UNIT 1: Java Programming – Fundamentals

1. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object Oriented Programming organizes so ware as a collec on of objects that contain both data
and behavior. Java is a pure OOP language (almost).

1.1 Objects and Classes

 Class: Blueprint or template from which objects are created. It describes the data
(a ributes) and methods (behavior) common to all objects of that kind.

 Object: Instance of a class. It has state (values of a ributes) and behavior (methods).

Example:

java

class Car {

String color;

void start() { [Link]("Car started"); }

Car myCar = new Car(); // myCar is an object

1.2 Data Abstrac on & Encapsula on

 Abstrac on: Hiding implementa on details and showing only essen al features. Achieved
using abstract classes and interfaces.

 Encapsula on: Wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class) and hiding internal
data using private access modifiers. Exposed via public ge er/se er methods.

Example:

java

class BankAccount {

private double balance; // hidden

public void deposit(double amt) { balance += amt; }

public double getBalance() { return balance; }

1.3 Inheritance

 Mechanism where one class inherits fields and methods from another class.

 Parent class (superclass) and Child class (subclass).

 Keyword: extends

 Promotes code reuse and method overriding.

java

class Vehicle { void move() { [Link]("Moving"); } }

class Bike extends Vehicle { void move() { [Link]("Bike moving"); } }

1.4 Polymorphism

 Ability of an object to take many forms.

 Two types:

o Compile- me (method overloading): mul ple methods with same name but
different parameters.

o Run me (method overriding): subclass provides specific implementa on of parent

1.5 Dynamic Binding

 Also called late binding. The method to be executed is determined at run me based on the
actual object type, not the reference type.

 Achieved through method overriding.

1.6 Message Passing

 Objects communicate by sending messages (method calls) to each other.

 Example: [Link](parameters)

2. Java Features

Java is designed with following key features (o en called “Java buzzwords”):

1. Simple: No pointers, operator overloading (except limited), automa c memory

2. Object Oriented: Everything (except primi ves) is an object.

3. Pla orm Independent: Bytecode runs on any JVM.

4. Secure: No explicit pointer, bytecode verifica on, run me security manager.

5. Robust: Strong memory management, excep on handling, type checking.

6. Architecture Neutral: Not ed to a specific machine.

7. Portable: Same results regardless of hardware.

8. Mul threaded: Built-in thread support.

9. Interpreted & High Performance: JIT compila on speeds execu on.

10. Dynamic: Can load classes at run me.

3.1 JVM

 JVM is an abstract machine that executes Java bytecode.

 It provides run me environment: memory alloca on, garbage collec on, security.

 JVMs exist for every pla orm (Windows, Linux, Mac, etc.).

3.2 Bytecode Interpreta on

 Java compiler (javac) converts .java source files into .class files containing bytecode.

 Bytecode is pla orm independent – not machine code.

 JVM interprets (or JIT-compiles) bytecode into na ve machine code at run me.

Flow:
.java → javac → .class (bytecode) → JVM → Machine code

Advantage: Write once, run anywhere (WORA).

4. Simple Java Program & Command Line Arguments

4.1 First Java Program

java

// [Link]

public class HelloWorld {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

[Link]("Hello, Java!");

Explana on:

 public class HelloWorld – class name must match filename.

 public sta c void main(String[] args) – entry point.

o public – accessible to JVM.

o sta c – called without object.

o void – returns nothing.

o String[] args – command line arguments.

 [Link] – prints to console.

bash

javac [Link]

java HelloWorld

4.2 Command Line Arguments

 Passed to main as String[] args.

 Example:

java

public class CmdArgs {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

[Link]("First arg: " + args[0]);

[Link]("Number of args: " + [Link]);

Run: java CmdArgs Hello 123

text

First arg: Hello

Number of args: 2

5. Data Types in Java

Java has two categories of data types:

5.1 Primi ve Data Types

Type Size Range / Example

byte 1 byte -128 to 127

short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

int 4 bytes -2³¹ to 2³¹-1

long 8 bytes -2⁶³ to 2⁶³-1 (suffix L)

float 4 bytes ~ ±3.4e38 (suffix f)

double 8 bytes ~ ±1.8e308

char 2 bytes Unicode (0 to 65,535)

boolean 1 bit (conceptually) true / false

Example:

java

int age = 25;

double pi = 3.14159;

char grade = 'A';

boolean isJavaFun = true;

5.2 Reference Types

 Arrays, classes, interfaces, enums, strings.

