 is both reflexive and symmetric, then
has 7 elements

73) Note that the chords must be on the opposite side of the centre

74) a.a = b.b = c.c = 1 a.b = b.c = c = a = (1)(1)

Now, a.b + b.c = pa + qb + rc

Where k = [abc]

Similarly, and

75) Since