ME 305

Heat Transfer
Semester: July 2023

Dr. Sumon Saha

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Wednesday, November 22, 2023
 Convection .. Today’s Topic

Transport Equations

© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha

 The equations of convective heat
Convection ..
transfer
➢ Three variables are important to determine for
convection:
1. Velocity vector (V )
2. Pressure (P)
3. Temperature (T)

➢ Three principles are used to derive the equations

for convective heat transfer
Name of the principle Name of Equation
1. Conservation of mass Continuity equation
2. Conservation of momentum Momentum equation
(Newton’s law) (Navier-Stoke’s equation)
3. Conservation of energy Thermal Energy equation
(First law of Thermodynamics)
© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Mass Conservation: Continuity
Convection ..
Equation
➢ Mass conservation principle states that
Rate of mass added to CV – Rate of mass removed from CV =
Rate of mass change within CV
  ( u )  (  v )  (  w) d
+ + + =0 +  V = 0
t x y z dt
This is the three-dimensional continuity equation in Cartesian
coordinates system.
➢ For incompressible and steady flow for the treatment of the
convection problem in which the temporal and spatial variations in
density are negligible relative to the local variations in velocity,
u v w
+ + =0 V = 0
x y z
CV represents a small part of the system to which physical laws can be easily applied.
© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Momentum Conservation: Navier-
Convection ..
Stokes equation of motion
➢ Since momentum is a vector
quantity, the conservation of
momentum (Newton’s law of
motion) provides three
equations: one in each of the
three coordinates.
➢ Application of Newton’s law
of motion to the CV shown
 Fn = ( m) an
n - the direction chosen for analysis (e.g., x, y, z)
 Fn - external forces acting on the CV in the n-direction
m - mass of the CV
an - acceleration of the CV in the n-direction
This is called control volume formulation of Newton’s second law
of motion. © Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Momentum Conservation: Navier-
Convection ..
Stokes equation of motion
➢ For a 3D flow in Cartesian system, the three momentum
equations for ρ, μ = constant flows are
 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  + u + v + w  = − +   2 + 2 + 2  + Fx
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  + u + v + w  = − +   2 + 2 + 2  + Fy
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
  + u + v + w  = − +   2 + 2 + 2  + Fz
 t x y z  z  x y z 

unsteady convection generation diffusion generation

Fx, Fy, Fz are the body forces per unit volume. Examples
include gravity and magnetic forces. © Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Momentum Conservation: Navier-
Convection ..
Stokes equation of motion
➢ For a 3D flow in cylindrical coordinate system, the three
momentum equations for ρ, μ = constant flows are
 v v v vr v2 vr  p   2vr 1 vr vr 1  2vr 2 v  2vr 
  r + vr r +  − + vz  = − +  2 + − 2+ 2 − 2 + 2  + Fr
 t r r  r z  r   r r r r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p   2v 1 v v 1  2v 2 vr  2v 
   + vr  +  + + vz =− + 2 + − 2+ 2 + 2 + 2  + F
 t r r  r z  r    r r  r r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p   2vz 1 vz 1  2vz  2vz 
 + vr + + vz  = − z +   r 2 + r r + r 2  2 + z 2  + Fz
  t r r  z   
Fr, Fθ, Fz are the body forces per unit volume.

• Write down the Navier-Stokes equations for a two-

dimensional, steady-state, incompressible, laminar flow case in
cylindrical coordinate system and identify each term in those
equations.

© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha

 Convection .. Navier-Stokes equation of motion

• Assumptions: two-dimensional, steady-state, incompressible,

laminar flow case in cylindrical coordinate system
vr vr vz
• Continuity equation: + + =0
r r z
• Momentum equations:
 vr vr  p   2vr 1 vr vr  2vr 
  vr + vz  = − + 2 + − 2+ 2  + Fr
 r z  r  r r r r z 
 vz vz  p   2vz 1 vz  2vz 
  vr + vz  = − + 2 + + 2  + Fz
 r z  z  r r r z 
• r, z – cylindrical coordinates (two-dimensional)
• vr, vz – velocity components in r and z directions
• p – pressure
• ρ, μ – density and dynamic viscosity of fluid
• Fr, Fz – body forces per unit volume in r and z directions
© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Convection .. Energy Conservation

Write the two-dimensional, steady-state energy equation in

Cartesian coordinate system and show the analogy between
different terms in it with those of Navier-Stokes equations. Under
what condition does energy equation reduce to a simple
conduction equation?
➢ If radiation is absent in the fluid, the energy balance according
to the first law of thermodynamics for a differential volume element
may be stated as

Rate of energy input  Rate of internal Rate of energy input due to
due to conduction  + heat generation  +  work done by body forces 
     
Rate of energy input due to  Rate of increase of 
+  = 
 work done by surface stresses   energy in element 

© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha

 Convection .. Energy Equation

➢ Three-dimensional energy equation for incompressible,

unsteady flow with constant fluid properties becomes
Cartesian coordinate
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
C p  + u + v + w  = k  2 + 2 + 2  + q + 
 t x y z   x y z 
where, viscous dissipation is
 u 2  v 2  w 2   v u 2  v w 2  w u 2
 = 2   +   +    +  +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   z y   x z 
Cylindrical coordinate
 T T u T T   1   T  1  2T  2T 
C p  + ur + + uz  =k  r  + 2 2 + 2  + q + 
 t r r  z   r r  r  r  z 
 ur 2  1 u ur 2  uz 2   ur uz 2  1 uz u 2  u u 1 ur 2
where,  = 2   +  r  + r  +  z   +  z + r  +  r  + z  +  r − r + r  
 r            
© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha
 Analogy between Energy and
Convection ..
Momentum Equations
➢ Three-dimensional energy equation
T  T T T    2T  2T  2T 
C p + C p  u +v + w  = k  2 + 2 + 2  + q + 
t  x y z   x y z 

Energy Enthalpy convection Heat conduction Heat

storage generation
➢ Three-dimensional x-momentum equation
u  u u u    2u  2u  2u  p
 +   u + v + w  =   2 + 2 + 2  − + Fx
t  x y z   x y z  x

Variation convection Diffusion Source terms

(unsteady) © Professor Dr. Sumon Saha (generation)
 Convection .. Heat Conduction Equation

➢ Three-dimensional energy equation

T  T T T    2T  2T  2T 
C p + C p  u +v + w  = k  2 + 2 + 2  + q + 
t  x y z   x y z 

➢ During conduction, u = v = w = 0, then energy equation

becomes
T   2T  2T  2T 
C p = k  2 + 2 + 2  + q
t  x y z 

➢ This is the three-dimensional heat conduction equation in

Cartesian coordinates.

© Professor Dr. Sumon Saha