 Default value is null.

6. Type Cas ng (Type Conversion)

Conver ng one data type to another.

6.1 Implicit (Widening) – Automa c

 Conver ng smaller type to larger type (no data loss).

 byte → short → int → long → float → double

java

int x = 100;

long y = x; // automa c

float z = y; // automa c

6.2 Explicit (Narrowing) – Manual

 Conver ng larger type to smaller type – requires cast operator (type).

 Possible data loss.

java
double d = 9.78;

int i = (int) d; // i = 9 (frac on lost)

6.3 Type Promo on in Expressions

 byte/short/char are promoted to int during expression evalua on.

 Example: byte b = 10; b = b * 2; → error. Fix: b = (byte)(b * 2);

7. Operators in Java

7.1 Arithme c Operators

Operator Meaning Example

+ addi on 5+2=7

- subtrac on 5-2=3

* mul plica on 5 * 2 = 10

/ division 5 / 2 = 2 (int), 5.0/2 = 2.5

% modulus (remainder) 5%2=1

7.2 Increment / Decrement Operators

 ++ : increment by 1

 -- : decrement by 1

 Prefix (++a) : change then use

 Pos ix (a++) : use then change

java

int a = 5;

int b = ++a; // a=6, b=6

int c = a++; // a=7, c=6

7.3 Rela onal Operators

Return boolean (true/false)

== equal to

!= not equal

> greater than

< less than

>= greater or equal

<= less or equal

7.4 Logical Operators

Work with boolean operands.

Operator Descrip on

&& logical AND (short-circuit)

|| logical OR (short-circuit)

! logical NOT

java

boolean res = (5 > 3) && (2 < 4); // true

Short-circuit: In A && B, if A is false, B not evaluated.

7.5 Bitwise Operators

Work on individual bits of integer types.

Operator Meaning Example (for 5=0101, 3=0011)

& bitwise AND 5 & 3 = 1 (0001)

| bitwise OR 5 | 3 = 7 (0111)
Operator Meaning Example (for 5=0101, 3=0011)

^ bitwise XOR 5 ^ 3 = 6 (0110)

~ bitwise complement ~5 = -6 (two’s complement)

<< le shi 5 << 1 = 10 (1010)

>> right shi (signed) 5 >> 1 = 2 (0010)

>>> unsigned right shi always shi s zeros into MSB

Example:

java

int a = 5; // 0101

int b = 3; // 0011

[Link](a & b); // 1

[Link](a | b); // 7

[Link](a ^ b); // 6

[Link](a << 1); // 10

7.6 Condi onal (Ternary) Operator

variable = (condi on) ? value_if_true : value_if_false;

java

int age = 20;

String status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";

8. Expressions

An expression is a combina on of variables, operators, and method calls that evaluates to a single
value.

Examples:

java

int sum = 10 + 20; // arithme c expression

boolean res = (x > y); // rela onal expression

Operator Precedence (highest to lowest):

1. Pos ix: expr++, expr--

2. Unary: ++expr, --expr, +, -, !, ~

3. Mul plica ve: *, /, %

4. Addi ve: +, -

5. Shi : <<, >>, >>>

6. Rela onal: <, >, <=, >=, instanceof

7. Equality: ==, !=

8. Logical AND: &

9. Logical XOR: ^

10. Logical OR: |

11. Condi onal AND: &&

12. Condi onal OR: ||

13. Ternary: ? :

14. Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.

Associa vity: Most are le -to-right, except assignment (right-to-le ).

9. Solved Examples

Example 1: Command line argument sum

java

public class SumArgs {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

int a = [Link](args[0]);

int b = [Link](args[1]);

[Link]("Sum = " + (a + b));

Run: java SumArgs 5 7 → Output: Sum = 12

Example 2: Using bitwise AND to check even/odd

java
int num = 10;

if ((num & 1) == 0)

[Link]("Even");

else

[Link]("Odd");

Example 3: Increment operators

java

int x = 5;

int y = x++ + ++x;

[Link](x + " " + y);

// Step: x=5, y=5 + (++6 → 7) = 12, final x=7 → Output: 7 12